ASI 500 Take Home Quizzes 1-10

What is true about nondisjunction?

-Can result from one or more homologous chromosomes failing to separate normally in meiosis -Can result from one or more sister chromatids failing to separate normally during meiosis -Results in an improper number of chromosomes in some gametes or individuals

What are the requirements for transcription?

-DNA Template -rNTPs -Transcription initiation complex

What are important features of DNA replication?

-DNA replication is semiconservative -It is performed quickly and accurately, including repair mechanisms -It proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction -Has multiple origins of replication along a linear chromosome

What are the parts of the transcription unit?

-Promoter -Coding Region -Terminator

What is are ways that the sequences of proteins can be different from the original DNA sequence for a gene?

-RNA polymerases can introduce errors in the transcription of the DNA sequence that gets translated to the final protein sequence -Removal of introns during RNA processing -Polypeptide chains can be modified after translation by removing the fMET, cleavage, addition of side groups, acetylation, or other types of modifications

What is true about the lagging strand?

-Synthesis is in short segments as DNA unwinds -Utilizes Okazaki fragments that are later linked with enzymes -Replication is discontinuous on this strand

What is true about consensus sequences?

-The TATA box is an example -The 5' and 3' splice sites are an example -They are usually important binding sites or regulatory regions

You are interested in a particular segment of DNA from your favorite organism and would like to clone it into a cloning plasmid. You have the following restriction map of the region that includes the DNA of interest and the plasmid (E = EcoRI, H = HindIII, X = XbaI, S = SphI, N = NotI). Why would you not choose enzyme E and H to clone the DNA of interest into the cloning vector?

-They are not unique cloning sites -They will cut the DNA of interest into fragments -There are multiple different fragments that might be included in the final vector

What is NOT true about copy number variants?

-They are rarely benign -They are rare -Individuals may have differences in copy number, but their phenotypes are always the same -They are most often interspersed duplications

What is an activity associated with DNA polymerases?

-ability to attach a DNA nucleotide to the 3′ end of previously incorporated DNA nucleotide -ability to excise a newly incorporated nucleotide that does not match the template strand -ability to "read" a template strand and synthesize a complementary strand -ability to synthesize new DNA in a 5′ to 3′ direction

What is true about aneuploidy?

-aneuploidy is usually lethal in plants and animals -Aneuploidy affects doage-dependent genes -Monosomy is loss of a single chromosome (i.e. 2N-1

In humans, hand preference is inherited such that right-handedness is autosomal dominant to left-handedness. Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A left-handed man that has normal vision marries a woman who is right-handed, (but whose mother was left-handed) and color blind. Determine the probability of producing a left-handed son with normal vision.

0

You have a population of 1000 Shorthorns and you are investigating red and white coat color, which is codominant. 732 are red, 194 are roan, and 74 are white. What is the frequency of the minor allele in the population?

0.171

Axial flowers (A) are dominant to terminal (a) and tall plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (t). We are going to cross plants that are heterozygous for both height and axial flowers. What is the phenotypic frequency for plants that are tall and have terminal flowers in the progeny of this cross?

0.1875

You are creating a monohybrid test cross between plants that have either Axial (A) or terminal (a) flowers. The P generation was true breeding for different alleles and you self the plants in the F1 generation to generate the F2 progeny. You then self each of these plants to create the F3 generation. What proportion of the total population in the F3 generation are Aa?

0.25

You complete a monohybrid cross between pea plants that are true-breeding for opposite traits (purple and white flower color). Keep completing crosses until you've generated the F2 generation. In this generation, what proportion of plants with purple flowers are homozygous?

0.33

You have a plot of 1500 pea plants. 1000 of them have purple flowers, which is dominant to white. The remaining plants have white flowers. Assume this population of plants is in HWE at this locus. What is the frequency of carriers in the population?

0.49

Your sister was born with webbed feet, which is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. She is having a child with a man who does not have webbed feet and she wants to know the probability that their child will have webbed feet. If your father had also had webbed feet, but your mother did not, what is the probability that her male children will have webbed feet?

0.5

Coat color in yellow, chocolate, and black Labrador retrievers is governed by recessive epistasis. The yellow locus (Y/y) determines whether color (B/b) is expressed at the B locus (black or chocolate, where black is dominant to brown). You mate two dogs, one of which is yellow (with 2 chocolate parents) and one of which is true breeding black. Their progeny are 100% black. You plan to mate these progeny (ignore the fact that we're inbreeding) and want to determine some of the characteristics of the future offspring of this mating. 1) What proportion of the progeny will be chocolate? 2) What proportion would have the genotype BByy?

1) 0.1875 2) 0.0625

Yellow coat color in mice is determined by an allele that has autosomal dominant inheritance. Unfortunately, it is also a lethal allele that causes death 2 days after birth. You need to produce a generation of mice, but the only mice you have are both yellow. Answer the following questions about this cross: 1) What proportion of the progeny born do you expect to live into adulthood? 2) Of the surviving progeny, what proportion are yellow?

1) 0.75 2) 0.66

For an organism that is normally 2N=8, answer the following questions: 1) How many unique chromosomes does this species have? 2) How many DNA molecules are present in Anaphase during mitosis? 3) How many chromosomes are present in Anaphase I of meiosis? 4) How many chromosomes are present in Anaphase II of meiosis? 5) Are any of the chromosomes homologous during Metaphase I of meiosis? 6) Are any of the chromosomes homologous at the end of meiosis I? 7) Are any of the chromosomes homologous during Anaphase II of meiosis?

1) 4 2) None of the above, not 8 3) 8 4) 8 5) Yes 6) No 7) Yes

In the absence of linkage, 1) what is the ratio of phenotypes we expect to see in the progeny of 2 F1 plants or animals that are heterozygous at two loci? 2) With linkage, what is the ratio of phenotypes we expect to see in the progeny of 2 F1 plants or animals that are heterozygous at two loci? 3) What is the ratio that describes the frequency with which we would see a specific allelic combination in a gamete in the absence of linkage? 4) What if the loci were linked?

1) 9:3:3:1 2) We cannot tell without knowing the distance between the loci 3) 1:1:1:1 4) We cannot tell without knowing the distance between the loci

If two loci (A and B) exhibit complete linkage, 1) what gametes would be produced from a heterozyote F1 plant or animal that was produced from plants or animals in the P generation that were true breeding for either all dominant alleles or all recessive alleles? 2) What about if the loci were 5 cM apart? 3) What is the allelic arrangement?

1) AB or ab only 2) AB and ab at higher frequency than aB and Ab 3) Coupling

What is the probability of rolling one six-sided die and obtaining the following numbers? 1) 2 2) 1 or 2 3) An even number 4) Any number but a 6

1) Because 2 is found on only one side of a six-sided die, there is a 1/6 chance of rolling a 2. 2) The probability of rolling a 1 on a six-sided die is 1/6, and the probability of rolling a 2 on a six-sided die is 1/6. Use the addition rule of probability to determine the probability of rolling a 1 or a 2: 1/6+1/6=2/6=1/3. 3) A single die contains three even numbers (2, 4, 6). The probability of rolling any one of these three numbers is 1/6. Apply the addition rule: 1/6+1/6+1/6=3/6=1/2. 4) The number 6 is found on only one side of a six-sided die. The probability of rolling a 6 is therefore 1/6. The probability of rolling any number but 6 is (1−1/6)=5/6.

1) What is true about linked loci? 2) What is NOT a difficulty of linkage mapping?

1) Linked loci segregate together 2) Distances are sometimes overestimated because of variability in recombination rate across chromosomes

Assuming this pedigree is for a trait with autosomal recessive inheritance, please match the individual with the appropriate information about their sex and genotype. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 look at phone for diagram

1) Male, Genotype cannot be definitely determined. 2) Female, Genotype cannot be definitely determined. 3) Male, Obligate Carrier 4) Female, Obligate Carrier 5) Male Obligate Carrier 6) Female, Obligate Carrier 7) Affected Male 8) Affected Female

Answer the following questions for an organism that is 4N=12. 1) What is the ploidy of the organism? 2) How many unique chromosomes does it possess? 3)How many homologous copies of chromosome 1 are there in a normal cell for this organism?

1) None of the above Not tripod 2) 3 3) 4

Match the following items and scenarios to the correct term. 1) Parent of origin effect 2) All offspring inherit the genotype of the female 3) The dilution locus in horses 4) The yellow locus in laborador retrievers 5) Expressing alleles inherited from only the sire 6) Phenomenon whereby genes at multiple loci interact to determine phenotype, but alleles at one locus can mask others at a different locus 7) Hypostatic locus 8) Phenomenon whereby genes at multiple loci interact to determine phenotype and the genoytpe at all loci must be known to determine the phenotype Epigenetics Cytoplasmic inheritance Gene interaction Epistasis

1) Parent of origin effect-Epigenetics 2) All offspring inherit the genotype of the female- Cytoplasmic inheritance 3) The dilution locus in horses- Gene interaction 4) The yellow locus in laborador retrievers- Epistasis 5) Expressing alleles inherited from only the sire- Epigenetics 6) Phenomenon whereby genes at multiple loci interact to determine phenotype, but alleles at one locus can mask others at a different locus- Epistasis 7) Hypostatic locus- Epistasis 8) Phenomenon whereby genes at multiple loci interact to determine phenotype and the genoytpe at all loci must be known to determine the phenotype- Gene interaction

Match the following enzymes or components of DNA replication to their function or application. You will not use any terms more than once. 1) Origin Recognition Complex 2) Helicase 3) Ligase 4) !single-stranded binding proteins 5) Topoisomerases 6) RNA primers 7) DNA primers 8) DNA polymerase 9) Primase 10) Telomerase Recognize licensed origins Unwinds the DNA and is bound to the lagging strand Seals nicks in the DNA backbone Replicates the ends of chromosomes in cells that divide frequently Do not have a function or exist in the process of DNA replication Adds bases to a growing DNA strand Synthesize DNA primers Generates primers Necessary to begin a new strand of DNA nucleotides Holds the DNA apart during replication Removes torque caused by unwinding the DNA

1) Recognize licensed origins 2) Unwinds the DNA and is bound to the lagging strand 3) Seals nicks in the DNA backbone 4) Holds the DNA apart during replication 5) Removes torque caused by unwinding the DNA 6) Necessary to begin a new strand of DNA nucleotides 7) Do not have a function or exist in the process of DNA replication 8) Adds bases to a growing DNA strand 9) Generates primers 10) Replicates the ends of chromosomes in cells that divide frequently

You are studying 2 loci, one for purple spots (which is dominant to no spots) on leaves and one for white flowers (which is dominant to yellow). In the progeny of an F1 individual you testcrossed, you see that 42 are purple spotted with white flowers and 40 have no spots and yellow flowers. Eight have white flowers and no spots, and 10 have purple spots and yellow flowers. Answer the following questions about these two loci? 1) Are the loci linked? 2) What is the allelic arrangement? 3) How far apart are they from each other? 4) Are they on the same chromosome?

1) They are linked 2) Coupling 3) 18 cM 4) Yes, they are on the same chromosome because otherwise they wouldn't be linked

You have just sequenced a genome of an animal or plant and you tile it against the reference sequence to compare the two (a reference-based assembly). In one region of the genome, you notice that you have 30 reads that contain the base T at position 3543, which is the same as the reference sequence. In one read at that same position you notice that it contains a G. What can you most likely conclude based on this information? This is likely a sequencing error and should be disregarded What if you found an approximately equal distribution of Gs and Ts in your sequence reads? The organism is likely heterozygous for a G/T SNP What if you found almost all Gs in your sequence reads? More than one of the above could be correct

1) This is likely a sequencing error and should be disregarded 2) The organism is likely heterozygous for a G/T SNP 3) More than one of the above could be correct

Match the genotype on the left to the information that could be determined about these loci on the right. Some answers might be used more than once or not at all. 1) Aa/Bb 2) A/a B/b C/C 3) ABC/abc All loci are on the same chromosome 4) ab/ab 5) AaBb

1) This is not valid answer 2) All loci are on different chromsomes 3) All loci are on the same chromosome 4) All loci are on the same chromosome 5) Not enough information to determine if they are linked and the phase, assume unlinked

You are mapping 3 genes in drosophila: red (wild-type) vs purple eyes, vestigial wings vs normal (wild-type) wings, and spineless vs bristles (wild-type). You perform a testcross with a completely heterozygous F1individual and note the following progeny: Phenotype and number wild type-552 purple, vestigial and spineless-541 red, vestigial and spineless-22 purple, normal, and bristles-17 red, vestigial, and bristles-182 purple, normal, and spineless-195 purple, vestigial, and bristles- 235 red, normal, and spineless-241 Answer the following questions about these loci: 1) Which locus is in the middle? eye color (red vs. purple 2) What is the map order? 3) What is the map distance between eye color and wing type? 4) What is the map distance between spineless and wing type?

1) eye color (red vs. purple 2) More than one of the above is correct 3) 21.0 cM 4) 46.9 cM

You are a representative from a breed association trying to determine which individual sired a particular genotyped offspring. The genotypes of the individual, its dam, and the possible sires at three loci are as follows: Offspring AA Bb Cc Dam Aa BB Cc Sire 1 aa bb cc Sire 2 Aa BB Cc Sire 3 AA Bb cc Which sire can you eliminate using the first locus (A)? Sire 1 Which sire can you eliminate using the first locus (B)? Sire 2 Which sire can you eliminate using the first locus (C)? None of the sires What is the most probable sire of the calf? Sire 3 If I eliminated the dam genotypes (they weren't available), what is the most probable sire of the calf? The result is inconclusive because we need genotypes at additional loci

1) sire 1 2) sire 2 3) None of the sires 4) Sire 3 5) The result is inconclusive because we need genotypes at additional loci

You are a plant breeder studying several loci with Mendelian inheritance. You are trying to discover properties of each of three loci, so you complete a trihybrid cross. You have peppers that are true breeding for tall, white flowers, and smooth leaves and you cross them with peppers that are true breeding for dwarf, yellow flowers, and serrated leaves. In the F1 generation, the offspring are tall with yellow flowers and serrated leaves. You then cross the plants in the F1 generation together. Answer the following questions: 1) Which traits are dominant? 2) What is the genotypic frequency of plants that are homozygous tall, heterozygous for yellow flowers, and homozygous for smooth leaves in the F2 generation? 3) What is the frequency of plants that are tall, have yellow flowers, and serrated leaves in the F2 generation?

1) tall, yellow flowers and serrated leaves 2) 0.031 3) 0.42

For each of the following genetic topics, indicate whether it focuses on transmission genetics, molecular genetics, or population genetics. 1) Analysis of pedigrees to determine the probability of someone inheriting a trait. 2) Study of people on a small island to determine why a genetic form of asthma is so prevalent on the island. 3) Effect of nonrandom mating on the distribution of genotypes among a group of animals. 4) Examination of the nucleotide sequences found at the ends of chromosomes. 5) Mechanisms that ensure a high degree of accuracy during DNA replication. 6) Study of how the inheritance of traits encoded by genes on sex chromosomes (sex-linked traits) differs from the inheritance of traits encoded by genes on nonsex chromosomes (autosomal traits).

1)Transmission genetics; 2) population genetics; 3) population genetics; 4) molecular genetics 5) molecular genetics; 6) transmission genetics

What are the genotypic frequencies in the F1 generation for a dihybrid cross between cucumbers that have either warty (W) or smooth (w) exteriors and are either glossy (S) or dull (s). Assume the plants in the P generation were true breeding for different alleles.

100% WwSs

The template strand of a DNA molecule is 3'CAGTACTAG5'. Assume that this sequence is in the middle of a coding region and is "in frame" so you can begin the reading frame at the first RNA nucleotide. Assuming no wobble pairing, what is the sequence of the first anticodon that would be involved in translating this sequence?

3'CAG5'

How many DNA molecules will be produced after 32 rounds of PCR if starting with a single DNA molecule? You can assume that all reagents are provided at an adequate level to fully complete all 32 rounds.

4,294,967,296

A strand of DNA has the sequence 5'CTAGCAAGT3'. 1) What is the sequence of the other strand?

5'ACTTGCTAG3'

A portion of the sequence of a non-template strand of a DNA molecule is 5'CTAGCAAGT3'. What is the sequence of the pre-mRNA molecule that would be transcribed from this sequence? Assume that this sequence is beyond the transcription start site for a gene.

5'CUAGCAAGU3'

You are studying a cell in an organism that is normally 2N=4. You note that the cell is in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. How many DNA molecules are present at this time?

8

You are in R&D at a biotech firm and you hope to use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to engineer a plant or animal that incorporates a targeted mutation. This mutation is a specific, large DNA fragment that you need to include in the genome of your organism of interest. What repair mechanism will you be targeting?

A double-stranded DNA break repaired using a large DNA template and homology directed repair (HDR)

You are attempting to determine the function of a gene in pigs. You create a pig that has a non-functional version of your gene of interest by using miRNA to inhibit translation of the mRNA from your gene. What type of analysis have you performed?

A reverse analysis using RNA interference to create a knockout pig

Which of the following statements is true? -The probability of a woman giving birth to three girls in a row is 1/8 -The probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying their independent probabilities -The probability of drawing an ace or a jack from a deck of cards can be determined by summing their individual probabilities -Probabilities range from 0 to 1

All of them -The probability of a woman giving birth to three girls in a row is 1/8 -The probability of two or more independent events occurring together is calculated by multiplying their independent probabilities -The probability of drawing an ace or a jack from a deck of cards can be determined by summing their individual probabilities -Probabilities range from 0 to 1

is true about next-generation sequencing and genome assembly?

Annotation means adding information to the genome assembly that denotes important regions in the genome, like exons, introns, and UTRs.

For a physical map of a chromosome, distance would be measured in which units?

Base Pairs

How are chromosomes ordered on a karyotype?

By size, largest to smallest

What is not something could be accomplished using the CRISPR/Cas9 system?

Create naturally-occurring human knockouts

Which of the following is not true about parentage testing?

Dam/mother genotypes are required

You are the head of R&D at a biotech firm and you want to mass-produce the protein product of a particular gene because it can be used to treat a disease. What type of vector could you use to accomplish your goals?

Expression Vector

Which of the following types of vectors can be used to create protein products from a cloned gene?

Expression Vectors

True or False. Cells that have only 1 set of chromosomes are always gametes

False

Microarrays are

Fluorescently labeled cDNA from cells from the same tissue, but with different physiological states (i.e. lung cancer cells vs normal lung cells), is utilized in a competitive hybridization to a DNA probe

You are a genetic counselor working with a family that has had incidences of Fragile X Syndrome, which has an X-linked inheritance. It has been previously determined that the father is carrying an X chromosome that had a pre-mutation, but the mother does not appear to have either a premutation or full mutation. The father is concerned about his daughter inheriting a chromosome from him with a full mutation. What advice can you provide him?

He cannot pass on a full mutation to his daughters because expansion of fragile sites only happens in females, but he can pass the premutation to his daughters

Describe how genetic variation is created during meiosis?

Homologous recombination, random segregation of chromosomes into gametes, and random selection of gametes for fertilization

You are attempting to identify the location of your favorite gene in a new species that is closely related to daisies. You take the sequence of that gene in daisies found in the NCBI computer database and compare it to the genome sequence of your new species using a computer program called BLAST. What type of gene discovery are you performing?

In silico discovery

You are studying your favorite organism, which is closely related to trout. You develop a DNA probe that is labeled with a green fluorescent compound and is complementary to your gene of interest in trout. You use this probe on denatured DNA and visualize the resulting chromosomes. You notice that chromosome 2 has a green fluorescent spot on the q arm so you determine that your gene of interest is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 in your favorite organism. What type of gene discovery did you perform?

In situ hybridization

Primase

It adds RNA bases that provide a free -OH group for the growing DNA strand

What is the relative consequence of an error during transcription?

It is less severe than during DNA replication, because errors in DNA replication get passed to daughter cells

What is the name of the consensus sequence that allows identification of the start codon in eukaryotes?

Kozak sequence

You are researching a community of bacteria living near rhizomes, so you extract DNA of all of these microbes to determine the composition of the organisms in the sample. You also try to identify their purpose within that community. What area of genomics are you working within?

Metagenomics

You are working at a zoo and you learn that dragonflies can be either green (G) or drab (g) at one locus. Through a research study, you discover a new locus that determines whether their wings are veined (W) or clear (w). You identify true-breeding dragonflies that are green with clear wings and some that are drab with veined wings. You complete a dihybrid cross between these dragonflies and generate the F1 population. You then mate the individuals from the F1 population together. What is the genotypic frequency of dragonflies that are GGww in the F2 generation?

None of the above NOT 0 0.125 0.25 1

What is the probability of obtaining offspring that are aabbccddeeffgghh out of a cross of individuals that are AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHh and aaBBCcddEeFfggHh?

None of the above, NOT 0.000015 0.00024 0.0039 0.00488

Two chromosomes have the following segments, where • represents the centromere. K L M • N O P Q R S T U V • W X Y Z What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes? K L M • N O P Q R Y Z S T U V • W X

Nonreciprocal translocation

What is NOT true about domestication?

Norman Borlaug domesticated many of the plants and animals available today

Where does pre-mRNA processing take place?

Nucleus

Rank the following vectors based on the amount of DNA that can be inserted, from smallest to largest.

Plasmid<Bacteriophage<Cosmid<BAC

Homologous recombination occurs when?

Prophase I

What prominent scientist was involved in the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

What type of DNA marker is derived from amplifying DNA using PCR and running it on a gel to determine the number of repeats at a specific locus?

STRs/Microsatellites

If you wanted to engineer a novel microbe that incorporated computer-generated cassettes that could take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and sequester it to help prevent global warming, what field of study would you enter?

Synthetic biology

Which of the following can never be rate limiting in a PCR reaction?

The amount of DNA template

What is a reason why the transfer of genes from one species to another to genetically engineer organisms works?

The core components of genetic systems are similar even among different species

You set up a gel with the correct DNA and size standards in the correct well. The wells are placed near the positive pole and you turn the machine on. After running the gel for a while, you visualize the DNA bands. What might you notice?

The gel would probably be empty/blank because DNA is negatively charged, so it moves towards the positive pole and would run off the top of the gel

You are a scientist and you determine the complete genomes and proteomes of a liver cell and a skin cell from the same person. What differences do you expect to see in the genomes and proteomes of these two cells?

The genome will be the same, but the proteome will be different in the two different cell types

You set up and run a gel electrophoresis correctly. What will be true about the size and orientation of the DNA bands in the gel?

The larger bands move more slowly through the gel, so they will be at the top

What is the difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?

The pentose sugars The bases The number of strands typically in the molecule

Transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes. Why does this not occur in eukaryotes?

The ribosomes and the DNA are in different organelles for eukaryotes, but in in the same place for prokaryotes

You digested a bunch of DNA with several restriction enzymes in an effort to identify a specific fragment of DNA you're interested in studying. You know your fragment of interest is about 500 bases long, so you run it out on an agarose gel with the appropriate size standard. How should you set up your gel and machine to perform an electrophoresis?

The size standard and DNA wells should be near the negative pole so that the DNA migrates towards the bottom (positive pole) of the gel

What is NOT a difference between the structure of DNA and RNA?

The type of bonds linking nucleotides

You have a plasmid that has an ampicillin resistance selectable marker and also includes a LacZ gene with the EcoRI restriction sites you plan to use found within the LacZ gene (such as the one in Figure 14.6 in your book or shown below). You digest your target DNA and this plasmid with EcoRI and ligate the target DNA into the plasmid. You transform the bacteria in a solution including the plasmid and then plate it on an agar plate containing ampicillin and X-gal. What colonies contain bacteria that have incorporated the recombinant plasmid?

The white colonies

You decide to perform a microarray analysis to determine the relative gene expression in brain tissue from Dalmatians with a neurological disorder vs Dalmatians that have normal neurological function. You label the tissues from dogs with the disorder green and the normal with red. Which of the following statements is true about your experiment?

This is a functional genomics experiment

You are breeding Drosophila for an experiment, and you have a fly with an unknown genotype for eye color, because it has red eyes (a+), which are dominant over white eyes (a). You decide to do a testcross for this fly to determine his genotype at this locus so you breed your flies to others with red eyes. You note that in the progeny, 100% have red eyes. What is the genotype for the fly in question?

This is not a valid experiment because you still can't tell the genotype (the test cross was not done properly)

The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints, whereby cells either stop or proceed on to the next stage provided that the conditions for the checkpoint are met. Which of the following is NOT a key purpose of a checkpoint?

To ensure that cell growth can proceed uninhibited

Assume we have the same DNA template strand as in the previous question: 3'CAGTACTAG5' If we have an animal that is heterozygous for a deletion in the original DNA sequence that deletes the C at the 3' end of the template, what polypeptide sequences will that individual produce? Note: AA1+AA2+....+AAn is one polypeptide chain

Val+Met+Ile and Ser

In a genome wide association analysis (GWAS), which of the following statements is not true?

Very small populations can be genotyped for a small number of SNPs for a GWAS

When do proteins form quaternary structures?

When they interact with another protein

You are studying a deleterious trait in Okapi and you note that it seems to impact females more than males. The trait does not seem to skip generations. What type of inheritance is consistent with this trait?

X-linked Dominant

What type of inheritance is this pedigree NOT consistent with? Please note this question is multiple-mark, so you need to select all of the answers below that are correct (there may or may not be more than 1). look at phone for diagram.

X-linked Dominant X-linked Recessive Y-linked

You are considering cloning your favorite gene into a plasmid vector. To prepare for this, you take your vector and digest it with HindIII, which produces staggered cuts in the DNA. You notice that your favorite gene has restriction sites for PvuII on either side, so you digest your target DNA with PvuII, which creates blunt ends. You put your plasmid vector and your target DNA in the same tube and attempt to ligate them together with DNA ligase. Assume that both the target DNA and vector were properly digested and the DNA was cut in the correct place for each restriction enzyme. You later note that none of your target DNA was incorporated into the plasmid. Why do you think this might have happened?

You should have digested both the vector and the target DNA with the same restriction enzyme(s) so that they would have complementary ends and would stick together.

What is the correct way to list a genotype for a chicken that is hemizygous for a mutation that causes a sex-linked genetic abnormality that affects both males and females? It's W linked because it affects both males and females, so either of the first 2 could be correct. Is the chicken male or female? Female Can a trait be sex-linked and affect both males and females? Yes, because sex-linked means only that it's inherited on a sex chromsome

ZtW You AnsweredIt's W linked because it affects both males and females, so either of the first 2 could be correct. Answer 2:Correct!Female Answer 3:Correct!Yes, because sex-linked means only that it's inherited on a sex chromsome

What is a component of a ribonucleoside triphosphate?

a ribose sugar

Binding of tRNAs to amino acids is

a unique Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase identifies each amino acid and it's corresponding tRNA to link them

The sequence of amino acids in a protein and the resulting hydrogen bonds they form are responsible for the formation of secondary structures of polypeptide chains. Which of the following is are secondary structure of a protein that we discussed in class?

alpha helices & beta pleated sheets

A newly transcribed pre-mRNA molecule is

antiparallel to the DNA strand it's transcribed from

What are the requirements for DNA replication?

dNTPs helicase single-stranded DNA template DNA polymerase

Which type of RNA is formed by RNA polymerase during transcription of a gene and is present before RNA processing?

pre-messenger RNA

Translation is

the binding of the ribosome to the mRNA is stabilized by cap binding proteins

You note that a molecule has three phosphate groups attached to the 5' carbon of a pentose sugar. This molecule also has a hydroxyl group on both the 2' and 3' carbons. The nitrogenous base has a single ring. What could describe this molecule?

uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) & cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP)