Art Test 2

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Trajan (112 CE) Forum has half circle ends on basilica

tholos

a round temple which would have a domed roof with an opening called an oculus

Cycladic Art Date

Ca. 3000-2000 BCE

tondo

painting in a circular format

tesserae

small, square shaped tiles that make up a mosaic

Veristic

super-realistic, portraits emphasized the solemnity with which the Romans regarded their civic and military responsibilities.

agora

the central marketplace and meeting grounds in an ancient Greek city, comparable to the forum in Rome

Entasis

the convex curvature of a tapered column, necking in at the top of the column, widening gradually towards the center, and narrowing slightly at the bottom (gives illusion of greater structural stability and proportional balance)

Neck Amphora with Snake Handles, Greek, terracotta, c. 775 BCE

-Geometric Period

Jar, Early Cycladic III-Middle Cycladic I, Ceramic c. 2300-1900 BCE

-the slip color can change based on oxidization

Mantiklos Apollo, statuette of youth dedicated to Apollo, Greek, Bronze, c. 700-680 BCE

-Geometric period -from Thebes, Greece -full bronze, not hollow like later designs; made from mold casting -idealized young male statue -early example of working their way up to quiroz? sculptures -probably made as a votive

Bull Leaping Fresco at the Palace of Knossos, Crete, c. 1400-1370 BCE

-there's a lot of imagery with dancing in Greek art -different skin tones between male and females -wasp bodies (segmented bodies) -narrative panel

Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, c. 1300-1250 BCE

-Features a corbel arch, a precursor of the "true" arch introduced by the Romans (corbel is a steped arch formed with ashlar masonry) -domed tholos style temple -interior dome is corbel arched

Krater with a lid surmounted by a small Hydria (water vessel), Euboean or Cycladic, Greek, Terracotta, mid 8th century BCE

-Geometric Period -found at Kourion, Cyprus -unused

Hero and Centaurs (Herakles and Nessos?), Greek, Bronze, c. 750-730 BCE

-Geometric Period -from Olympia, Greece -made from mold casting -in geometric period, sculptures tend to match the designs on pottery

Kore in Ionian Dress, Marble, c. 520-510 BCE

-Archaic Period

Marble staute of Kouros, Marble, c. 590-580 BCE

-Archaic period -Kouros, Greece -a lot of negative space, free standing

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-Archaic period -from Anavysos, Greece -doing more studies from life to improve realism from -hair is still heavily stylized

Characteristics of Archaic Period

-Archaic smile -further shift away from characteristics of earlier sculpture towards greater naturalism and rounded facial features, but still retaining stiffness and stylization and forms -Dorica and Ionic Orders of columns begins -Ceramics include Attic Pottery, Black Figure, and Red Figure

Geometric Pyxis with Horses Lid, Greek, terracotta, c. 750 BCE.

-Geometric Period -incorporated chariot wheel design -the fact that it has a lid shows advancement in pottery (more math, measuring)

Cycladic Art Characteristics

-Geometric figures -Oversimplification of features -Most of the surviving works we have are from burial sites -Mostly figurines carved from native white marble, some ceramics

Dipylon Krater, Attributed to the Hirschfeld Workshop, Greek, Terracotta, c. 740 BCE

-Geometric period -a Krater was a vessel used for mixing water and wine -this one was a funeral Krater, ceremonial. -narrative frieze is a funeral procession

Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice, terracotta, c. 525-520 BCE

-Attic Bilingual Amphora (black figure on one side, red figure on other side) -Archaic period -Red figure is much more dramatic; could more easily incorporate more slip colors into the design and detail --no friezes, just a large narrative

Stamnos with lid, Greek, Terracotta, c. 450 BCE

-Attic Red Figure -Classical period -Attributed to Menelaos Painter -more popular format is central register, usually a front and back, not continuous picture

Kalpis (water jar), Terracotta, early 4th century BCE

-Attic Red Figure -Classical period -white slip decoration starts to be incorporated

Calyx krater featuring Hermes bringing the infant Dionysos to Papposilenos, Vulci, Italy, Terracotta, c. 440-435 BCE

-Attic White Ground (as opposed to black ground)

Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice, terracotta, c. 540-530 BCE

-Attic black figure -Archaic period -great detail in armor -from the workshop of Exekias (he was a potter and a painter, signed on bottom) -no friezes, just a large narrative

Gigantomachy (battle between gods and giants) Panel Vase, terracotta, c. 540 BCE

-Attic black figure -archaic period -from the workshop of Exekias -mostly black with sgraffito carved in for details -no friezes, just a large narrative

Sarpedon Krater, terracotta c. 515 BCE

-Attic red figure -archaic period -no friezes, just a large narrative

Terracotta Aryballos (oil flask) in the form of three cockleshells, terracotta, late 6th century BCE

-Attic style -Archaic period -inscribed on the lip, "the boy is fair"

Terracotta Larnax (chest shaped coffin), Late Minoan IIIB, ceramic (terracotta), c. 1250 BCE

-Combination of Minoan imagery with geometric patterns of mainland Greek art -Greeks cremated the dead

Woman with Papyrus, Akrotiri, Thera (Santornini), Fresco, c. 1650-1625 BCE

-Conservationists added line work to "restore" -attempt to show naturalism compared to Egyptian style, but still idealized

Kamares Ware Jug, Minoan, found at Phaistos, Crete, ceramic with slip decoration (terracotta) c. 2000-1900 BCE

-More iron in clay in this area (more red) -Mt. Ida has mineral deposits that allow for heavy slip decoration

Minoan Decorated Jug, ceramic with slip decoration (terracotta) c. 1575-1500 BCE

-they found a way to formulate a slip that acts like a glaze (that can make it watertight, but its not perfect) because they learned how to incorporate scilica. -sea snail patter with octopus legs -decoration divided into registers: widest part is sea pattern design, spout and top and bottom have line work

Troy Amphora, Greek, terracotta, 7th century BCE

-Orientalizing Period -from Mykonos, Greece -carved from stone (bas relief vases were found in Mesopotamia) -narrative: battle scene from Illiad (trojan horse depiction on top register, men killing wives and children on bottom register) -mythological narrative friezes -figural style shift apparent

Amphora Animal Friezes, terracotta, c. 625-600

-Orientalizing Period -from Rhodes, Greece -griffins in multiple friezes

Corinthian Olpe (wine vessel), Greek, terracotta, c. 600 BCE

-Orientalizing Period -made by the Moore Painter -very colorful; white, red, black, and bluish grey slips -multiple registers rather than one or two most distinct registers

Perfume Bottle (aryballos) with Lion-Head Mouth, Greek, Terracotta, c. 640 BCE

-Orientalizing Period -made in Corinth, Greece, from Thebes, Greece -made by Chigi Painter -elaborate battle scene -Greek friezes weren't afraid of having their figures escape the register like Mesopotamians or Egyptians -subtle sgraffito (scratch work)

Griffin Jog, Terracotta, c. 650 BCE

-Orientalizing period -from Paros, Greece -experimenting with knot pattern

Bronze griffin head, c. 650 BCE

-Orientalizing period -made in Rhodes, Aegean Sea, Greece -cast out of bronze but it's hollow -technique may have been borrowed from Persians

Lady of Auzerre, Daedalic, limestone, c. 650-625 BCE

-Orientalizing/Daedalic period -from Crete, Greece -a lot of similarity to Egyptian figure sculpture in this period but not concerned with perfect symmetry

Ficoroni Cista, Movios Plautios, from Palestrina, Italy, bronze, late 4th century BCE

-Persian details (sphynx near bottom)

Terracotta Kernos, Early Cycladic III-Middle Cycladic I, ceramic (terracotta), c. 2300-2200 CBE.

-Probably made on a wheel since this kind of shape is not possible to make by hand -slip is a watery, type clay mixed with iron oxide (red) used to seal. Usually, clay pottery from this time wasn't meant to hold water for long periods of time because they hadn't perfected glazing

Bull Leaper from Knosos, Crete, Ivory, c. 1500 BCE

-The bull is missing, but dude is leaping

Terracotta stemmed cup with murex decoration, Mycenaean, ceramic with slip decoration c. 1400-1300 BCE

-spiral, simplified design of sea shell -registers definitive at base of cup and stem. -elements of Minoan art but the sea patterns are much less naturalized

Inage of town, Akrotiri, Thera (Santorini) Fresco, c. 1650-1625 BCE

-a map of some kind -genre scene (scene of everyday happenings) -

Snake Goddess, from the Palace of Knossos, Crete, Faience, c. 1600 BCE

-advancements in firing process (what we think of as glaze now) -tin based glaze, double firing process (clay>ceramic>glaze)

Pring Fresco, Akrotiri, Thera (Island of Santorini), Fresco, c. 1650-1625 BCE

-art for the sake of being aestetically pleasing, not religious at all. -Greeks are trying to replicate a landscape (mountain with saffron flowers) -no identifiable landscape (not representative of real place) -heavily patterned, stylized -true fresco (painted on wet plaster)

Terracotta jar with nautiluses, Mycenaean, ceramic with slip decoration c. 1400-1300 BCE

-artistic, not natural -aesthetically pleasing with symmetrical design -Compared to Crete, this jar is much more stylized

Francois Vase, terracotta, c. 570 BCE

-attic black figure style -archaic period -distinctly more Greek than orientalizing period -sliptrailing and sgraffito (raised and incised designs) -elaborate patterns on small figures' clothes -made by Ergotimos and painte by Kleitias (they began signing their work)

Early Roman Architecture characteristics

-axial alignment -tholos -stucco -concrete -arch -vaults (barrel and groin) -fenestrated vaults, clerestory -dome -amphitheatre -aqueduct

Frying pan with running spiral decoration, From Syros? Early Cycladic I-II, ceramic, c. 2700 BCE

-centralized geometric patterning -lines and hard edges rather than organic (flowing) shapes

Classic Greek Art Characteristics

-contrapposto -enhanced life like qualities of sculpture -life size lost wax cast bronzes -introduction of high relief (alto-rilievo) architectural sculpture -application of mathematical formulae to achieve proportional perfection in architecture, sculpture -introduction of Corinthian columns -Red Figure Pottery, also vase painting on white ground

Etruscan Art characteristics

-stout, squat figures with odd proportion and rounded features, almond-shaped eyes -Greek orientalizing and classical stylistic influences -funerary goods, carved stone sarcophagi, cast bronzes, metal engravings

Hellenistic Art Characteristics

-crass and vulgar, made figures not have a god like quality -dynamic, diagonal compositions that create melodrama, movement, pathos -intense naturalism, almost to the point of grotesque -sense of eroticism and exploration of sexuality, Eros and Venus popular subjects -sculptural interaction with environment, not confined to pedestals -sleeping sculptures -sculpture depicting imperfect "barbarian" non-Greeks, reflecting a more cosmopolitan world (xenophobia) -Alto-relievo relief sculpture and architectural elements

Characteristics of Geometric Period

-extremely simplified, triangular, "wasp waisted" human figures -ceramic terracotta decorations consist of intricate black geometric designs motifs and figures arranged in registers -style dictated by mainland Greece (known as Hellenic, becomes known as Attic "of Athens") -ceramics, bronzes, architecture, etc.

Peplos Kore, Greek, Marlbe, 530 BCU

-from the Achropolis

Late Empire art characteristics

-further departure from the classic greek style -more chaotic depictions of- space -distortion of human body proportion -less architecture, more monumental sculpture -compositions with centralized figure =portrait =/= likeness (as usual)

Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, Limestone, c. 1300-1250 BCE

-heraldic lions above lentil -Ashlar masonry is visible cut (easy to see in this picture)

Women Gathering Saffron, Akrotiri, Thera (Santorini), Fresco, c. 1650-1625 BCE

-hilly, mountainous landscape -ordinary people

Octopus Flask, Minoan, from Crete, ceramic with slip decoration (terracotta) c. 1450 BCE

-huge octopus picture

Minoan Art Characteristics

-imagery heavily influenced by island life and marine creatures, naturalistic depictions of marine life -fluid lines and shapes, but still retain geometric patterns and motifs -fresco paintings, faience, carvings in precious stones, some metal work, ceramics, architecture

Characteristics of Orientalizing period

-increased contact and trade with civilizations on Asia Minor and Egypt (start using columns, etc) -abandonmnet of severe triangularity of Geometric Period, movement towards more naturalism; however, still abstracted, simplified figures with large features -slip decoration on ceramics becomes more elaborate, with addition of more colors -appearance of creatures belonging to Near East cultures, such as sphinxes, griffins, etc. -more colors in ceramics

High Empire Art characteristics

-introduction of new compositional arrangements that revolved less around accurate depictions of space -return of beards on portraits of rulers -perfection of concrete techniques -shift away from strict adherence to Greek architectural and aesthetic values: openness to more experimentation -more cosmopolitan views reflected in art and architecture

Kouros and Kore

-kouros depicts the ideal figure of a young Greek man; always nude; most Kouroi assume the posture of square shoulders, orientations, h-Kore Kore depicts the ideal figure of a young Greek woman; always clothes; the posture of a frontal stance, feet together, one arm at the side of the other in a raised position (either holding something or across chest).

Roman Republic and Early art characteristics

-loose adaptation of Greek style -Highly decorative) most of sculpture and architecture has a political element, commemorative, idealized to show authority/power -paintings and frescos showing people and scenes from everyday life, still life, attempt to depict real space through perspective

Calf-Bearer, Greek, Marble, c. 50 BCE

-made by Rhonbos

Mycenaean Art Characteristics

-mainland Greece -conquering peoples who adopted some of the aesthetic styles of those they conquered (including minoans) -simple, geometric style -mostly known for ceramics, architecture, metalworking, stone carving

Seated Harp Player, Late Early Cycladic I-Early Cycladic II, marble, c. 2800-2700 BCE.

-male figures are usually holding an object; females usually reclining -a lot of negative space -eyelids and a mouth are carved

Marble Female Figure, Early Cycladic II, marble, c. 2700-2600 BCE.

-more exaggerated, rounded figures -paint pigments still faintly visible

Palace at Knossos, Crete c. 1700-1370 BCE

-most famous archaeological site -we don't know why the people disappeared from the site (like Roanoke) -The paint is not original, it was repainted in the 19th century -major palace complex that tells us a lot through art

Jug, Early Cycladic III-Middle Cycladic I, ceramic (terracotta), c. 2300-1900 BCE

-multiple colors may be hot spots from the kiln (oxide gets darker, more oxidized)

Clay frying pan vessel with incised decoration of a ship, found at Chalandriani on Syros island, Early Cycladic II period, ceramic, c. 2800-2300 BCE

-probably hand built, not made on a wheel -found in burial sites; ceremonial, not meant to be functional -use is unknown -repetitive geometric patters (spirals, wedges)

Marble Female Figure, Early Cycladic II, marble c. 2600-2400 BCE

-residue of pigment means they may have had faces; paint worn off -made to be reclining because it cannot stand on its own -negative space between legs differs from Venus figures

Archaic Sculpture

-the Archaic smile is found on most all sculptures of the Archaic period -added to give lifelike appearance but it doesn't work that well

Minoan Art Location

Island of Crete -island in the middle of Mediterranean -interaction with the sea on a daily basis (sea creatures) -Cities of Knossos,

stoa

a covered colonnade (or portico) lined by several shops and offices, similar to a modern strip-mall

triumphal arch

a freestanding arch that serves as a monument (Arch of Titus)

encaustic

a method of painting that involves pigments that are suspended in wax

psuedoperipteral temple

a temple in which only the columns in the front of the temple are freestanding (Temple of Portunus); one entrance with front portaco

trompe l'oeil

a type of art that is meant to "deceive the eye." An attempt at linear perspective is also evident in the fresco

tempera

a type of paint in which egg is used as a medium for pigments

Minoan Art Dates

c. 1600-1200 BCE

Mycenaean Art Dates

c. 1600-1200 BCE

Late Empire art date

c. 192-337 CE.

Early Roman empire art date

c. 27 BCE- 96 CE

Hellenistic Art date

c. 323-30 BCE

Aphrodite of Knidos, Roman copy of original marble

c. 350-340 BCE -groundbreaking because she was nude

Classic Greek Art Date

c. 480-323 BCE

Roman Republican art date

c. 509-27 BCE

Archaic Period Date

c. 600-480 BCE

Orientalizing Period Date

c. 700-600 BCE

Roman Etruscan art date

c. 700-89 BCE

Geometric Period Art date

c. 900-700 BCE

High Empire Art date

c. 96-192 CE

atmospheric perspective

the principle that a farther back an object is in space, it becomes less defined, bluer in color, and relatively smaller that those objects in the foreground