ASI 106 Dairy Exam

Class IV Milk Use Classifications

Butter and milk powders

Describe the calcium intake benefits of dairy.

Calcium shortage contributes to high blood pressure, osteoporosis, colon cancer, and obesity Increased intake form dairy foods lowers health care costs

What are the dairy herd management groups?

Calves (birth to weaning) Open heifers Bred heifers Milking cows Dry cows

To determine the genetic ability of a cow or bull, non-genetic factors that affect milk yield of all female relatives must be standardized. Which one of the following non-genetic factors is NOT considered in that process?

Calving interval

Class III Milk Use Classifications

Cheese

What were the three most common dairy products for sale in the U.S. during 2017?

Cheese, cultured products, fluid milk

The back of the cow consists of which of the following parts?

Chine and loin

Which 5 states are the fastest growing dairy states in terms of total milk production?

Colorado, South Dakota, Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska

What is dairy strength?

Combo of dairyness and strength to support production and longevity

What are the three methods of type evaluation?

Comparative judging Type classification Linear evaluation

What composes pricing of Grade A milk?

Composition of milk Quality of milk Seasonality of supply and demand Federal support price

What is the action of oxytocin?

Constriction of arterioles in the mammary gland

What is the rule of thumb when it comes to lactating cows and nutrition?

Consume daily approximately 3.5-4% of their body weight in DM per day

Several factors determine the price of milk received by dairy producers. Which of the following factors is not considered when pricing milk?

Cost of producing milk by the dairy farmer

How much does a DHI supervisor charge to visit the herd?

Cost: $1.50 per cow-month.

Describe the ideal teat

Cylindrical shape, uniform size with medium length and diameter; neither short nor long is desirable

What are dairy herd improvement association records?

DHIA records are the basis for evaluating the production capability of individual specific herd conditions Superior cow management in DHIA herds results in greater herd milk yield compared with non-DHI tested herds.

The two most important traits assessed during first lactation that are related to first-lactation milk yield and longevity of cows are:

Dairy character or dairyness and udder depth

The predicted transmitting ability (PTA) can be calculated to evaluate various production and type traits using information from all female relatives of a given bull or sire. From which group of female relatives would most of the information come when evaluating a potential sire?

Daughters

What is luteolysis?

Death of the CL

Describe the ideal chest

Deep and wide floor showing capacity, well-sprung foreribs

How do you determine extension rates of semen?

Determined by concentration of progressively motile sperm per mL

When balancing a ration, before determining the nutrient contents of any feed, one must convert the weight of that feed to what basis?

Dry matter

A CowManager ear tag can measure:

Ear skin temp, resting, eating, rumination, activity, and estrus activity

What is a cow's daily time budget?

Eating - 3-5 hours Lying/Resting - 12-14 hours Social Interactions - 2-3 hours Ruminating - 7-10 hours Drinking - 0.30 hours Milking parlor - 2.5-3.5 hours

What are the five major nutrients?

Energy (carbs, fat, fiber) Minerals Vitamins Protein Water

What is the antagonist to oxytocin?

Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

What is the exception to the Holstein breed when judging the udder?

Equal emphasis on fore and rear; 7 points each

How do DHIA records work?

Estimates the production potential of cows and bulls (sires) by measuring the performance of daughters Many factors affect milk production among and within herds so a standardized production record is calculated in order to compare all cows on an equal basis.

Describe the ideal udder cleft

Evidence of a strong suspensory ligament indicated by clearly defined halving

Describe what is judged in the rear feet and legs category of the dairy cow unified score card.

Evidence of mobility: Movement Legs-side view Legs-rear view Feet Thurl position Hocks Bone Pasterns

Which of the following is(are) potential methods of pregnancy diagnosis of cattle?

Failure to return to heat for the duration of one estrous cycle after A.I.-breeding Transrectal ultrasonography after 30 days since last A.I. Trasnrectal palpation after 35 to 40 days since last A.I. Measurement of pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PAGs)of milk progesterone in samples collected between 21 and 24 days after last A.I.

T/F: Average duration of heat or estrus in lactating dairy cows is greater than 24 hours

False

T/F: Heat detection is only a minor concern in reproductive management

False

T/F: Longevity of cows in the herd has little relationship with their productivity.

False

T/F: When balancing a ration, concentrates generally are used to meet as many nutrient requirements as possible and then the remaining nutrient deficits are satisfied by the roughage portion of the ration.

False

T/F: Balancing rations for dairy cows consists of selecting a combination of feedstuffs that provides insufficient nutrients to support maintenance, growth, and production.

False; needs to be sufficient

T/F: Old genomic sires will continue to reduce the generation interval and increased rates of genetic progress.

False; young sires

Dairy farms are generally located close to feed supplies because:

Feed is less expensive when purchased near where it is produced

Define concentrate

Feeds generally low in fiber, high in energy, and protein can be high or low

Describe ideal breed characteristics

Feminine head, clean-cut, slightly dished with broad muzzle, large open nostrils and strong jaw

Describe the ideal fore udder

Firmly attached with moderate length and ample capacity

Describe the ideal bone

Flat and clean with adequate substance

The mailbox price during March 2019 was greatest for dairy producers selling milk from which state(s)?

Florida or New England States????

How is milk sold, from the most to the least?

Fluid cream and cultured products Cheese Fluid Milk Butter Nonfat dry milk Frozen product

What are the top ten traits to longevity?

Fore attachment Udder texture Udder depth Median suspensory Rear attachment height Rear legs (rear view) Bone quality Rear attachment width Locomotion Rear legs (side view)

What is included in a semen evaluation?

Freedom from contaminants such as urine and feces Volume of ejaculate Percentage of sperm that are progressively motile Concentration of sperm

Describe the recto-vaginal insemination method.

French breeding gun containing a 0.25 or 0.5 mL straw of thawed semen is guided through the cervix and semen is deposited in the body of the uterus A gloved hand in the rectum aids in guiding the breeding catheter into and through the cervix

Describe linear evaluation

Functional type traits scored over a range of values that provide a description of the cow (1 to 50 points). See Table 1 (p. 18).

Calving interval =

Gestation period + days open or lactation + dry period

Calf housing should provide:

Good ventilation No direct contact with other calves Dry calf-starter feed, fresh water, and milk or milk replacer Easily cleaned, comfortable environment

List some concentrates and briefly describe them

Grains: corn, sorghum grain, oats, barley, wheat Protein supplements: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, linseed meal, and fish meal By-products: distillers grains, wheat midds, corn gluten meal, beet pulp, soy hulls, etc.

The following two general requirements of a lactating dairy cow have priority (i.e., these nutrient requirements must be met before any other cow requirement ) over all other requirements in the dairy cow.

Growth and maintenance

This cow has shades of fawn with white markings throughout, should weigh between 1200 and 1300 lb at maturity, and was imported to the U.S. in 1831.

Guernsey

List milking systems

Hand milking Pipeline system Surge bucket Step-up stanchion

What comprises marketing costs?

Hauling, Advertising and Promotion, Kansas Dairy commission

List some roughages and briefly describe them.

Hay: high protein - legumes; low protein - grass Silage: corn, sorghum, wheat Haylage: alfalfa or sorghum-sudan Pasture: green forage; can be a combo of legume and forage Green chop: freshly chopped green forage fed to confined animals

How can you detect estrus

Heat detection aids (tail patches, paint, chalk, pedometers or activity monitors, rump-mounted pressure sensitive detectors)

Describe ideal stature

Height at withers and hips should be relatively proportionate

What are dairy production records for?

Help dairy managers in decision-making process relative to herd replacements, culling, feeding, and repro (such as DHI records)

Which of the following is(are) types of milking parlors (multiple answers)?

Herringbone Parallel Rotary or carousel

What types of milking parlors are there?

Herringbone/parabone Parallel Rotary or carousel

Describe the Red and White

High milk yield Official breed association in 1964 Originated in North Holland and West Friesland in Netherlands

Describe the health benefits of dairy products in regards to osteoporosis.

Higher milk and calcium consumption is associated with less body weight loss in patients with osteoporosis Recommended to consume 3-4 servings of dairy products each day

Which dairy breed is known for being the highest milk-producing breed?

Holstein

Which dairy breed is most commonly found in the largest number on U.S. dairy farms?

Holstein

Which state is in the top 6 of all U.S. states for numbers of dairy cows, annual yield of dairy cows, and annual milk production per state?

Idaho

What is the purpose of type evaluation?

Identify functional traits associated with longevity, such as long herd life

What is the issue when considering getting cows inseminated?

Identifying when to breed (identify estrus)

Which of the following are current trends in the U.S. dairy industry?

Increase in per capita consumption of dairy products

Characterize the annual commercial disappearance of dairy products during the 33 years between 1980 and 2013:

Increase in total milk disappearing from the shelf (sold)

What are the top ten cow numbers countries, sorted from most milk to least milk?

India, EU, Brazil, US, Russia, China, Mexico, New Zealand, Ukraine, Argentina

The best type of housing for newborn dairy calves that maintains good health and is reasonably priced is:

Individual hutches

List some types of calf housing

Indoor hutches Indoor pens Loose housing

Define mastitis

Inflammation of the mammary gland

What are predisposing factors to mastitis?

Injury Dirty env. Faulty milking equipment Frostbite Improper milking procedures

Describe the Jersey

Introduced to US in 1815 High-fat milk yield and small size Originated on Island of Jersey in English Channel

Describe the Ayrshire

Introduced to US in 1822 Vigorous foraging ability Originated in Southwest Scotland

Describe the Guernsey

Introduced to US in 1831 High-fat milk yield and small size Originated on Island of Guernsey in English Channel

Describe the Holstein

Introduced to US in 1857 High yield of low-fat milk Originated in North Holland and West Friesland in Netherlands

Describe the Brown Swiss

Introduced to US in 1869 High protein to fat ratio, sound feet and legs, longevity, and few health problems Originated in eastern alpines of Switzerland

Describe the Milking Shorthorn

Introduced to US in 1972 Cross between Milking Shorthorn (NE England) and Illawarra (Australia)

This dairy breed may have a white or black switch, may be some shade of fawn with or without white markings, and originates in the Channel islands.

Jersey

Which two dairy breeds are known for their high milk fat production?

Jersey and Guernsey

Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream are synthesized into what components in the alveolar cell? What are they then synthesized into in the alveolar lumen?

Lactose --> lactose (milk sugar) Casein --> Casein and other milk proteins Triacylglycerol (fat) synthesis --> milk fats

Describe the ideal thigh

Lean, incurving to flat and wide apart from the rear

Full-fat milk is BETTER for you because....

Lesser risk of diabetes Lesser risk of obesity

Describe the ideal neck

Long, lean, and blending smoothly into shoulders; clean cut throat, dewlap, and brisket

Describe the ideal rump

Long, wide, and nearly level Slight slope from hook to pins

Describe the ideal barrel

Long, with adequate depth and width, increasing toward the rear with a deep flank

What are examples of voluntary culling (multiple answers)?

Low milk production Sold for dairy purposes

What is magnesium oxide used for?

Maintain fat test

When comparing cows of different ages within a herd, their records need to be projected to a common __________________ (ME) basis.

Mature Equivalent

Which 5 states have the highest milk production per cow (greatest to least)?

Michigan Colorado New Mexico Idaho Washington

What causes mastitis?

Microbial infection in one or more quarters

What is the result of homogenization?

Milk fat globule size is reduced from up to 20 microns in diameter to less than one micron in diameter

Describe the homogenization process.

Milk is forced through small passages at pressures of 1500-2500 lb / sq inch and at velocities of 600 to 800 feet per second

What is residual milk?

Milk remaining in the gland after a normal milking

What are building facilities?

Milking parlor Housing Feed center Maternity Barn Machinery Shed Shop Manure Storage

Minerals, vitamins, and water in the bloodstream are filtered into what components in the alveolar cell and lumen?

Minerals, vitamins, H2O for both

Describe the ideal udder depth

Moderate depth relative to the hock with adequate capacity and clearance; consideration given for lactation # and age

Cows calving from November-January will produce more/less milk than those calving in July and August. (choose one)

More

Dairy herds with the greatest milk yields generally have:

More cows per herd, fewer days to first service, lower conception rate at first service, and shorter calving intervals (Table 3 Chapter 5)

What is non-clinical mastitis?

Most common form (90-95% of all cases) No clinical signs detected SSC is slightly elevated

Where is the target tissue for oxytocin?

Myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveolus

Dairy cows tend to be located:

Near abundant feed supplies Cooler climates Near processing facilities Near population centers

Describe ideal thurl position

Near central placement between hip and pin bones The thurl is the pelvic bone only felt with pressure

What other things may be fortified in milk?

Nonfat solids such as casein (milk protein) may be added to reduce fat products to improve taste or texture

What are the steps in judging cattle?

Observe (analyze) Evaluate (degree of difference) Decide (based on practical importance) Describe (clear, concise reasons) Defend (explain intelligent choices to represent values and priorities)

Study the cow anatomy on the Unified score card

Okay

What is the route of infection leading to mastitis?

Pathogens enter udder by passing through the defense mechanisms of the teat opening - sphincter muscles and keratin Quarters are separate and are infected independently

What is mail box price?

Pay price - Marketing costs

What are the results of dairy checkoffs?

Per capita consumption increased by 20%

Where is the storage site for oxytocin?

Posterior pituitary

Which stage of life of legume has the highest level of protein?

Pre-bloom

What are PAG tests?

Pregnancy Associated Glycoprotein produced by the placenta and circulated into mom's blood

What is the primary udder support? Secondary?

Primary: Median suspensory ligament Secondary: lateral suspensory ligaments (non-elastic) and skin

Define homogenization.

Process of breaking fat globules into particles so small to prevent creaming

What does the corpus luteum do?

Produces progesterone to prepare uterus for pregnancy

What is the purpose of dairy herd improvement and selection?

Provide a glimpse of the make-up of a dairy herd and the kinds of information important in the decision making process Introduce standardized lactation record used to measure productivity of bulls and cows Introduce the Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing/record system

What are farm business records for?

Provide info on financial status of entire farm op (such as Kansas Farm Management Association records)

What are the benefits of the DHIA program?

Provides information that can be used to make herd management decisions Provides info used to evaluate the genetic merit of dairy cattle

Define and artificial vagina.

Radiator hose and flexible rubber tubing form a jacket Adjusted for temp and pressure with air and hot water (100-133ºF)

Describe comparative judging

Ranking a number of individuals in order of preference based on specific standards of type.

Describe the color importance in tail chalk or paint for estrus detection

Red/orange means in estrus Green for prego Blue for open

What are the results of mastitis in dairy cattle?

Reduction in milk yield, quality, and revenue

Butter vs. margarine

Relatively same nutrient content Margarine is high in trans fatty acids (BIG NO NO) Butter increases absorption of other nutrients

Describe what is judged in the dairy strength category of the dairy cow unified score card.

Ribs Chest Barrel Thighs Neck Withers Skin

Which of the following factors are considered when judging "dairy strength" in addition to physical evidence of milking ability?

Ribs, thighs, withers, neck, barrel, and skin

Describe semen evaluation.

Routine evaluation to determine acceptability of semen for processing and extension rates

Describe what is judged in the frame category of the dairy cow unified score card.

Rump Front end Back/Loin Stature Breed characteristics

Which of the following factors are considered when judging "frame" in addition to judging the skeletal parts of the cow?

Rump, stature, back, front end, and breed characteristics

What are the secondary justifications for AI?

Safety Economics Disease control Greater sire selection

What are the top ten countries for milk production per cow, sorted from most milk to least milk?

Saudi Arabia, Israel, Korea, US, Denmark, Sweden, Canada, Finland, Japan, Spain

Describe type classification

Scoring type traits of one animal relative to the ideal (1 to 100 points). See Dairy Cow Unified Score Card.

The Ayrshire originated from what country?

Scotland

Which cow holds the world record?

Selz-Pralle Aftershock 5 years 11 months old October 2017 Produced 9,089 gallons of milk in one 365-day lactation

What is the downside to electro ejaculation?

Semen is often of lesser quality than the use of AV

What are the specific functions of tri-process separators?

Separates cream from skim milk Standardizes fat content of milk Clarifies: removes minute particles (including leukocytes) that are normal milk constituents

Describe the ideal wither

Sharp with chine prominent

Describe the ideal pastern.

Short and strong with some flexibility, having a moderate, upright angle

Describe ideal rear leg side and rear view

Side - Moderate set angle to the hock Rear - Straight, wide apart with feet squarely placed

Describe milking machines

Simulates the process of nursing and extracts the milk by vacuum (negative pressure)

What are the services of an AI bull stud?

Sire proofs (young sire program and genomics) Mating of sires and dams for future sires Semen collection, eval, and processing Semen storage, sales, and delivery Teach artificial insemination techniques

Class II Milk Use Classifications

Soft manufactured products, ice cream, cream 14% products, yogurt, condensed milk

Which portion of the US are importers of dairy products or deficient in dairy?

South-southeast

The majority of states that are deficit for fluid and soft dairy products that must import milk from other states are generally located in the:

Southeast

Describe ideal teat placement

Squarely placed under each quarter, plumb, and properly spaced

Describe hand milking

Squeeze the teat closed near the udder while squeezing down toward the teat end (positive pressure)

What are types of housing?

Stanchion or tie-stall Free-stall Dry lot

What are signs of estrus?

Standing to be mounted by other cows Walking the fence Swelling of the vulva Bawling Clear mucous discharge

Describe the ideal feet

Steep angle and deep heel with short, well-rounded closed toes

Nearly 80% of dairy cattle are inseminated artificially compared with only 7% of beef cattle in the U.S. Because superior genetics are commonly available as a result of wide-spread use of artificial insemination in the dairy industry, the major differences in milk production between low and high milk-yielding herds are the result of:

Superior management

What is the purpose of dairy checkoff?

Support advertising and product research

Formation of milk (milk secretions) consists of both synthesis and filtration. Which of the following milk components are synthesized or filtrated? Fat, lactose, water, minerals, protein, vitamins

Synthesized: fat and lactose; Filtrated: water and minerals

What five states account for more than 50% of the total milk produced annually in the U.S.?

Texas, Idaho, California, New York, Wisconsin TINYCW

Describe dairy checkoff.

The National Dairy board manages funds collected from dairy producers and milk processors through a mandatory check off assessment of milk sold in the US. Fund administered by an elected committee of 36 dairy producers who represent all parts of the country

What is the Pay Price?

The gross dollar value of milk sold

Describe ideal skin

Thin, loose, and pliable

What is the purpose of pasteurization?

To kill all disease-producing bacteria

What are milk processing procedures?

Tri-process separator Pasteurization Homogenization Fortification

T/F: Applying a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved dry cow product to all cows (regardless of their udder health status) after the last milking to begin the dry period is highly recommended.

True

T/F: Asthma patients are less likely to have asthma attacks when consuming whole milk, butter, and yogurt on a daily basis.

True

T/F: Because of genomic testing of young bulls or young sires, the opportunity now exists to use selected young sires in place of proven sires with the expectation of positive genetic gain.

True

T/F: Best results are obtained when cows are inseminated near the end of heat or estrus.

True

T/F: Blood concentrations of progesterone in dairy cows will decrease to basal concentrations at approximately 18 to 21 days after estrus unless the cow is pregnant.

True

T/F: Comparing milk production of 2 cows during their first lactation, the cow with the deepest udder will likely produce the most milk.

True

T/F: Cooler temperatures favor milk production, therefore causing seasonal differences in production.

True

T/F: DHI records indicate that all breeds produce at their maximum capacity between 4 and 5 yr of age.

True

T/F: Emphasis placed on classification score and milk yield in the breeding program should result in increased longevity of dairy cows.

True

T/F: Historically, progeny testing of milking daughters provided sire proofs.

True

T/F: Ignoring type traits might decrease herd life or longevity of dairy cows.

True

T/F: In most countries outside of North America, milk production is measured in liters or kilograms (1 liter equals about 1 kilogram of milk). So a really good cow in the U.K. that produces 12,000 kilograms of milk annually, is producing approximately 26,455 pounds or 3,076 gallons of milk.

True

T/F: Linear evaluation is a means to evaluate various traits of the cow by scoring them over a range of 50 points. These scores then allow the determination of relationships or correlations between type and production traits.

True

T/F: Milk production losses are directly proportional to the increase in somatic cell counts in milk.

True

T/F: More profitable dairy cows are those that spend a greater proportion of their herd life in early lactation.

True

T/F: Older cows generally produce more milk than younger cows because older cows have greater udder capacity and larger supportive glands and organs.

True

T/F: On average, higher-producing herds that use the DHI testing program generally have greater income-over-feed costs.

True

T/F: Ovulation generally occurs 24 to 32 hours after the onset of heat or estrus.

True

T/F: Reduction in generation interval translates into more rapid genetic progress.

True

T/F: Temperature and humidity affect milk production and their extremes are affected by geographic location.

True

T/F: The National Dairy Promotion and Research Board is funded by a dairy "checkoff" program. All milk produced by U.S. dairy producers and that imported into the U.S. is assessed. Dairy farmers pay 15 cents and dairy importers pay 7.5 cents for every hundred pounds of milk.

True

T/F: To be successful as a judge of cattle, a thorough knowledge of desirable or ideal conformation of all parts of the dairy cow is essential.

True

T/F: Use of the Dairy Cow Unified Score Card has played an important role in the development of the modern viewpoint of consistent type evaluation.

True

T/F: When dieting results in less caloric intake in humans, greater weight loss will occur, particularly trunk weight, when including dairy products (fluid milk, cheese, and yoghurt) in the diet.

True

T/F: When selecting traits of potential sires, the most important trait to consider is milk production.

True

Dairy cattle are evaluated by two basic, but distinct systems: comparative judging and type classification. Which one requires the scoring of type traits of each animal relative to the ideal?

Type classification

Define functional type evaluation

Type refers to an ideal or standard of perfection that combines all body characteristics that contribute to usefulness, good health, and longevity of the dairy cow.

What are the top ten milk producing countries, sorted from most milk to least milk?

US, India, China, Brazil, Germany, Russia, France, New Zealand, Turkey, UK

What are the major traits on the Unified Scorecard, from greatest importance to least importance?

Udder - 40% Dairy Strength - 25% Rear feet and legs - 20% Frame - 15%

Based on a comprehensive study of all Canadian Holstein cows classified from 2003 to 2007, longevity of dairy cows was related to:

Udder and feet and leg traits

When judging the udder of the cow according to the Dairy Cow Unified Score Card, which udder trait should be given the greatest priority for consideration?

Udder depth

Describe what is judged in the udder category of the dairy cow unified score card.

Udder depth Rear udder Teat placement Udder cleft Fore udder Teats Udder balance and texture

Describe ideal udder balance and texture

Udder floor level as viewed from the side. Quarters evenly balanced; soft, pliable, and well collapsed after milking

Place the following trait descriptions in order according to their point value assigned by the Dairy Cow Unified Score Card (greatest to least).

Udder, dairy strength, rear feet and legs, or frame

Describe ideal movement

Usage of appendages, stride should be long and fluid with rear feet nearly replacing front feet

Describe electro-ejaculation.

Used to collect high quality bulls that are unable to mount Large electrode placed into rectum Alternating pulses of electrical current stimulates bull to ejaculate

What induces luteolysis?

Uterine secretion of PGF2α in absence of a viable embryo

Inseminations begin after the end of the ____________

Voluntary waiting period

What one essential nutrient may be limiting during the summer when considering what is provided as sources of nutrients to high-producing lactating cows?

Water

Which states having the greatest milk production per cow generally are located in what region of the U.S.?

West

Which portion of the US are net exporters of dairy products?

West-midwest

Describe the ideal rear udder

Wide and high, firmly attached with uniform width from top to bottom and slightly rounded to udder floor

Describe ideal ribs

Wide apart, bones flat deep and slanted towards the rear, well sprung, expressing fullness and extending outside the point of elbows

Match the correct pasteurization temperature with its appropriate time to ensure that all disease-causing bacteria are inactivated: a. 280 degrees F b. 95 degrees F c. 145 degrees F d. 161 degrees F

a. 2 seconds b. inadequate temperature regardless of time c. 30 minutes d. 15 seconds

How can the following mastitis-causing pathogens be partly controlled or prevented? a. Streptococcus agalactiae by milking-time hygiene, dry cow therapy, and lactation therapy b. Environmental streptococci by milking hygiene and dry cow therapy c. Coliform bacteria by dry cow therapy d. Staphylococcus aureus by lactation therapy e. none of the above

a. Streptococcus agalactiae by milking-time hygiene, dry cow therapy, and lactation therapy

Dairy production in Kansas has been increasing during the last several years partly because of increased number of dairy farms in southwestern Kansas. Why do you think dairy farms have increase in that part of Kansas?

abundant grains and other feeds sparse human population to avoid encroachment of urban reasonable land values reasonably favorable climate

Common presentation of feeds to dairy cows, as seen at the Dairy Teaching and Research Center, is in the form of:

all feeds combined together in a total-mixed ration (TMR)

Semen collected from healthy dairy bulls in bull studs (organizations that sell bovine semen) generally is collected by:

artificial vagina

Which of the following is a FALSE statement? a. most of the secreted milk is stored in the lumen of each alveolus between milkings b. secretion of a hormone from the adrenal medulla can counteract the effect of oxytocin-induced milk let-down c. ideal milking protocol calls for applying the milking machine within 2 to 3 minutes of initial teat stimulation d. milk let-down is a neurohormonal reflex involving the milk let-down hormone e. myoepithelial cells contract to produce milk let-down

c. ideal milking protocol calls for applying the milking machine within 2 to 3 minutes of initial teat stimulation It is within 1 minute of stimulation (30 seconds - 1 min 15 seconds)

Which of the following is NOT an example of a feed that is low in fiber, high in net energy, and protein may be high or low? a. corn grain b. protein supplement c. silage d. soybean meal e. milo grain

c. silage

Types of major mastitis pathogens that are classified as environmental include:

coliform bacteria and environmental streptococci

Conversion factors for specific breeds are used to...

compensate for breed differences

After the egg is shed into the oviduct, the follicle turns into a ________

corpus luteum

Describe the thumb rule of insemination.

cow in heat in AM, breed in PM; cow in heat in PM, breed in AM

Effective mastitis control and prevention is essential for harvesting normal milk from all cows. Which of the following is(are) part of an effective mastitis control and prevention program: a. minimize or eliminate the possibility of mammary tissue irritation, infection, or both b. use milking equipment functioning according to manufacturer's specifications c. minimize or eliminate the possibility of teat or udder injury from hazards in pens, return lanes, etc. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Production of quality milk includes: a. clean surroundings b. healthy people milking heathy cows c. well functioning equipment and prompt cooling of milk d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Since the early 1920's, the number of dairy cows and milk production per cow in Kansas and the U.S. have:

decreased and increased, respectively

Composition of whole milk is: 87.4% water; 3.5% protein; 3.5% fat; 4.9% carbohydrate; and 0.7% minerals. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? a. Total milk solids = 12.6% b. Solids-not-fat = 9.1% c. Protein component is mostly casein d. Carbohydrate component is mostly lactose e. All of the above

e. All of the above

To establish the genetic merit of a young sire in a traditional progeny testing program, whose help is required to provide, gather, and analyze all of the production and type data? a. dairy producers b. DHIA organizations c. Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding d. Bull studs or semen-producing businesses e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Indications of mastitis include: a. presence of white blood cells or leukocytes in milk b. high somatic cell counts in milk c. presence of garget or milk clots in milk d. presence of flakes or chunks in pre-milking hand-stripped streams of milk e. all answers are correct

e. all answers are correct

One would expect the most residual milk when the cow is: a. calm before and during the milking procedure b. injected with epinephrine before milking c. milked out incompletely d. excited and nervous while in the parlor e. all answers are correct but the first option.

e. all answers are correct but the first option.

Which is(are) true concerning the anatomy of the mammary gland: a. each lobe is composed of many small subdivisions called lobules b. lobules are further subdivided by connective tissue and each has a drainage duct c. lobules contain 150 to 275 individual alveoli d. alveoli consist of hundreds of individual secretory cells e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following procedures prevent microbial contamination of the mammary gland during the pre- and post-milking process? a. sanitizing teat cups before applying them to the next cow and washing teats b. hand-stripping milk from the cows before milking to identify cows with potential mastitis c. predipping d. postdipping e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is true during a proper machine-milking procedure? a. milk flows from the teat during the closed or rest phase b. atmospheric air flows into the space between the teat cup and its inflation during milk flow from the teat c. milk flow from the teat occurs when no vacuum is applied during the rest phase d. constant vacuum at the teat end allows for constant milk flow from the teat e. during the milking phase, the inflation is open and milk flows from the teat

e. during the milking phase, the inflation is open and milk flows from the teat

Concerning proper cleaning of milking equipment, which of the following is NOT true? a. resanitizing the system before next use flushes out any contaminants including micro-organisms b. rinsing with cool acidified water helps to remove minerals and removes detergent residues c. rinsing initially with cool water before any cleaning solutions are applied is recommended d. cleaning with hot detergent solutions helps to melt fats e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Meeting this requirement of the dairy cow is essential for good rumen function and preventing cows from going "off feed" or having a displaced abomasum.

energy (i.e., fiber portion)

The primary justification for the use of AI in the dairy industry is to:

extend use of semen from genetically superior sires

Milking speed is determined by the resistance of the teat-end spinchter muscles to the actions of the milking machine. Faster milking cows have weaker teat-end spinchter muscles than slower milking cows (look again at Table 1 in Chapter 2). Which of the following is NOT true?

extremely fast milk out time is highly desirable

Calf facilities should provide for:

feeding dry feed and clean water good ventilation free from drafts feeding liquid feed no direct contact with other calves

Define roughages

feeds generally high in fiber, low in energy, high or low in protein Quality varies greatly and should be tested regularly

Describe the ideal front end

front legs straight, wide apart, and squarely placed, and shoulder blades and elbows set firmly against chest wall

The Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB) summarizes...

genetic evals for economically important traits of dairy cattle based on genomic data and information obtained from milking daughters from the DHI program

Proper milking should include some of the following procedures in their proper sequence:

hand strip a few streams of milk, apply predip, dry and clean teats with single-service towel

Cow A was milked 2X daily and cow B was milked 3X daily. Cow A produced 28,900 lb in 305 days and cow B produced 34,000 lb. Both cows calved in June. Which cow had the greatest standardized lactation record (both cows were 3-yr old at calving and were Kansas Holsteins)?

lb milk*age*305basis*month A: (28,900) x (1.00) x (1.00) x (1.15) = 33,235 B: (34,000) x (0.85) x (1.00) x (1.15) = 33,235 Cow A = Cow B

Milk fat contains conjugated _________ and other lipids that are beneficial to humans.

linoleic acid

A group of lactating cows that are 5 years or more in age would have which of the following general nutrient requirements?

maintenance and milk production

What is oxytocin

milk letdown hormone

Regular testing of forages (roughages) is highly recommended because of variability in their nutrient content; but of particular concern is their content of:

moisture, fiber, protein

What is the rationale for fortification?

natural Vitamin A is destroyed during processing and Vitamin A and D (fat-soluble vitamins) are less in reduced-fat milk fluids such as 2% and skim because they are removed when reducing the fat content

A balanced ration is one that matches:

nutrient content of the feed to the nutrient requirements of the cow

Issues to consider when handling manure waste from dairy cows include (multiple answers):

potential water and environmental pollution odor effects on area fish and wildlife habitats accounting for nutrients added to soils

Which of the following is NOT a justification for using AI in cattle?

reduced time and labor

Calving ease information available in the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding Sire Summaries is released three times annually in February, August, and December. Calving ease information is important when considering the potential sire mates for:

replacement heifers

Use the DHI records. What were the two largest causes for cows leaving the herd during the last 12 months in this report?

reproductive failure and low production

Milk passes from the alveoli to...

small ducts --> large ducts --> gland or udder cistern --> teat cistern and out of the gland through streak canal

Describe the ideal back/loin

straight and strong, with loin broad, strong, and nearly level

Cows that calve every 12 to 13 months are likely more productive and profitable than cows that cows every 16 months because:

they produce more calves during their herd life they have more periods of "high" milk production (early lactation) in their herd life they produce more milk per day of herd life

The post-calving period of time set by the dairy producer during which cows are not inseminated, but allowed to undergo normal involution of the reproductive tract and begin their estrous cycles:

voluntary waiting period

By law, whole milk must contain how much fat?

≥3.25%

What is Kansas' ranking for milk production in the US?

#16

The US ranks in what places for consumption of cheese, fluid milk, and butter?

#2, #6, and #6, respectively 38 lbs 17.4 gallons 5.7 lbs

Use the DHI records. Which of the individual cows shown on page 33 (DHI-220 form) is confirmed pregnant with a confirmed projected due date of August 27, 2019?

#53

Use the DHI records. Which cow currently in milk on the DHI-220 has the greatest income-over- feed-cost (Income/Feed Cost) for lactation-to-date? Why would a cow have a negative income-over-feed cost? (Answer: she is dry and not producing milk on the test day)

#66

A ration was calculated to feed 45 lb of dry matter to a group of lactating dairy cows. The ration consisted of 15 lb of DM from corn silage (35% DM), 20 lb of DM from alfalfa hay (88% DM), and 10 lb of DM from concentrate (95% DM). What was the as-fed amount of feed fed to each cow?

(15/.35)+(20/.88)+(10/.95) = 76.11 lbs as fed

A Kansas Holstein cow calved in October (48 months of age), was milked 3X daily, and produced 32,500 lb of milk in 360 days. What is her standardized 305-2X-ME milk record (round to nearest pound)?

(32,500 lb milk) (0.87 age) (0.88 305basis) (1.06 month) = 26,375 lbs

Calculate the amount of dry matter fed to a cow in which the as-fed diet consisted of 40 lb of corn silage (35% DM), 35 lb of alfalfa hay (90% DM), and 25 lb of concentrate (95% DM).

(40*.35)+(35*.9)+(25*.95) = 69.25 lbs dry matter

How do you thaw frozen semen?

(Frozen by being dipped into liquid nitrogen) Thaw at 95ºF for 30-45 seconds Protect semen from "cold shock" caused by rapid cooling of the semen after thawing

Place in order the priority of nutrient use in fulfilling requirements for dairy cows (i.e., in the face of limiting nutrients in the diet, what net energy requirements will be met first, second, and then third as sufficient nutrients are available).

1 - NEmaintenance, 2 - NEgrowth, 3 - NE-milk production

What is the DHI testing plan?

1. DHI supervisor visits the herd monthly and alternately observes the milking of cows every 30 days. 2. Only one milking is weighed and sampled each month. 3. Meters milk production by each cow. 4. Obtains a milk sample for butterfat and protein test (optional tests include SCC and MUN).

What are current trends in the US dairy industry?

1. Decrease in number of dairy farms 2. Increase in number of cows per farm 3. Increase in milk yield per cow 4. Increase in per capita and total milk consumption

List the priorities of nutrient requirements in cattle

1. Maintenance 2. Growth Milk production Pregnancy

What non-genetic factors comprise the standardized lactation record?

1. Times milked per day 2. Duration of lactation 3. Age at calving 4. Month of calving 5. Geographic location 6. Breed Used to determine 2x-305-ME record

Use the DHI records. What was the average 305-2X-ME (Proj. 305 Day ME) fat production (lb) for cows in their first lactation?

1029

Use the DHI records. What is the average summit milk (lb) yield for all cows (all lactations) in the herd? (Definition of average summit milk: Of the first three test day milk production records, summit milk is the average of the two largest records.)

112

Optimal duration of calving intervals should be in the range of:

12 to 13 months

Calving intervals of ________ seem to be optimal to maximize annual herd milk yield.

12-13 months

What is the average age at first breeding?

12-14 months

Most cows produce ___________% more milk when milked 3x daily compared with 2x daily.

13 to 17%

What is the average calving interval?

13-15 months

Use the DHI records. What was the projected minimum calving interval for cows in their second lactation?

13.7 months

Dairy heifers should be inseminated by ______ of age, so they can calve when they are at least ______ of age.

14 to 15 months; 2 years

In planning for a maximum of 100-day storage of manure for 500 lactating Holstein cows, the dairy producer assumed that manure output per cow would be 8% of her body weight per day. The cows averaged 1,450 lbs in body weight. How many tons of manure would accumulate for this herd during 100 days?

1450 lbs * .08 = 116 lbs per cow 116 lbs per cow * 500 cows = 58000 lbs/herd 58000 lbs/herd/day * 100 days = 580,000 lbs = 2900 tons

How long is the estrous cycle?

19-24 days

Normal duration of the estrous cycle in cows and heifers is:

19-24 days

Commercial AI was initiated in the using in what year after procedures were observed in Denmark?

1938 in New Jersey

Use the DHI records. What was the age of cow #76 when she last calved or freshened?

2 year 9 months

What is the average number of lactations for the herd?

2.3

A minimum of _____% of ration dry matter should be acid detergent fiber.

21

What is the average age at first calving?

23-25 months

Nearly ________% of adolescents were deficient in Vitamin D.

24%

A follicle ruptures or ovulates _____ hours after the onset of estrus (heat) and the egg is shed into the oviduct.

27.6

Transrectal ultrasonography can be used to diagnose pregnancy as early as _______ to _______ days after AI

28-32 days

A cow was open for 155 days after calving until she conceived and had a dry period of 55 days. How many days was her lactation (assume gestation length was 280 days)?

280 days pregnant + 155 days open - 55 days dry = 380 days

1 in _____ children and teens in the US is obese.

3

What is the standard length of lactation?

305 days

Use the DHI records in the Class Materials (pp 32-34). What was the rolling yearly herd average milk production (lb) for the K-State herd on September 18, 2018?

32,004

Transrectal palpation of uterine contents can be used as a pregnancy diagnosis as early as ________________ days after AI.

35-40

The udder of the dairy cow consists of how many quarters?

4

Judge this class of 5-year-old Holstein cows and provide your placing (e.g., 1-3-2-4, means that you placed cow 1 over cow 3 over cow 2 over cow 4). Click on the Image for Question Body below:

4-3-1-2

Profit is mostly made during the 1st ________ months of lactation.

4-5 months

When is maturity in the cow?

4-5 years

What is the average herd life?

4.3 years

Dairy production is important in all 50 U.S. states. In 2017, dairy production ranked nationally in what position in total farm income?

4th

Using the DHI-220 report. How many cows on this page are confirmed pregnant?

5

Use the DHI records. How many heifers and cows are expected to calve during the month of January?

5 heifers and 26 cows

What is the average age at weaning?

5-6 weeks

The weight of the udder and its contents during lactation varies all the time, but the range is:

50-200 lbs

A cow had a calving interval of 505 days and a dry period of 45 days (Assume that gestation length is 280 days). How many days was this cow in milk AND not pregnant (i.e., days open) during the previous lactation?

505 days interval - 280 days pregnant (dry period during gestation) = 225 days

Use the DHI records. How many cows are between 101 and 199 days in milk (stage of lactation) and what is their current average daily milk production?

52 cows; 94 lbs

Use the DHI records. What percentage of female calves were born to heifers (dam's lactation number = 1) and to older cows (2+) during the last 12 months? Use all calves in your calculations whether born dead or alive. (The two percentages differ because we are using sexed- or gender-biased semen when inseminating heifers and conventional semen when inseminating cows.)

57% and 49%, respectively

Studies indicate that 3× milked cows increase daily milk production from _____ to _____ lb per cow.

6.8 lbs; 8.6 lbs

What percent of the milk is produced in the rear udder?

60%

Use the DHI records. What was the average number of days dry for cows in their second lactation? Why are no data for cows in lactation 1? (Answer: First-lactation cows were not milking before their first calving [i.e., they were gestating heifers])

64

How long is estrus?

8-12 hours

What is the average age of puberty?

8-12 months

The use of gender-bias or "sexed" semen (only x-chromosome bearing sperm) produces about _______% heifer calves.

85

What percentage of the revenue from dairy cattle is from the milking parlor?

85-95%

How many dairy cows total are there in the US?

9.252 million

What is the average birth weight of the cow?

95 lbs

Skim milk by law must contain how much fat?

< 0.5%

Describe the dieting benefits of dairy products.

A group consuming a diet rich in yogurt, milk, and cheese lost more weight and lost more body trunk fat than the controls that avoided dairy products

What is clinical mastitis?

Abnormal udder conditions (infected quarters may swell, become hot, hard, and sensitive to touch) Abnormal milk (milk may be watery, off-color appearance, contain clots and/or flakes) SCC is very highly elevated

Define fortification

Addition of nutrients to milk after processing

Describe ideal hocks

Adequate flexibility with freedom from swelling

Lobe --> lobule -->_______

Alveoli

The milk secretory cells are contained in...

Alveoli

At maturity, this cow should weigh at least 1200 lb, in coloring, be cherry red, mahogany, or brown with white, and has ancestors in Europe.

Ayrshire

What are flat barns?

Barns that milk cows in stanchions or tie-stall barns

Class I Milk Use Classifications

Beverage milk products

What is arterial blood?

Blood found in arteries, flowing away from the heart that is oxygenated