Art History 120 Final

Artist: Daguerre

created The first practical photographic process invented made public in 1839. produced a single permanent image directly on prepared copper plate.

Terms: Tenebrism

Painting in the "shadowy manner" using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio.

Terms: The Grand Tour

Wealthy travelers to Italy- Canaletto was the leading Venetian painter of the treasured souvenirs for 18th cent. travelers visiting Italy on their Tour. He used a camera obscura for his on-site drawings.

Terms: Sublime

"Feelings of awe mixed with terror", philosopher Edmund Burke (1729-1797); - Tied to Romanticism.

Artist: Willem Kalf

( 1619-1693).- Dutch Baroque artist;- His interest in light seems scientific and poetic; - Vanitas Still life painter;- Specialized in landscape, peasant kitchens, store interiors, outdoor scenes, the game piece still-life, he perfected the pronk still-life; - Artwork: Still Life with a Chinese Porcelain Jar.

Artist: Grünewald

(1470-1528).German engineer, painter and architect.- LateRenaissance/Mannerism; exemplifies the expressive intensity of late medieval Central European art. Was a contemporary of Albrecht Durer. - Known for his religious scenes especially the crucifixion, ignored classicism; - Late Renaissance/Mannerism; - Isenheim Altar Piece.

Artist: Albrecht Dürer

(1471-1528). - German, Northern Renaissance: Brought Italian art to home country. Known as "Leonardo of the North" Engraving, metal working, woodcutting, draftsman, botanist, painter studied anatomy.-Luther, met humanists Erasmus and Moore-First person to fight for copyright of his work. - Influenced by Venetian artists, versed in classical teachings and humanism; - first to create printed illustrations in books. Sold prints-affordable. Saw aztec jewelry- Influenced: Raphael, - Artwork: Great piece of Turf, Four Apostles, Knight Death, Adam and Eve.

Artist: Jan Gossaert

(1478-1532). Netherlandish - Brought elements of Italian Renaissance painting to the north; -Leader of the style known as Romanism; - Painted religious subjects, including large altarpieces, but also portraits and mythological subjects; Interested in Italian humanism, he studied Albrect Durer. Known by his contemporaries as "the Apelles of our age." - Artwork: Neptune and Amphitrite insprired by Fall of Man/Durer

Artist: Jean Clouet

(1480-1541). French portrait painter- - Imaginatively combines both French gothic elements and Italian Renaissance ideas; his portrait of of Francis I, mannerism, -Artwork portrait of Francis I, and Marguerite d'Angoulême.

Artist: Hans Holbein the Younger

(1497-1543). - German artist and printmaker. Humanism-N. Renaissance, - portraits of the Royal Secular portraiture with reference to religion and worldliness,history of book design;- court painter in England (Tudors, Henry VIII) ,friends w Erasmus- Known for his photographic-like realism; - - Atrwork: The Ambasadors, Portrait of Henry VIII, Portrait of Edward VI.

Artwork: Great Piece of Turf

(1503). Albrecht Dürer. - Watercolour, pen and ink; dandelion greens;embraced Italian artists' interest in science - Northern Renaissance;

Architect: Juan Bautista de Toledo

(1515-1567).- Spanish architect educated during Italian High Renaissance;- Designed The Escorial.

Building: Chateau de Chambord

(1519-1547).- Architect Domenico da Cortona; - French Renaissance chateau which developed from medieval castles served as country houses for royalty King Francis I; - It reflects Italian palazzo design but it has a goth roof;

Artwork: Portrait of Francis I

(1525-1530). Jean Clouet. - Portrait shows the first King of France; Mannerism style- exhibits an elegantly formalized quality, the result of Clouet's suppression of modeling;No visible brush stokes. Emphasis given artifice. Not realistic. It's an illusionistic rendering of a man.

Artist: Pieter Bruegel the Elder

(1525-1569)- A Dutch painter exceptional for his lively and intricate scenes of peasant life and landscapes. - His work reached the peak of Flemish painting; he was interested in realistic details and individual people. -Artwork: The Peasant Wedding, Return of the Hunters, Children's Game, The Harvesters.

Artwork: Four Apostles

(1526). Albrecht Dürer. Painting: 1526, Gift by him to city. Shows his support for Lutheranism by his positioning of the apostles, St. John in foreground, St Peter, the representative of the pope is in background holding the key to the church. The figures depicted with brilliant color, light, shading giving them individual personalities. They are looking at the bible and the message: the word of God is what matters. Used quotes of the apostles' at bottom of the painting warning about false profits.

People: Philip II of Spain

(1527-1598). King of Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I, was King of England and Ireland. He was also Duke of Milan;- was a Catholic and tried for religious uniformity which was a failure, the defeat of the Spanish armada 1588;

Architect: Juan de Herrera

(1530-1597).- Spanish architect, mathematician; - with Toledo designed The Escorial;

Artwork: French Ambassadors

(1533). Hans Holbein the Younger. - N. Renaissance - interest in humanism,objects reflect worldliness, education, art non overt religious=:hidden christ;10 commandments Lutheran Hymns, distorted skull; subtle modeling; weight-space=Italian influence, enamel surface, can't see brush strokes

Artist: El Greco

(1541-1614)- Sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance (born in Greece);paintings that are a uniquely personal mix Byzantine and Italian Mannerist elements. His hybrid style captured the fervor of Spanish Catholicism-Burial of Count Orgaz

Artwork: Butcher's Stall

(1551). Pieter Aertsen. netherlands appears to be a genre painting, but in the background, Joseph leads a donkey carrying Mary and the Christ Child. Oyster shells, Aertsen balanced images of gluttony with allusions to salvation.

Artwork: Hunters in the Snow

(1565). Netherlandish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder. -High Renaissance. - one of five paintings that depict different seasons, Bruegel draws the viewer diagonally into the expansive winter landscape by his mastery of line, shape, and composition.

Artist: Caravaggio

(1571-1610).- Italian baroque painter noted for realistic depiction of religious subjects and use of light; pioneers tenebrism in- famous for emotional figures of average people-unidealized; use of Chiaroscuro; influenced by Pieta-Michelangelo - Influenced: Rembrandt, Peter Paul Rubens, Artemisia Gentileschi, - Artwork: Conversion of St. Paul, The Calling of St.Matthew, The Crucifixion of St. Peter.

Artist: Peter Paul Rubens

(1577-1640).- The greatest 17th cent. Flemish Baroque painter, extravagant style that emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality. He is well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects;- Blended realistic tradition of Flemish painters with classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance. court painter to dukes Mantua, friend art advisor: King Philip IV of Spain, painter to Charles I of England, ambassador; Marie de' Medici of France, - Influenced by: Caravaggio, Titian, Michelangelo, Pieter Bruegel the Elder; - Influenced: Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez;- Artwork: The Raising of the Cross, Descent from the Cross, Massacre of the Amazons.

Artist: Frans Hals

(1581-1666). - Dutch Baroque portrait painter lived and worked in Haarlem. notable for loose painterly brushwork; produced innovative portraits of middle-class patron, lively informality replaced the formulaic patterns of traditional portraiture. Artwork: The Laughing Cavalier, Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of St. Adrian.

Artist: Jose de Ribera

(1591-1652).- Spanish baroque painter that painted very violent intense Spanish art;, no idealization, plebeian features = kinship between him and tormentors. - Tenebrism painter and printmaker; - Artwork: Martyrdom of Saint Philip.

Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi

(1593-1653). - Italian Baroque artist;- leading woman artist 17cent. renaissance Influenced by Caravaggios tenebrism - first woman to paint historical & religious scenes. - Learned from father, painted heroic women, self-portrait- First woman elected to the Florentine Academy of Design. - Artwork: Self-Portrait, Judith Slaying Holofernes.

Artist: Nicolas Poussin

(1594-1665).- Leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. His work is characterized by clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color; - Classicism artist; - Influenced by: Leonardo da Vinci, Titian, Michelangelo, Raphael, Annibale Carracci, Domenichino; Artwork: Et in Arcadie Ego, The Four Seasons, The Rape of the Sabine Women.

Artwork: Loves of the Gods

(1597-1608). Annibale Carracci. Italian Baroque Fresco- Palazzo Farnese Rome Italy, celebrate wedding based on mythological scenes-quadro riportato -resembling easel paintings on a wall. barrel vaulted ceiling. Inspired by Sistine Chapel ceiling, Raphael's drawing style, lighting and Titian's sensuous animated figures.

Artist: Diego Velásquez

(1599-1660)- Spanish Baroque painter, trained in Seville,influenced by Caravaggio. Court painter for King Phillip IV. abandoned religious for genre subjects, religious portraits, historical paintings (Surrender of Breda 1634-35) Las Meninas 1656, he elevated art of the painter to the highest status.

Artwork: Conversion of St. Paul

(1600). Caravaggio. - Cerasi Chapel. Santa Mara del Popolo in Rome, Italy. After a vision of the death and resurrection of Jesus on the road to Damascus, Paul changed his name to Saul and devoted his whole life to Christianity.

Artist: Rembrandt

(1606-1669).- Dutch Baroque painter and etcher, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants dramatic impact and subtle gradations of light and shade convey human emotions. - Considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art and the most important in Dutch history; Influenced by: Caravaggio, Hendrick ter Brugghen, Hercules Seghers; Artwork: Blinding of Samson, The Night Watch, The Return of the Prodigal Son.

Artwork: Elevation of the Cross

(1610-1611). Peter Paul Rubens - Flemish Boroque painter; - In this triptych, rubens explored foreshortened anatomy and violent action. The whole composition seethes with a power that comes from heroic exertion. The tension is emotional as well as physical.

Artwork: Judith Slaying Holofernes

(1614-1620). Artemesia Gentileschi.- Italian Baroque; most celebrated woman artist of the era. fav. theme was narratives of heroic women. Influenced by Caravaggio's tenebrism.

Artist: Vermeer

(1632-1675).- Dutch Baroque artist fascinated with the effects of light and dark. Painted occupants of serene, comfortable Dutch homes. Used camera obscura. Vermeer understood that shadows are not colorless. - Artwork: Girl with a Pearl Earring, The Art of Painting.

People: John Locke

(1632-1704).- English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people;- Said that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.- Believed people were born like blank slates and the environment shapes development (tabula rasa); - Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and Second Treatise of Government.

Artwork: Archers of St. Hadrian

(1633). Frans Hals.- Dutch Baroque; - In this composition, Hals succeeded in solving the problem of portraying each individual in a group portrait while retaining action and variety in the paint ing as a whole;

People: Louis XIV

(1638-1715).- Known as the Sun King; -absolute French monarch - built 10,000 room palace at Versailles Spending caused problems for later monarchs; - He revoked the Edict of Nantes which had given religious tolerance to Huguenots (French Protestants).

Artwork: Martyrdom of Saint Philip

(1639). Jusepe de Ribera. Spanish Baroque; - Comissioned by Philip IV; - inspired by Caravaggio naturalism and compelling drama;rough, heavy body and swarthy,plebeian features = kinship between him and his tormentors - Brutal themes, reflecting the harsh times of the Counter-Reformation and the Spanish taste for stories showcasing courage and devotion

Artist: Giovanni Battista Gaulli

(1639-709).- Italian High Baroque and early Rococo periods. - Designs the architecture, sculpture, and painting to create an illusion; - He is best known for grand illusionistic vault frescos in the Church of the Gesù in Rome, Italy.- influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; - Artwork: Triumph of the Name of Jesus.

People: Isaac Newton

(1642-1727). - English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus, formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion.

Artwork: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

(1647-1652).Bernini. Baroque Sculpture; Marble, example of religious fervor. This is depicting divine escacy. - Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria

Artwork: Et in Arcadia Ego

(1655). Poussin.- French Baroque; grand manor - His works incorporate rational order,stability of Raphael's compositions and figures inspired by ancient statuary. paintings should teach, show moral meanings (Arcadia, the spirit of death, places her hand on shoulder, showing that death is found even in Arcadia, supposedly a spot of paradisiacal bliss).

Artwork: Las Meninas

(1656). Diego Velazquez.- Spanish Baroque; huge complex work, with its cunning contrasts of real, mirrored, and picture spaces, to elevate both himself and the profession of painting in the eyes of Philip IV. Tonal gradations like effects of later photography.

Artwork: Allegory of the Art of Painting

(1665-1668). Johannes Vermeer. - Dutch Baroque; - Vienna, Austria. - Idea of finding beauty of everyday life and people. - Neoclassical.

Artwork: Still-Life w/Late Ming Ginger Jar

(1669). Willem Kalf. Dutch Baroque- Vanitas Still life painting;- captured his city's wealth for all to admire.citrus fruit is peeled, suggest the fleeting quality of these objects.

Artwork: Triumph of the Name of Jesus

(1672). Giovanni Battista Gaulli. Italian Baroque - Ceiling fresco with stucco figures protruding in Il Gesú, - see the illuminated name of Jesus. Associated with Counter-Reformation. Shows Disottoinsu - extreme foreshortening.

Building: St. Paul's Cathedral

(1675-1710). Wren.- British Baroque; - Cathedral replaced an old Gothic church. The façade design owes much to Palladio and Borromini. - The great dome recalls Saint Peter's in Rome. - In view of its size, the cathedral was built with remarkable speed. - influence of Borromini appears in the upper levels and lanterns of the towers and that of Palladio in the lower levels. - Wren harmonized the architectural principles of Andra Palladio with the Italian Baroque and French classical styles.

Artist: Jean-Antoine Watteau

(1684-1721).- French Rococo painter who pioneered the Rococo style; spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement; - He is best known for painting charming theatrical scenes; - Innovator of fête galante (Leisurely nobles); - Painted elegant, smaller, secular themes; - Influenced by : Correggio and Rubens; - Artwork: Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera. fête galante

People: Voltaire

(1694-1778). - French philosopher, Enlightenment thinker. Believed freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government; Spoke out against corruption of the French government, and intolerance of Catholic Church; - Author of Philosophical Letters and Candide;

People: Jean Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778). - philosopher committed to individual freedom;- Philosophy influenced French Revolution. Thought the arts and sciences, society, and civilization in general corrupted "natural man. He was sponsored by the wealthy, participated in salons but felt uncomfortable and denounced them. - Wrote "The Social Contract." - His famous quote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."

Artwork: Pilgrimage to Cythera

(1717). Jean Antoine Watteau. - French Rococo; - Paintings depict the outdoor amusements of French high society and feature the Rococo taste for hazy color, subtly modeled shapes, gliding motion, and an air of suave gentility. - Example of Fête galante (category of painting specially created by the French Academy in 1717);

Artist: Sir Joshua Reynolds

(1723-1792). An English painter- writer who worked in the Grand Manner, painting noble, heroic subjects in perfect proportion; - he created 3,000 paintings, mostly portraits; stressing line over color in the classical manner. - a founding member and president of the Royal Academy of Arts;

Artist: Jean-Honoré Fragonard

(1732-1806). - The main representative of Rococo, whose art was focused on the aristocracy and their indulgent lifestyle rather than piety, morality, self-discipline, reason, and heroism (all of which can be found in the baroque); - Artwork: The Swing.

Artwork: Marriage a la Mode

(1743-1745). William Hogarth. - French Rococo; - National Gallery, London; - A series of 6 paintings later turned into engravings and they mocked high society, moralistic warning shows the disastrous results of an ill-considered marriage for money and satirises patronage and aesthetics.

Artist: Francisco Goya

(1746 - 1828).- Began Spanish Rococo painter; however, he eventually rejected Rococo style for romanticism and ENDED the Rococo period; - Printmaker, commentator, chronicler of his era; works were dark, serious, and satirical; exposed the vices of the church and state. His paintings were against government, he was a popular court painter to Charles IV; - Influenced by Rembrandt; - Artwork: Disasters of War series & Moral Issues, Family of Charles IV and Third of May.

Artist: Jacques Louis David

(1748-1825).- French neoclassical painter, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era, who supported the French Revolution; First painter of Napoleon, inspired by Carravaggio - Influenced: Antoine-Jean Gros, Jean-Baptiste - Artwork: The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Marat.

Building: La Madeleine

(1763-1828). Pierre- Alexandre Barthélémy Vignon; Grandiose Napoleonic temple has high podium, broad flight of stairs leading to a deep porch features Corinthian columns, recall Roman temples in France, like Maison Carrée at Nîmes, it links Napoleonic and Roman empires

Artwork: The Swing

(1767). Jean-Honoré Fragonard. - Rococo; - Neo-Classicism.

People: Napoleon

(1769-1821). - Emperor France. Responsible for French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe; Neoclassical art: David was his court painter, favorite sculptor: Canova,depicted sister Paulina as Venus

Artist: Caspar David Friedrich

(1774-1840).- First 19th cent. N.European artists to depict Romantic transcendental landscape; - The reverential mood of winter scene with a ruined Gothic church cemetery demands silence appropriate to sacred places. - His painting "Wanderer above a Sea of Mist" expresses the Romantic notion of sublime in nature.

Artist: Turner

(1775-1851).- English Romanticist landscape painter; - He became England's leading Romantic and watercolorist painter; - Captured natural light and atmospheric effects in his landscapes.

Artist: John Constable

(1776-1837).- English Romantic painter; - Known for landscape paintings of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home—now known as "Constable Country"—which he invested with an intensity of affection; "Nature is spirit visible"; painted bucolic scenes that attempted to cast rural life in an idyllic fashion, typifying the emotional examination of nature and history of romanticism.- Painted clouds, rural scenes; - Artwork: The Haywain, Wivenhoe Park, Essex, Salisbury Cathedral, Dedham Vale, View on the Stour. - Inspired: Delacroix and Bonington

Artist: J.-A.-D. INGRES

(1780-1867)-David's greatest pupil adopted truer and purer Greek style than David's Neoclassical manner= bridge between Neoclassicism and Romanticism by exotic, erotic, fictional narratives -Grande Odalisque

Artwork: Oath of the Horatii

(1784-1785). Jacques-Louis David - Paragon of the Neoclassical style; - The painting depicts a story from pre-Republican Rome, the heroic phase of Roman history, painting implies that tie to republic is the most important.

Artist: François Rude

(1784-1855).- French Sculptor; - Incorporate Neoclassical and Romantic elements;- Work: Le Départ des Volontaires de 1792 from Arc de Triomphe, Paris for Napolean; Interior decoration in the Royal Palace of Brussels.

Artist: Théodore Géricault

(1791-1824).- Influential French painter and lithographer; - Was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.Rejected neoclassical compositional principles. - Artwork : The Raft of the Medusa.

Artist: Eugène Delacroix

(1798-1863).- Most famous French Romantic artist; - Painted dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions; - Influenced: Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, Edgar Degas; - Artwork: Liberty Leading the People,

Artist: Thomas Cole

(1801-1848).- American artist - landscape and history paintings. - founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement in the mid-19th century.-Artwork -The Oxbow, The Savage State

Artwork: The Third of May

(1808). Francisco Goya. - Represents scene where Spanish nationalists were murdered by French soldiers.

Artwork: The Haywain

(1821). John Constable.- Romanticism; - Constable compared with Monet;- Popular because cities were crowded & dirty because of industrial revolution. Depicted the ideal countryside.

Building: Houses of Parliament

(1835-1859). Charles Barry & Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, London, England; They have exterior veneer & towers that recall English late Gothic style; The building has formal axial plan and a Palladian regularity beneath its Neo-Gothic detail;

Artwork: The Oxbow

(1836). Thomas Cole.Romanticism depicts a view of the Connecticut River on top of a mountai; dark wilderness on the left and sunlit civilization on right, with a minuscule painter at the bottom center.

Artist: Timothy O'Sullivan

(1840-1882). was a photographer widely known for his work related to the American Civil War and the Western United States.

Artwork: The Raft of the Medusa

(818-1819). Theodore Gericault. Neoclasicism;sought to capture the horror, chaos, and emotion of the tragedy yet invoke grandeur, impact of Neoclassical history painting, rejecting Neoclassical composition principles showing writhing bodies;

People: Francis I

- 16th cent. king of France, regarded as a Renaissance monarch, patron of the arts- absolute monarchy, spread of humanism, declared Protestantism illegal in France - Invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France; Hired Italian Mannerists; artists and architects to rebuild and decorate his castle at Fontaibebleau; His immense art collection became core of Louvre.

Terms: Romanticism

- 19th cent. W. European artistic intellectual movement; shift from reason to feeling- Emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, the primacy of individual; emerged from - Rousseau's ideas: desire for freedom-not only political freedom but also freedom of thought, feeling, action, worship, speech, and taste. -Period from 1800-40 between Neo-classical and Realism.

Architect: Thomas Jefferson

- Architect, author,and 3 president; - Declaration of Independence. - Designed neoclassical buildings of University of Virginia. inspired by Pallido, temple front design,

Architect: Borromini

- Baroque architect;(1599-1667)- Convex and concave undulating motion, verticality - Designed church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome=hybrid of greek cross&oval; Sant'Ivo

Architect: Inigo Jones

- English Baroque architect; Banqueting House in Whitehall, and the Queen's House; Inspired by Palladio.

Artist: Talbot

- He invented a light sensitive paper that he use to produce negatives;

Building: St. Peter's & Piazza

- In 1505 Pope Julius II selected architect Bramante to design a replacement for the basilica of Old Saint Peter's; - Bramante's central plan church featuring a cross with arms of equal length, each of which terminated in an apse; He wanted to place the dome of the Pantheon over the Basilica Nova; - Saint Peter's was to serve as a martyrium to mark the apostle's grave, but Julius also intended to install his own tomb; - In 1546 Pope Paul III put in charge Michelangelo to continue on the construction. - Michelangelo main idea was to preserve Bramante's design;

Architect: Palladio

- Italian architect, H. Renaissance Venice 1508-1580) - Influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily Vitruvius and Bramante, most influential individual in the history of W. architecture. Work in Venetian Republic, teachings summarized in architectural treatise, The Four Books of Architecture, gained him wide recognition; - His work: Villa Rotunda - Palazzo Chiericati

Terms: "Romantic Transcendental Landscape"

- N.European- Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840);, Abbey in the Oak Forest, 1810. - The reverential mood of his works demands silence appropriate to fill sacred space with a divine presence.

People: Johann Winckelmann

- Published "The History of Ancient Art" in 1764, many consider first art history book; - Criticized Rococo, celebrated ancients.

Terms: Fete Galante

- Watteau of French rococo art; - French "amorous festival" a type of painting depicting the outdoor amusement of French upper-class society.

Terms: Counter-Reformation

- a reaction to the Reformation, in which Catholic leaders worked to correct abuses, to defend Catholic teachings, condemn Protestant errors, and to win back members.

Terms: Neo-Classicism

- style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century; - A new classicism. The return to classic ideals balance order, harmony of ancient ancient Greek and Roman art; - Emphasis on Englightment, inspired by classical myths, idealized beauty, emphasis on allegory. Voiltarie's views. Herculaneum and Pompeii

Artwork: Isenheim Altarpiece

1515. Matthias Grünewald. - Oil on panel. - Northern Renaissance; - Commissioned by the preceptor Guido Guersi, painted for monastic hospital. emaciated Christ is afflicted with ergotism. Symbols: lamb-blood into chalice=son of god.features look N. European.Message Christ suffered, hope of salvation and comfort.

Building: Il Gesu - Interior

1568.- Giacomo da Vignola's created exceptionally wide nave with side chapels instead of aisles—ideal for grand processions— won wide acceptance in the Catholic world. - - Inspired by Alberti's Santa Maria Novella,Palladio,Michelangelo's paired pilasters of St. Peter's, influenced Italian Baroque architecture. Architecture, sculpture, and painting all create one grand illusion, Gaulli's Triumph of Jesus fresco is on ceiling

Building: Versaille (Arch. Style)

1669 -Charles Le Brun-French Baroque style-gigantic palace and vast park with a satellite city with three radial avenues whose axes intersect in the king's bedroom. based on scientific advances, such as physics of Sir Isaac Newton and mathematical philosophy of René Descartes1650)—that all knowledge must be systematic and all science must be the consequence of the intellect imposed on matter. Majestic-rational design of Versailles proclaims mastery of human intelligence (and Louis XIV) over the disorderliness of nature.

Artwork: La Marseillaise (Arc de Triomphe)

1833.- François Rude, made a sculpture on Arc de Triomphe) that depicts the volunteersof 1792 departing from Marseilles to fight for Napoleon.

Terms: Daguerreotype

1839 The first practical photographic process invented by Mande Daguerre. produced single image on a copper plate.

Terms: Enlightenment

18th-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science.

Terms: Camera Obscura

A dark Room (or box) with a small hole in one side, through wich an inverted image of the view outside is projected onto the opposite wall, screen or mirror. The image is then traced.

Terms: Allegory

A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative are equated with meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning may have moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy.

Terms: Royal Academy of Arts in England?

A society founded by George III in 1768 to foster a national school of painting, sculpture, and design in England.

Terms: Etching

A type of intaglio print - the metal plate is covered with a layer (or ground) of wax or resin, lines are drawn into the "ground" which exposes the metal, the plate is placed in acid which etches/eats away the exposed lines.

Artwork: Fall of Man

Albrecht Dürer 1504-Engraving, reflects interest in humanism, classical form, contrapposto stance, interest in Vitruvian theory of human proportions. Background rendered naturalistically, Symbolic animals, cat, rabbit, elk, ok represent the 4 body humors, are personality types developed by Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates-were in balance before Adam and Eve ate the apple. Cat and mouse represent good and evil.

Terms: Academic Art

Art governed by rules, esp works sanctioned by an official institution, academy, or school; applied to art that conformed to standards established by the French Academy regarding composition, drawing, and color usage; has come to mean conservative traditional art.

Architect: Christopher Wren

Baroque English architect late 17,18th cent, He designed buildings in London for rebuilding effort that followed the city's "Great Fire" of 1666. Saint Paul's Cathedral is his best-known work.

Architect: Carlo Maderno

Baroque Italian-Swiss architect: completed St Peter's Basilica- Turned Michelangelo's Greek cross plan into a Latin cross- first definitive steps of early baroque architecture seen in Santa Susanna 1597-03 (resembles El Gesù)

Artist: William Hogarth

British Rococo Painter: (1697-1764) satire of the upper class society in "Marriage a la mode "preferred to paint common people to expose the immoral conditions and foolish customs of his time

Terms: The "Natural" in France, England and Italy

Empiricism and positivism. To empiricists, the basis of knowledge is observation- direct experience. Positivists ascribed to the philosophical model developed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857),who believed that scientific laws governed the environment and human activity and could be revealed through careful recording and analysis of observable data. Comte's followers promoted science as the mind's highest achievement and advocated a purely empirical approach to nature and society.

Building: Crystal Palace

Joseph Paxton; - location-the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; a masterpiece made of glass and iron, which were now cheap and abundant; - Demonstrated British technological,economic, military prowess, symbol of industrial age

Building: Louvre, East Façade

Louis XIV rejected Berninis plan of Italian palace, Perrault,Le Brun,&Le Vau created a synthesis of French and Italian classical elements. Classicaltemple front center w/ pediment, each side has a giant colonnade of paired columns resembling wings, an even roofline. Horizontal sweep overtook gothic verticality, baroque design. 1667-1670

Terms: Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform Roman Catholic Church; Because Protestant theology believed in redemption by faith alone with the guidance of scripture;- This is represented by images in art by people showing that they have the grace of God.

Terms: Grand Manner Portraiture

Sir Joshua Reynolds in 18th cent. painted portraits elevated the sitters by conveying refinement, elegance, grace by large scale of figure relative to the canvas, controlled pose, landscape setting, and low horizon line. example: English commander Lord Heathfield

Architect: Bernini

This Baroque architect and sculptor, one of the most important artists of his time. He created "Saint Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy", "Baldachino," "David,' dynamic, tension -Apollo and Daphne-Fountain of Four Rivers -Colonnade (arms) of Piazza at St. Peter's, 1656

Building: The Escorial

architect: Juan Bautista de Toledo(1563-1584). - commissioned by Phillip II dynastic,church mausoleum, monastery. Italian classical style, with plain walls and massive towers. Inspired by Alberti, Santa Maria Novela, colossal engaged columns, temple front, emphasis vertacality

Terms: Classical Baroque

secular variation of baroque style that was identified with French kings and artists, rooted in Classical ideals. Used to emphasize the power and grandeur of the monarchy.