ArtH 388

Paul Cezanne

"The father of modern art" Very interested in form and paint is used to create dimension; an illusion of depth Questioned how little information you can give to a viewer with them still being able to understand the composition that they are looking at Intentionally draws attention to the fact that painting is always just an illusion Made lots of still lifes and was taught by Pissarro Basically painted a mountain that he could see from his studio window or still lifes of apples and peaches. Painted human bodies but those images typically came straight from his mind and not from a model

Franz Marc "The Large Blue Horses" Expressionism

A German expressionist who was part of the Blue Rider group; was a major influence to fauvism and cubism

Gustave Courbet

A disrupter. One of the figures who sufficiently disrupts the art world; not considered a modernist in his subject matters, however the way that he displayed his works helped pave the way for artists behind him to be modernists. His work was actually considered realism. However, realism to him was not based off of resemblance, he was referring to social realism - a social reality. His goal was to paint a world that really existed; not the biblical and mythological paintings that everyone was accustomed to. "Show me an angel and I'll paint one." He painted everyday people - average people, poor people.

Berthe Morisot

A female painter who continued to paint even after having a family which was really unusual for the time period. Super close with Edouard Manet; later on married his brother which he had encouraged. This is part of the reason that she continued to paint even after having a family. She was really interested in people and painted similarly to Monet (not Manet). She was restricted more so because she was a woman; couldn't hire male models, couldn't go out at night to paint night scenes. Mostly painted family and friends; particularly women and children, within her works. Her sister was also a painter; Edma - when she got married she quit painting unlike Berthe.

Baroque

A lot more movement and drama within the compositions; busy.

Auguste Rodin "The Gates of Hell" Modernist Sculpture

A monumental broze sculpture of two doors/gates. This was based off of "The Gates of Paradise" which was a renaissance piece. There is no narrative, it's really just a mass of bodies, however it is inspired by a story called Inferno, where they travel through hell. These gates are fused shut and don't actually function as a gate. The sculpture contains high and low reliefs both - some that barely protrude and some that are so 3D you can see through them. The person at the top who is resting his hands on his knees is "The Thinker" - either speculated to be the poet Dante, or Adam. The three people at the top are the 3 shades (actually the same three people rotated differently to show that we are all of the same flesh).

Symbolism

A movement not only in painting and arts, but poetry and books as well. Descended from romanticism Focused on "dream imagery" or in other words, strange imagery Rebelled academic art and tradition

Camille Pissarro "Hoarfrost" Impressionism

A painting showing a rural scene during the morning time where the ground has been covered with dew that has lightly frozen. The farmer is collecting sticks and bringing them home to potentially use for fire or to feed the animals with if they were small enough twigs.

Salon de Refuse

A salon of rejected art works Popular because people either wanted to enjoy the art or laugh at it Most paintings were rejected for their subject matter

Auguste Rodin "The Burghers of Calais" Modernist Sculpture

A sculpture based off of real events in the 100 years war. Calais was under seige and they finally had to surrender. Edward the III from England ordered that Calais send out the 6 most important citizens of the city with nooses around their necks with no shoes or hats, as they were to be humiliated and then beheaded. The queen intervenes and stops their beheading. The large feet on the sculpted individuals is to represent what it would feel like to walk to your death. One of them holds the key to the city as Edward the III instructed. Sculpted as true heroes, not what we might expect as heroes.

Impressionism

A well-liked style of art; very revolutionary and disruptive; 19th century. Impressionism got its name from Claud Monet's art piece Impression: Sunrise Painted in the open air - this means they'd have to take their whole paint sets with them. Because of this, paint tubes were created that you could fill in your studio and then take with you out into the world. They also came out with collapsible easels and other art tools. Was not only a style; it incorporated subject matters such as everyday life, landscapes, nothing historical - literally just everyday life. Photography helped encourage impressionism in these ways. Sketch was the final form of painting

Atmospheric Perspective

Air has color; this makes natural things that are either closer to you or farther away have different colors. For ex: mountains close to you may look brown, while those behind it blend into blues and purples. A natural sense of depth.

Georges Seurat

An artist who worked alongside the impressionists, but in a much more scientific and research oriented way His paintings are made entirely of dots of color; took a lot longer to compose and paint than your typical impressionist painting Works outdoors and likes to paint landscapes and modern life; human subjects were middle class people and every day events Really interested in color theory Defined his figures; moved them around until composition was perfect, sketched outdoors; brought sketches to studio to actually paint them "neo-impressionism" is what Seurat considered himself

Camille Pissarro

An impressionist painter Liked to paint rural landscapes Peasants and farmers were his subject matter Painted outdoors Used little fuzzy dabs of paint instead of long even brush strokes.

Repisoire

An object in a painting or composition that seems closer than it is and pushes all other elements in the composition back

Neoclassicism

Artists looking more closely at classical stories from the past; art that resembles art of the classical past using morals that were exhibited by great Greeks and Romans.

Gustave Moreau "The Apparition" Symbolism

Based off of a biblical story about Salome and King Harris beheading John the Baptist when John the Baptist did not like Salome back. One John has been beheaded, Salome starts seeing visions of his decapitated head. The "evil eye" is in the painting (a symbol of superstition). Moreau etched into the painting with the end of his paint brush to draw attention to the artificialness of it.

Vassily Kandinsky

Became a painter at age 30 Left Russia and moved to Germany A very abstract artist; especially in his more mature artworks Wanted to avoid subject matter all together but felt like he could never truly escape it Used warm colors vs cool colors to create depth Used symbolism within works

Fauvism

Begins in France Influenced by Cezanne and Seurat Used vivid color, expressive brush strokes, all while using color theory fauv = wild beast Lasted about 3 years

Georges Seurat "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" Post-Impressionism

Bodies within the composition were either facing straight forward or turned to the side (profile); a very formal painting that was carefully composed. Wanted the painting to feel monumental even though it only depicted everyday life; painted on a very large scale. The dots are very obvious in this to clearly identify and magnify the fact that this is simply a flat picture - even included a painted frame within the actual composition.

Genre Paintings

Can be about anything - typically everyday life and the subject matter -would be easy to read/comprehend.

Trains

Changed tourism for the lower and middle class - day trips were available/affordable for just about anybody

Claude Monet

Claude Monet liked to sit in the forest and paint; had a tendency to use a brilliant blue within his paintings. He made a lot of landscape paintings which is something that everybody could get behind because you didn't have to be educated to understand it, you didn't have to be rich and cultured to understand what you were looking at, and they were based off of public places. Monet draws attention to color and how you can use paint and color to build up a surface. A lot of Monet's paintings show "middle class leisure" or middle class people just enjoying themselves in public or nature; was kind of a theme of his Monet would paint the people who were out in the countryside with him; people who took the train places

Edgar Degas

Edgar Degas was also part of the founding group of Impressionists. Degas was less interested in color and atmosphere; made a lot of indoor paintings. Degas was really interested in how to create a sense of depth on a flat surface, how bodies are positioned in a space on a canvas, and how subject matter was placed on a canvas; interested in women; more specifically women in public. Degas would go to a lot of trouble to create an illusion of depth, but would then scribble or use high lights of color on the surface to kind of cancel that depth out and draw attention to the illusions of painting and making scenes with depth on a 2D surface. Created paintings from perspectives that make us question where he was standing or sitting when creating the painting.

Henry Fox Talbot

Experimenting with photography in England Talbot was using light sensitive chemicals that he was painting on paper Photogenic drawing; paper soaked in silver nitrate or chloride, object placed on paper, paper left in sun for 10 to 30 minutes, and then a "fixed" image appears Called another process that he made up Calotype (but his friends call it Talbotype to honor him) Talbot makes a book called "The Pencil of Nature" that essentially gave people ideas on how to use a camera. For ex: cataloging items, use for evidence, use for art

Odilon Redon

Felt that impressionism needed to be more ambiguous; needed more mystery to it Made series that were devoted to traditional narratives and had an emphasis on nightmare imagery. Starts using colors later on in his career and begins to paint a lot more mythological and biblical subject matter He uses his colors for psychological purposes

Salon des Independents

First Impressionist salon - April 1874 This salon got a lot of publicity; was one of the first exhibition not held in salon style

Paul Gauguin

Had a standard middle class life as a stock broker and family man; started painting as a hobby; had a lust for travel In the mid 1880's there was a stock market crash and he lost all of his money and his job and started to question why he had ever lived that life anyway - starts to see modern society as a sickness and begins this belief that humans have forgotten what it truly is to be a human; seeks a simpler way of life Also interested in an artist colony who live differently than the rest of modern day society; similar to Van Gogh

Gustave Caillebotte "Paris Street, Rainy Day" Impressionism

His best known painting; can see a huge intersection of one of the redesigned boulevards in France. Everyone has umbrellas and is dressed in middle class clothing - this painting was meant to be a tribute to the middle class. The gray sky and drab clothing were his way of saying that being modern doesn't have to be bright and colorful.

The Sketch-vs-Finish Debate

Impressionists liked the spontaneity of sketches; they argued that they were expressing the world as they were actually perceiving it. People argued that they could not possibly perceive the world in this way and therefore labeled actual finished impressionism paintings as sketches/unfinished. Claud Monet argued about how he actually perceived the world, often.

Edgar Degas "Absinthe" Impressionism

In Absinthe he paints people who are actually sitting at a table, this come from his specific view point which makes it unique. The woman is very clearly the main subject matter. They are "together" physically, but psychologically they are not together. Absinthe was super cheap back then, was not fancy at all, was a working class drink, bottom shelf drink, bottle of this next to woman is empty and therefore absinthe - "absent." Her clothing is appropriate but dated; her whole outfit has seen better days; not uncommon for middle to lower class women. This woman is not present, society has beat her down, she is out in public at night as well as drinking at night which means she is not respectable. Degas signs this painting on the bread knife which lets us know that this is an unkind scene.

Camera Obscuras

In a darkened chamber with a pin hole of light you will see images of whatever is outside the camera, projected upside down and backwards People would trace their projected images and use the camera obscura as a drawing aid Camera Obscura starts to die out when chemicals are discovered

Vincent van Gogh

Interested in color; far less scientific than Seurat and much more expressionistic. Did most of his painting over a five year time period; his very well-known paintings were accomplished in the last two years of his life Van Gogh was Dutch and his family included a lot of ministers but was knowledge in Dutch artistic past - his brother became an art dealer and moved to Paris and actually worked in a more Avant Garde (forward/modern thinking) art gallery His brother (Theo) cultivated modernists at this gallery Early paintings were really dull, unlike his popular colorful works Van Gogh took some art classes but felt constrained; was trying to go into ministry but didn't have the personality for it

Auguste Rodin "The Age of Bronze" Modernist Sculpture

Likes to draw attention to the fact that his sculptures are made of bronze and not of flesh. He did this by leaving the seams on his sculptures to bring attention to their fakeness even though they looked realistic. Also knew that viewers eyes would fill in the blanks so would sometimes leave things out - for example, the spear in this sculpture.

Daguerreotype Photography

Louis Daguerre came up with a process that only took 8 minutes and the nation of France eventually bought this process from him and informed the world of it. America is where the daguerreotypes were most popular Producing daguerreotypes was an intensive process -a photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor There are no negatives in daguerreotype, only positives Daguerreotypes can't be touched or left exposed to air because they are too delicate

Henri Matisse "Woman with a Hat" Fauvism

Matisse started as an academic painter but moved on to impressionism. He was under the impression that this style was all about observation. Woman With a Hat was painted in 1905 and he entered in the Autumn Salon. People told him not to but he was a rule breaker; the painting was viewed as very garish and aggressive

Edouard Manet "The Luncheon on the Grass" Realism

Men were clothed and women were nude. Due to this, the painting was seen as shocking. However the shock came not from the models being nude, but from how "unidealy" the women had been painted. The woman is looking directly at the viewer with a very unapologetic and non-submissive look. It was clear that she was not a mythical creature like a nymph of fairy because her human clothes were lying right on the ground. People viewed her as a prostitute. It was also understood that this was a public park. Manet drew attention to the strangeness of this 2D canvas by portraying space wrong. The woman in the stream is too large. He wanted to know why he had to follow the rules.

Romanticism

Much more about an individual experience of the world; usually landscape and nature based; about subjectivity.

Eadweard Muybridge "Leland Stanford Jr on his Horse Gypsy" Photography

Muybridge studied the consecutive movement of animals through electrophotographic invesitgation through 1872 - 75; publication of Animal Locomotion

Edouard Manet "Olympia" Realism

Named after a popular play that featured a lead role who was a prostitute named Olympia. Manet used harsh black lines to outline the body and accompanied that with electric light. Her hand signifies a monetary exchange, her face is very frank in displaying what she expects; an exchange of sex for money. She does not look submissive. There is a lack of depth here. Olympia has a black servant (not slave) which signifies the the hierarchy of the lower class - prostitutes and then servants. There is a cat in this painting that has it's back arched - it signifies a wh*re house. Based off of an old historical painting of the Goddess Venus

Oscar Gustave Rejlander

One of the earliest artists to experiment with using photography as an art form Decided that if photography were to be used as an art form, it must be composed as a painting would be (models, poses, layout, etc) Would make photos that were actually composed of about 30 different negatives that were taken individually and then put together - took months to complete

Paul Cezanne "Still Life with Basket of Apples" Post-Impressionism

Painted from multiple points of view If you examine the painting, nothing really lines up correctly; the table top, the bottle, the apples and peaches are at different angles, etc

Local Color

Painters would go out into nature and take sketches, not always at the same time of day (sunrise, sunset, mid-day, late evening, etc) would take paintings back to studio to make their finished piece - main job as a painter would be to make an average of all of those different colors; this is called "local color" even though the actual true color of the objects may not have ever actually have been seen

Expressionism

Part of modernism and influenced by a combination of Van Gogh's art and the art of primitive people (mostly the colors they used). Starts in Germany "Blue Rider Movement" - 1907 to WWI: interested in color as a way to express emotion, distortion of shape and color, retreated from urban scenes, embraced nature, folk track, and spiritualism

Odilon Redon "Roger and Angelica" Symbolism

Pastel on paper

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (painter) primarily middle class people as subjects within genre paintings. Stories were told through faces; faces of certain people were telling a story and leading us through the painting rather than objects set up in a triangular manner. Renoir's paintings weren't actually really genre paintings; they depicted present day life and no one really knew how to categorize them.

Post Impressionism

Post impressionism was not a movement, it's simply what came after impressionism There were four main artists that made up the post impressionist movement and those are as follows:

Divisionism

Seurat's own personal term for his dot technique; was well known as pointillism; not stippling - stippling is with a pencil

Hierarchy of Subject Matter

Shaped in a pyramid; peak of pyramid is historical, mythological, or biblical; the middle tier is portraiture and genre painting; bottom tier is landscape and still life (This is the hierarchy in France - it differs around the world)

Pierre-Auguste Renoir "Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette" Impressionism

Social mixing started happening at dance halls in France - upper class and middle class both attending; Renoir depicts this here. Renoir; depicts two middle class young ladies who were unchaperoned which was new for this time period, also included a model that he knew who was dancing with another gentleman. The way that he portrayed some shadows and light was looked down upon; critics didn't like the way that true lighting made figures look within his compositions

Photography

Starts developing during the 19th century Modern art and photography developed together Photography influenced how painters would compose their paintings because it helped people to view their world differently than they had in the past

Etienne-Jules Marey "Falling Cat Sequence" Photography

Studied stop motion pictures; French physiologist - entry trajectory of one motion in one picture

Henry Fox Talbot "The Open Door" Photography

Talbot makes a book called "The Pencil of Nature" that essentially gave people ideas on how to use a camera. For ex: cataloging items, use for evidence, use for art This was one of the images that he used in the book Reversal of light and dark was a problem in photography and he discovered a second piece of paper could reverse the negative

Passage *french term*

The bleeding together of foreground and background

Latent image

The chemical process in which you could see the photograph before it's completely there yet - part of this chemical process included heating mercury until it fumed

Realism

The depiction of every day life and every day scenes

Paul Cezanne "The Large Bathers" Post-Impressionism

This is a painting that Cezanne did near the end of his life - it was painted completely from memory. The painting is composed of triangles (not shapes but position of content). This painting is non-emotional, formal, rigid, and linear. The paint is applied very freel, but the color scheme itself is very limited and simple. However used cleverly.

Gustave Courbet "A Burial at Ornans" Realism

This is the painting that he was able to show without any jury to stop him at a salon. Painting depicted a funeral in his home town with a lot of attendees. Not the funeral of anyone important; a random person - people weren't inclined to this and were expecting a superior figure to be the subject matter of the funeral. Somber colors, whites are random - compositionally this painting was hard for people to understand. No triangle. Crucifix is the only thing that breaks the horizon line. It's gigantic like a historical painting would be.

Edouard Manet

Was not a historical impressionist - he was older and was looked at in more of an older figure of inspiration for the impressionists that came after him The first to really think about and portray the strangeness of painting on a 2D surface

Auguste Rodin

Worked from live models Took inspiration from mannequin pieces Knew that the viewers eyes would "fill in the blanks"

Gustave Caillebotte

Younger and richer than other impressionists Financed exhibits and specific pieces of work, but was also an artist himself A large amount of his artworks now make up an impressionist museum in France His style of art has a sharper focus and is more naturalistic

Joseph Niepce

called his photography heliographs - his method used tar combined with copper plates and took about 8 hours to process came before "silver salts"

Vincent van Gogh "The Night Café" Post-Impressionism

he is using color to portray that this is a bad place to be; an assaultive place. Red and green are right next to each other in this painting; a technique that would never be used by an academy painter because of the fact that they are complimentary; this did not used to an accepted practice whatsoever within the "professional" world of painting. There is a true "sickness" to this color scheme which is exactly what he wanted to portray. There are halos around the light fixtures - some people speculate that this was due to this epilepsy but Professor Morgan disagrees because he never painted when he was sick or having a "fit" aka epileptic seizure.

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre "View of the Boulevard du Temple" Photography

included a shoe shining man that is all the way down on the street (image was taken from top floor of building) sent his assistant down to get his shoe shined so that he was able to actually capture a human - used this as an example to help show what the camera was capable of; used as a selling point; very detailed

Emil Nolde "Still Life with Masks" Expressionism

oil on canvas Nolde grew up to emphasize rural values and eventually became an anthropologist who was critical of western influence.

Paul Gauguin "The Vision after the Sermon" Post-Impressionism

they had just heard about Jacob wrestling an angel in the church sermon. In his painting he depicts them coming out of church to this happening right in from of them. Color is very expressionistic - ground is bright red. He is using these people as symbols rather than actual people - being a little condescending with them. Their innocent and lack of knowledge for the world is refreshing to him though.

Claude Monet "Les Grands Boulevards" Impressionism

we are seeing a city scape that is modern and changed; Napoleon III hired an architect/city planner to basically reconstruct the whole city. Wider boulevards, torn down neighborhoods to create homes, people were displaced, five story apartment buildings lined the boulevards and generally only the wealthier and upper class could afford these so many middle class people were displaced from where they have previously resided. Paris also developed a night life because gas lighting was introduced and people could go out without fear at night.