ASL Grammar, Cultural Norms, & General Information
What are other organizations unrelated to educational pursuits that have been established for Deaf people over the years?
-1889: New England Gallaudet Associate of Deaf-Mutes promote intellectual, social, moral community 1880: NAD formed to preserve sign language -1901: insurance company, denied individuals insurance coverage 1945: American Athletic Union of the Deaf (stigma of disability, uniform rules of competition and provide social outlets for Deaf members and their friends -Deaf clubs funded by their own money, present day (renting out rented halls or bars)
What are the six # that you need to know?
#: somewhere between fingerspelling and a sign 1.) #What 2.) #Job 3.) #Busy 4.) #IF 5.) #DO 6.) #ALL
How do you indicate every + "time of day" or "day of week"?
-"time of day": sweeping movement across the body -"day of week": sweeping movement in a downward motion
What is the difference between RUN-OUT and DEPLETE?
RUN-OUT can be used when you run out of most objects DEPLETE can be used when you run out of the contents in a container, usually liquids
When is it crucial to say excuse me?
-if there is no way to reasonably avoid walking between two signers you NEED to say excuse me
Why is the first ASL Dictionary written by Stoke, Casterline, and Croneberge considered a pioneering work?
First ASL Dictionary: contained the first section on social and cultural elements of the Deaf community, used the terms linguistic minority to describe this group; talked about how Deaf culture is an important respite from the frustrations of being Deaf around hearing people; also described the intensive network that exists among Deaf people on a local, state, and national level
What did you learn about in class?
pg. 97: Iris Aranda grew up in South America, where apparently it is more oppressive to Deaf individuals, her artwork has a lot of textures which makes it accessible to deaf-blind individuals; interesting ironic viewpoint where a person is standing on her hand and looking down on the person who does know sign language pg. 100: Total communication philosophy is the 70s (resulted in PSE, simcomm. (often the user's native language is the strongest and the other language degrades considerably pg. 102: children have no power to choose their communication access, develop home signs, passivity, difficult to participate in family discussions, parents choose for them, however it is overwhelming for parents because they have a lot of people telling them what to do pg. 105: the word "failed" their hearing test has a strong impact on parents, causes them to mourn their child's deafness, views their child as someone to be pitied pg. 107: Laurent Clerc and Thomas Gaulledet started the first Deaf school they have name signs (LC: pointer and middle stroking the cheek, due to a metal rod burning him as a child) (TG: g handshape circling over the eyes to represent the spectacles that TG wore) pg. 108: Lincoln establish higher education for the Deaf; DPN 1980s of Gaulledet University
What do you finger spell?
-people's names, place, titles, & brands -if their isn't a sign you can combine existing signs or finger spell -when finger spelling mouth the full word rather than individual letters -a lot more
What are examples of how America is an individualist culture? What are examples of how Deaf culture is more collectivist?
-America: babies sleep in separate rooms, innocent until proven guilty, assisted living communities, employment policies (can't discriminate based on age, race, etc.) -Deaf: fiercely loyal to their community, spend a majority of their social time with Deaf individuals and at community events; need to know who is deaf and who is not (insider/outsider distinction)
What is ASL and what is it not?
-Deaf children are considered bilingual in ASL and english -ASL offers Deaf children 100% access to information -ASL is recognized by linguists and academics as a rich, complex language with syntax, morphology, semantics, discourse -undergoes language change (help used to be placed on the elbow but now it is formed in the center of the body)
What is the significance of residential schools for the deaf? Why were children reluctant to return home?
-Deaf schools are places where Deaf children become socialized into Deaf culture -due to distance and cost children only went home on the holidays or summer -some Deaf children were reluctant to leave school -the attraction of the school was often stronger than returning home where nobody used sign language
What is the problem with the criticism of Deaf schools?
-Deaf schools provide linguistic-cultural solutions for effective living that their hearing parents cannot provide -provide role models for deaf children to help them develop an effective communication system, positive self esteem, and deal with discrimination and oppression -isolation from the Deaf community leads to an actual disabling condition -discrimination is due to ignorance of Deaf individual's capabilities and so they need legal protection; allows Deaf individuals the opportunities to become tax paying citizens
When can NONE be used?
-NONE can be used before a noun to indicate an absence or lack of something as in HAVE NONE TIME I -can also be used as a contraction of two signs with verbs SEE (haven't seen this person in a while, haven't seen it), HEAR, & UNDERSTAND
What is the Rehabilitation act of 1973 and specifically the significance of section 504?
-Rehabilitation act of 1973: made it illegal for any federal government to discriminate against disabled and deaf people in both the provision of services and employment practices -section 504=agencies receiving federal funs must provide equal access; allows for appropriate services in universities
What are three signing systems?
-SEE=signed exact english, use finger spell at the beginning of each word -ASL -PSE=pidgeon signed english, ASL signs but english word order
What did we learn in class?
-Tony McGregor: burning words/pictures, native american artist, depicted a lot of turtles because he was from the turtle tribe, turquoise; often with handshapes -William Stoke, Casterline, & Cronberg: wrote an ASL dictionary and included a section on the social/cultural behaviors of the Deaf community which showed a definition of the Deaf community as a linguistic minority rather than a medical model; Deaf people congregate as a respite from the demeaning hearing culture; extensive social network -Kathryn Meadow-Orlans (1972; 1975): many Deaf people marry other Deaf people; 90% may have changed with the advent of the internet and more hearing students taking ASL classes; marriages between Deaf and hearing people have high rates of divorce due to hearing privilege, communication issues, and culture collision; there are Deaf cultural norms within the areas of conversational/interactional rules -Jack Gannon (1981): history of Deaf culture, Gary Washington football player at CU, met Richard Nixon -Padden (1980): Deaf culture was described by hearing people before Padden but she was the first one to describe the culture from the inside; speaking ability is irrelevant to Deaf people; socialization develop bonds with likeminded people; oral history; facial expressions, eye contact, eye gaze; elaborate introductions to establish a person's place amongst the Deaf community -Barbara Kannapell (1982): drawn to Deaf community because these individuals all share a common language
Why are there differences in how sign language is used amongst the Deaf community? What is contact signing?
-a majority of Deaf children are learning ASL from interpreters, parents, and teachers rather than from Deaf adults themselves due to a decline in residential schools -often taught SEE, signing range from english-based to a more traditional ASL structure -pidgin languages: an attempt by speakers of two different language to communicate resulting in a simplified version of one of the languages -contact signing: fluent ASL signers accommodating novice signers by shifting to a more English-like signing
What is an apparent contradiction of the Deaf community's rejection of the disability label?
-accepting governmental services but not identifying as disabled requires Deaf individuals to apologize for this contradiction
What is the contemporary meaning of a full access to communication, as a core value of the Deaf community?
-access to communication, forced to lip read, may adopt their own gestural system, desire communication and access to information but have trouble getting their needs met until they are exposed to the Deaf way -long fought for the use of ASL because it is the most natural way Deaf people can communicate -Deaf people have been increasingly supportive of ASL and English education -high quality interpreting services, captioned television programs/movies, telephone relay services
What was your interpretation of the first picture's meaning before reading the chapter and then after reading the chapter? What was the meaning of the first picture as presented in class?
-before: the first picture is a beautiful mosaic that captures the outward experience of Deaf culture, they no longer need to hide in their shell, prideful of their culture and that's why they are wearing their culture on their shell, it also could be saying that deaf culture to the outside looks different but there's something even richer within the shell itself -after: finally the Deaf culture is validated, transition from a pathological model to a cultural based one
What did you learn in the class discussion?
-born to see (a visual orientation to the world, affects how they think and interact in the world) -move the table piece -smaller cultures within large cultures -"leave-taking": speaking to each individual and making future plans to meet with them again; rude to leave without saying good bye -affirmative art: beautiful tiger with the sign for tiger vs. resistance art: depicts oppression -interpreters and CDI (more precisely interpret what the interpreter is saying in sign language) -more reserved in terms of bad words, but more direct -don't knock come in, know there's doorbells with flashing lights
Which verbs change direction of their movement to indicate subject and object? What is different about this movement compared to the movement found in the verbs of Unit 3?
-borrow, take, summon, choose -the direction of movement is the opposite for instance: I give him you move from yourself to the "him" vs. I choose him you move from "him" to yourself -EX2: He give me: motion to "he" first and then you vs. He choose me: motion to yourself first and then motion to "he"
What are the parallels between the disabled community and the Deaf community?
-both movements want to switch disability from being purely medical to being a socio-cultural model -hopes to eliminate the word disabled and see differences as examples of the diversity within the human race -the protest at Gallaudet University 1988 was considered a pivotal movement in the Disabled community and the Deaf civil rights movement -promote self determination and reject the idea that those who are not Deaf or disabled should be making decisions on the part of that population -desire quality educations, employment opportunities, and career advancement
What is the difference in meaning between breakdown, shutdown, and wear out?
-break-down: the break-down of motor driven devices or large motors -shutdown: any device that runs on power (TV) -wear-out: when something wears out or burns out like people
What are the grammatical rules regarding the placement of the tense sign?
-can be placed at either the beginning or end of a sentence -once the tense has been established it is not necessary to repeat the tense in every future sentence
What are labels that are common amongst the educational/medical communities but are rejected by Deaf individuals? What are joking/saracastic labels that Deaf people call themselves? What is acceptable and not acceptable for hearing people to label Deaf people as?
-cogenitally deaf, profoundly deaf, person with neurosensory impairment -Deaf culture vultures, ASL worshippers, Cochlear implantees -Acceptable: Deaf, hard of hearing, Late-deafened -Unacceptable: Deafies, deaf and dumb, Deaf mute, Dummy, hearing challenged, Hearing disabled, Hearing handicapped, Individual with deafness, Stone deaf
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
-collectivist: community goals supersede individual rights & personal opinions; voting relies heavily on consensus by community members; protecting reputation of the community is of utmost importance -individualist: success of community depends on contributions of its members; expects the community to respect the rights of each individual
How can you define the Deaf community and how it enriches the lives of Deaf individuals?
-community: could mean a group of people who reside in a similar geographic location or could refer to individuals who share the same goals and interests -Deaf community is not necessarily geographically bound, although there are pockets of individuals surrounding areas where there are more services -individuals are drawn in by the shared culture, the recreational and vocational services provided by this community
How is a visual orientation reflected in Deaf culture? What are traditional values in Deaf culture that may not be true today?
-cultural values reflect a visual orientation to the world allows Deaf people full access to communication and integration into society -residential school experience, ASL=most important, Deaf clubs=heart of Deaf community
What is a general definition of culture?
-customs, beliefs, artifacts that help a group of individuals survive, cope, and thrive in their environment -these elements create a unifying narrative that can be transmitted through language from one generation to the next -people are born into a culture, that provides them with time-tested solutions towards effective living
What is the difference between day, night, morning, afternoon, & night and all-evening, all-night, all-day, all-morning, all-afternoon?
-day: 1 handshape, arc -all-day: palm larger sweeping movement -morning: small movement -all-morning: larger range of movement -all-night: arc under static arm
What is the difference between deaf and Deaf individuals? What is the 90% formula?
-deaf: people who are psychological hearing impaired but choose not participate in the Deaf community -Deaf: identify with and participate in the Deaf community -90% of children born deaf are born to hearing parents and 90% of deaf adults have hearing children -90% of hearing parents can't communicate effectively with their deaf children, deaf children struggle with intelligible speech, use sign language at some point in their lives -90% deaf signers were former oralists -90% of deaf do not attend a Deaf school
What is WOW used to indicate?
-degree of impact or reaction a person feels upon experiencing something -does not always express delight
What are some ways that Deaf individuals may be practicing ableism?
-desire to dissociate from other disabled groups -efforts to get rid of the name asylum in the titles of their institutions -shun deaf individuals who are not properly contributing to society -many examples of Deaf individuals who are actresses, sex icons, scientists, governmental officials -subscribe to the definition that a disability is something to be ashamed of, broken, unfit for society -the disabled community also wants to eliminate the stigma surrounding disability
What are the disabling effects of being Deaf in a hearing world?
-do not necessarily receive access to the culture through their parents -critics of Deaf schools: it breeds culture but the government should not breed a particular culture in the educational system
When do you use don't-mind and for-me?
-don't-mind: 1.) polite way to make a request for someone else to do something 2.) ask if it's all right if you do something -For-me 1.) asking someone to do something
What is the Bragg model of describing how ASL is used in a variety of communities?
-englished ASL: ASL signs in english word order, incorporating non manual markers (different from SEE) -modern ASL: used by a majority of young Deaf signers today, some influence signers to speak and sign at the same time which is awkward, when they stop talking and just sign it is more natural, more traditional ASL but with english influences -traditional ASL: minimal initialized signs and used by older generations of ASL users -rarefied ASL: poetic, used in stage performances -academic ASL gives a rise to more initialized signs because more specialized vocabulary is used in graduate schools so they need a wider vocabulary
What are the ways that finish can be used?
-extent or limit of something (ex: We're just friends; I am just taking ASL, that's all), movement is repeated -before or after the verb to show an action is completed or has been done (ex: Book, I finish read I, book I read finish I) -Stop it! (sharp movement)
What are the amazing characteristics of american Deaf individuals?
-fierce sense of pride -protective over their rights, independence, signed language -don't see deaf as a disability -believe it is a handicap only because society has communicational and attitudinal barriers
What are the methods of Deaf individuals use to get the attention of someone else? Why should these methods be used with caution?
-flashing lights on and off in a room is a common ways to get each other's attention -small waves of the hand in the person's field of vision -wave both hands at once to get the attention of the full group -sharply rapping on a surface wit fist or flat of hand -well-measured stomp on the floor -touch or tap lightly on the arm, shoulder, or knee -shouldn't be overdone *clapping hands to get someone's attention is not effective or culturally acceptable
What is a focal vocabulary? How does ASL's focal vocabulary represent Deaf cultural values?
-focal vocabulary (a set of terms and distinctions important to a cultural group) -ASL's focal vocabulary is the specialized terms they have for Deaf individuals, signs referring to the Deaf experience -have a number of signs that describe hearing people and the level of respect they have earned within the community -few music related signs in ASL
What did the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act accomplish?
-free, appropriate public education -allowed to attend a local school if it is the least restricted environment for them
What is a common cultural and social practice with regards to establishing family ties?
-give informations about which members of one's family are Deaf or hearing -information such as this can contribute to understanding something about an individual and the individual's place among Deaf people -asking whether hearing members of a Deaf person's family signs is part of understanding the Deaf experience
Explain Verbs that Change Movement
-go -come -bring -carry -move -the sign moves from the first location to the second location (carry here, start in the direction of what you want them to carry and then indicate where here is)
What requirements need to be met in order to achieve membership into the Deaf community?
-have a different hearing status from hearing people (audiological) -use sign language (linguistic) -have Deaf friends (social) -have an interest in the well-being and integrity of the community (political)
What are the conventions for walking through two signers? What are the conventions for signing and then answering a question in spoken english and then returning to the signed conversation?
-have to sign excuse me -don't just stand there because the two signers will think that you want to join in -when your signing to someone you have to tell them that someone asked you a question, then you answer the question and then tell them what the question was and what you answered with
What is the influence of DEAF culture on families?
-hearing parents of a deaf child must adapt their communication to improving how they speak to aid in lipreading, using sign language, and communication devices -CODAs: must navigate between two cultures -often times grandchildren of deaf individuals will not learn much sign language and Deaf culture may be lost; however there are Deaf dynasties -Deaf families (all Deaf children develop like a hearing family would and are often superior than hearing children at academic, personal and social development)
What is the importance of information sharing in the Deaf community and what are the ways Deaf individuals can fill in the gaps or information share effectively with one another?
-hearing people receive a lot of information through their ears, often Deaf people are unable to access this information -help each fill in the gaps by sharing information wherever and whenever possible -participating in "straight talk" (being blunt) -making comments about another person's appearance -disclosing personal information -giving detailed introductions -discussing money spent on personal items -sharing personal hygiene tips -exchanging strategies on how to bargain -providing suggestions on finding helpful people (which doctor can sign, which secretary is the easiest to lipread)
What did we discuss in class?
-her dad, how the medical professionals did not do a good job of assessing his language after the stroke, getting into their personal business, using a technological interpreter that relied on English grammar -it is a painful experience to have someone always try to fix your god given identity -people who are in charge of implementing policies are the ones who aren't going to be using those services, they don't have an understanding of the person's needs they are pushing what they think is best without respecting the culture -examples of companies where it is difficult to provide reasonable accommodations (a nonprofit organization where they make wigs for children with cancer or a startup where the would go bankrupt if they tried to pay -70-85% of Deaf individuals are unemployed because if they make that they are Deaf or went to a Deaf school the employer doesn't call them in for an interview -model what you want them to do rather than manhandling them -the idea that Deaf children should learn how to read using phonics -it doesn't make sense for Deaf children to be placed in special needs classroom because those classrooms also present a communication barrier, they are a linguistic minority
What was the significance of Deaf Heritage, A Narrative History of Deaf America?
-history of Deaf culture and how it originated and evolved -contributions of Deaf individuals over the years -establish of life insurance policy, the National Association of the Deaf, and 24 deaf schools
What is a fun purpose of classifiers? Give an example
-humorous -I was stunned as you pretend to pull out your eyes
What is the significance of The Culture and Community of Deaf People written by Carrol Padden?
-identified three main values of the Deaf community: socialization, language, and stories/literature -ASL is not a written language so it is important for ASL to be transmitted from generation to generation -a Deaf individual's speaking ability is irrelevant even though it is a salient part of hearing culture -Deaf culture's values do not conform to the larger cultural values -importance: the ability to be identified as a linguistic and cultural minority rather than be defined by their deficiency
What was the origin of Deaf culture?
-in 1815, Deaf individuals congregated at schools specifically for them and found a community of people who lived life with a visual orientation -American School for the Deaf in Hartford Connecticut was founded by Thomas Gallaudet -developed a sociopolitical and linguistic framework that allowed them to communicate, interact, and learn
What are the different ways that negation can be expressed?
-in a joint sign or not and the sign you want negate -can be before, after, or before & after what you wish to negate -you can also shake your head and you don't even have to use not
How can the plural forms of minute, hour, day, week, and month be made?
-incorporating numbers into sign -numbers 10 and above should be done first and then the regular sign
What are the key elements of American "hearing" culture that differ from Deaf culture?
-independence: values mutual dependence (interdependence) and this is important for maintaining their independence -egalitarianism: a stronger sense of equality and acceptance, a small community, the ability to use ASL supersedes anything else -personal choice: have much more limited options of colleges, mates -achievement: takes pride in other Deaf individual's accomplishments, if there is a Deaf dentist in town they will go out of there way to support these businesses -compartmentalized: difficult to keep personal lives private, work and personal often intersect -cultural flow: they must strike a balance between Deaf culture and mainstream society
What are the difference between the disabled community and the Deaf community?
-interactions with disabled individuals are difficulty -no distinction between disabled hearing people and hearing people -primarily a linguistic community, challenges align more closely with linguistic minorities -disabled community prioritizes being integrated into mainstream schools whereas Deaf individuals wish to preserve Deaf schools -IDEA is considered a revolutionary act in the Disabled movement -Deaf individuals find residential schools to be places of rich culture and heritage, a haven for individuals who cannot sign at home -foci of academic studies on the disabled community has been about politics and advocacy whereas Deaf study is on culture and art
How is "hearing culture" viewed through Deaf individual's eyes?
-leaning forward to hear (better solution is to keep your eyes on the person's face and try to lipread) -speaking louder -ability to communicate "anyone, anywhere, anytime, anything" is a privilege -double standard: during large lectures the organizers will stop the program to fix the sound system malfunctions but will continue on even if the visual system isn't working, poor lighting conditions -represent two different ways of thinking and seeing the world -hearing people don't let others know when they are leaving an event -hearing people often say "It's not important"
Why is the label so important? Why is it so complicated?
-many of these minority groups have had to deal with negative views of them in the past -reaching a consensus is difficult -confounding requirements for membership (do you follow governmental policies, everyone has different definitions -difficult to draw the line between HOH and Deaf individuals because of someone's desire to use their residual hearing as well as how much they would benefit from hearing aids -difficult because some people just can't discriminate certain vowels no matter the level of amplification -government definition of dB level varies from state to state -if there was a positive story in the newspaper they want the person labeled as Deaf but doesn't want the story to be about overcoming deafness instead it should focus on the incredible accomplishments they achieved
What are the different places that a mass quantifier can be placed in a sentence?
-many shirt -shirt many
Why don't Deaf individuals view themselves as disabled? What is are more accurate words to describe the discrimination the Deaf individuals face rather than ableism?
-minor inconvenience of being Deaf is overcome with sign language -can achieve same educational competency as anyone else -audism: acts superior based on one's ability to hear; the hearing way of restructuring, dominating over the Deaf community -linguisticism: false idea that ASL leads to difficulties in learning English; denial of ASL in the lives of deaf people
What is a modal? Where can modals like can't and won't be placed in the sentence?
-modal: helping verbs that indicate ability, possibility, permission, obligation, they express the attitude of a verb used in a sentence 1.) directly before the verb sign 2.) at the end of the sentence before the subject pronoun tag 3.) directly before the verb and before the subject pronoun tag
What are characteristics of ASL morphology, syntax, semantics, phonology, & pragmatics?
-morphology: pluralization (sign multiple times, use a quantifier, or # sign) -syntax: three different word orders (you can say where she where, she where, where she & I hearing I, hearing I, I hearing) -semantics: have a unique sign for a contextualized nuanced meaning of a word -phonology: features (handshake, orientation "which direction the palm is facing"; location: where hands are in relation to body, movement: passive vs. active hand) -pragmatics: our eyes don't lie, direct
What are the 3 different placements of must, should, can, & will in the sentence?
-must pass test I -pass test must I -must pass test must I
What is the importance of the naming ritual?
-naming ritual: Deaf children receive their name sign through peers or teachers are their residential school -name sign is like a rite of passage into the subculture -often the name sign can be seen to outsiders as offensive, usually based on a distinguishing facial feature so that that individual can be identified easily
How do you differentiate between verb and noun pairs? What are examples of verb-noun pairs that follow these differentiating characteristics? What are the verb-noun pairs that violate one of these conditions?
-noun forms: repeated movement, smaller movement -examples: sit & chair, open-door & door, open-window & window, open-drawer & drawer, open-book & book -examples: write & pencil, drive & car, ride-bicycle & bicycle
What is the Deafhood journey? What are the problems with medical intervention strategies?
-occurs after parents and teachers put them through intensive therapy and rehabilitation in order to "fix" their deafness -seek out and become integrated with the enlightening and liberating Deaf culture -screening for hearing loss is acceptable because it can allow for the child to be identified so they can learn sign language -however, the hearing loss is often followed by intensive surgeries, and therapies
What was the significance of Hazards of Deafness and Deaf Culture, Our Way written by Holcomb?
-personal accounts of Deaf individuals could be humorous, describing living in a predominantly sound-based world -how hearing people's preconceived notions and prejudices influenced their interactions with Deaf individuals -generations of Holcombs' have published similar works that show the evolution of Deaf culture in the advent of new technology -recent installment has discussed the experiences of CODAs
How can numbers and pronouns be incorporated?
-personal pronouns and the number 2 -numbers 3, 4, 5 can be incorporated but have a circular movement -numbers greater than 5 cannot be incorporated
What are the prescriptive grammar (form/content/use) of ASL?
-phonology: handshape, palm orientation, locations, movements (each signed language has a different inventory of these discrete units) also non manual markers could be considered a part of the phonology -morphology: noun-verb pairs (differ by only one phonological aspect), a 5 handshape produced at different locations around the body distinguish meaning between cents, age, and time -syntax: non-manual signs serve as the primary markers of different sentence types, generally a free word order but is rule governed -discourse: introduce topic right away in order to avoid confusion by the "listener"; the listener will quickly repeat the topic back to the speak to show they understand or express frustration when the topic is unclear; ASL can switch registers from academic audiences, to intimate exchanges with lovers
What is a predicate? What is a classifier predicate? What categories do the following classifiers represent: 1.) CL: 3 2.) CL: upside down V 3.) CL: Y with pointer finger 4.) CL: V with two dots above it 5.) CL: 1 6.) CL: A>
-predicate is what the classifier represents -classifier predicate is a classifier that represents something 1.) vehicles: cars, bikes, trucks, motorcycles 2.) upright animal or person 3.) airplane (not a helicopter or a rocket) 4.) crouched animal or person 5.) person or animal standing upright 6.) objects that stay still, rooted to the ground like houses, buildings, and statues -classifiers can show the actions of the "predicate"
What are the conventions for answering questions? What is initialization? What about spatial relationships?
-repeat the verb from the original question in your answer -don't always have to say yes or no -using the finger spelling as the handshape for the sign -there and there (make there in the same location, consistent, there is the same as "at" on paper we don't sign at) -here and here (I want to sit here vs. I like it here)
What is the significance of the Americans with Disability Act (ADA)? What is the problem with this act or point of controversy?
-right to compete on an equal basis for employment, educational, and civic opportunities -seek out jobs they are qualified for and be provided appropriate services -visual paging on public transit, emergency alert system -confusion around what is meant by "reasonable accommodation" -reasonable to expect interpreting at hospitals rather than restaurants
What are universal core beliefs and values of most communities? What is one reason why the certain values and beliefs arose out of the Deaf community?
-right to dignity and respect -clear and effective communication -right for self-determination -developing a health sense of self -beliefs and values arose out of the oppression by the hearing communities
What is the history of hearing people making decisions for the Deaf community? Who was Laurent Clerc? What was the significance of the 1988 Deaf President Now campaign?
-right to making decisions affect one's own community -parents and professionals receive training with little to no exposure to the Deaf experience -the agenda bears little to no resemblance to the Deaf community -Robert McGregor, first president of the NAD, our goals/interests can be achieved by ourselves -Laurent Clerc: Deaf teacher helped Thomas Gallaudet establish the first school for the deaf in America -empower Deaf individuals to take leadership roles within the Deaf community, Deaf individuals helped found 24 additional schools -1988 Deaf President Now Campaign: shut down campus for a week to protest the largely hearing board (resulted in I. King Jordan's appointed as president; helped pass the Americans with Disabilities Act)
What is the speaking equivalent of bouncing your hands up and down?
-shouting each individual letter -chanting in the stadium (USA USA)
What were the traditional beauty of Residential Schools? Now what does education look like for Deaf students?
-sign language, attention-getting methods, turn-taking devices, Deaf role models -recently, most Deaf children have attended a mainstream program
What is simultaneous attention and possession in ASL?
-simultaneous attention: trying to speak english and use sign language at the same time -possession in ASL: s-handshape like you are breaking off beef jerky; word order (Sara daughter, or be more specific sara her daughter)
What are classifiers used for in ASL? A: CL:C> B: CL:CC> C: CL:F D: CL:LL E: CL:C* F: CL:O* G: CL: 5 H: CL:S>
-some predicates have classifiers which show the size and shape of an object A: glass, cup, bottle, large candle B: lamppost, coffee can, flower pot bucket, trash can, or drum C: small round/flat disk-like shape like a coin or a button D: flat disk shape, saucer, clock face, or circular picture, larger platter, place mat, or frame E: book, flat box, box of candy, stack of paper F: thin, flat objects, sheet of paper, thin magazine G: round objects, baseball, apple, orange H: objects with handles, broom, pitcher, mug
How do you indicate subject-object relationships? What are verbs that can do this?
-some verbs change direction of movement depending on who they are talking to -such as help -I-help-you (start the sign close to you and then bring it forward to whoever is you) -I-help-her/him (start at yourself then towards whoever is him/here) -etc. -verbs: ask, show/tell, pay, give, look-at, send, help
What is a TTY? What are other ways that Deaf individuals communicate, especially in recent times?
-telecommmunications device allows Deaf individuals to type over telephone lines, can all call via voice and the really service will type what the other person is saying and deliver to another person's TTY -more people are using text pagers, small keyboards, and email to communicate
What is the main idea of Chapter 5?
-the term Deaf culture is a recent phenomenon, Deaf individuals for a long time did not have a term to describe their experiences and their culture and language was not substantiated until recently
What group do Deaf individuals identify with rather than part of a disabled community? What are some alternative labels that have been proposed in recent years?
-they consider themselves to be a linguistic minority whose communication breakdowns are what is handicapping them, and the inadequate understanding by the linguistic majority is also handicapping them -proposed changing the label to ASL users, seeing people (represents a community of visual people and doesn't separate a language from the culture)
What are the following classifiers used for: CL: G CL: BB
-thickness, width, depths -greater thicknesses, etc. you use CL:BB
How do you introduce a new topic for a topic-comment sentence?
-to show a topic use raised eyebrows -subject or object of a sentence can be introduced as the topic
What else can classifiers be used for?
-used to indicate location of objects in relation to each other
What was the traditional beauty of ASL? How did philosophies of oralism change ASL from its traditional form?
-visual-gestural language -oralism took over from the 1900s until the 1970s (parents were not encouraged to sign, young students segregated from older Deaf students and Deaf staff members who knew sign) -Total Communication Model of the 70s: did not learn sign language from native Deaf speakers so ASL resembled english signed varieties
What was the original reason for the formation of Deaf clubs? Why aren't Deaf clubs as focal as before nowadays?
-when interpreters were unavailable, no TV captions, TTYs, or video phones Deaf students Deaf clubs allowed Deaf people to congregate for socialization, information sharing, and emotional support -civli rights laws and modern technology have minimized communication barriers, so Deaf clubs are no longer focal
What are some mandatory, respectful practices when interacting with someone who is DEAF?
-when speaking to a DEAF person who is using an interpreter, speak to the person as opposed to the interpreter -never speak in a DEAF person's presence -signing songs alongside music for monetary gain is a form of linguistic/cultural appropriation
What does this mark mean (^)? Where can color descriptions be placed? How can you be more detailed in your descriptions of clothing?
-when this is placed between two words it means that the sign is a contraction of two separate signs -colors can be placed before or after the noun -you can indicate if stripes are vertical or horizontal -you can indicate if a skirt is long or short
What's the difference between where you from VS. where you live? What are mandatory pieces of information you should give in an introduction
-where you from?=where you were born or grew up; in DEAF community it indicates what DEAF school you went to -where do you live?=we here you live currently -say your first and last name; say nice to meet you
What was the significance of Inside the Deaf community written by Barbara Kannapell?
-wrote about the ranging linguistic competencies of ASL -ASL is a primary identifier of Deaf culture -the Deaf community exists because they have a strong bond and develop relationships with one another and is a way for them to not feel disenfranchised or oppressed
What are question markers? What are some conventions for numbers? What do you use numbers for? What distinguishes W from 6?
-yes/no questions: eyebrows raised -questions asking for information, eyebrows in and down -high low (67 68 69 76 78 79) -7 & 1 (seven forward and 1 backwards; 71 is both numbers forward) -cardinal, ordinal, age, time, money -ringer finger down for 6
What are the 5 hallmarks of culture in general? How do these 5 hallmarks manifest themselves in Deaf culture?
1.) Language: ASL has roots in French Sign Language; access to a visual language is primary purpose of Deaf schools and organizations 2.) Heritage 3.) Customs: lengthy ritual of leave-taking (act of saying goodbye) occurred during the times when Deaf people had a difficult time staying in contact with one another 4.) Arts: reflects the oppression and ignorance of hearing people; beauty of ASL; Deaf pride 5.) Family/ "Cultural Players": Deaf individuals born to hearing parents need to seek out "cultural players" in order to be introduced to the culture
What are three more classifiers? 1.) CL:C 2.) CL: B 3.) CL: 11 What are these classifiers purpose? How do you establish a classifier and continue signing about that classifier?
1.) indicates thick objects like a sofa, counter, low hedge, thick border or edge 2.) flat surface or edge like a tabletop, counter top, or small rug 3.) outline of something, window or picture frame purpose: to indicate the size and shape of an object you can draw a table and keep that arm there and show how sunlight shines on that table
What are the ways to sign to some when you do not want others to see what you are saying?
1.) signing may be done close to the body and turned slightly to the side 2.) one hand signs while the other hand shields that hand from view 3.) finger spell close to the body while the older hand shields the fingerspelling hand from view
What is the following classifiers used for: 1.) CL: B
1.) small or large sizes, piles, amounts of things
A.) How do you indicate ages 1-5? B.) How do you indicate time of day 1-5? C.) What is the difference between the palm orientation for age and time vs. counting? D.) What is the order that nouns and numbers can take in a sentence?
A.) sign old and then the number, the palm orientation is forward facing B.) sign time and then the hour and minute, the palm orientation is forward facing C.) for time the orientation is forward, for counting the palm orientation is towards the body D.) the number can precede the noun, or the number can come after the noun
What are the different food measurements?
D-O-Z L-B T-S-P T-B where are they usually placed in the sentence: the number is placed first and then the measurement the food item can probably be placed either before the measurement or after the measurement
What did we learn in the class discussion on chapter 7?
Highly politicized A lot of parents teach their kids baby signs (NOT ASL) But many parents are told not to teach their Deaf children ASL Gaulledet wanted to be a lawyer, got sick from the smoke, sold pots and pans door to door noticed children signing also noticed a Deaf child not playing, asked his parent who was a doctor why she wasn't using language he tells him she can't hear the only Deaf school is in France Gaulledet goes to France learns sign language comes back to teach them, he becomes a missionary so he is able to teach children We take english class all through high school, Deaf children do not have a similar class, many do not know the grammar rules because acquiring a language is intuitive Difficult to read based on the way they teach it, has to use other sense rather than the phonological memory Specialized vocabulary uses more initialization
What were the main points of Kathryn Meadow-Orlans' work? What are the four critical methods of enculturation of Deaf children in residential schools?
Main points: -Deaf culture=subculture of US culture why? ASL is an important cultural marker found in the fine arts, have different conversational conventions (eye contact, attention getting, use of space), marriage among Deaf individuals is high -Enculturation: a.) at birth: Deaf children born to Deaf parents get introduced to Deaf culture straight at birth and their language development parallels hearing children's language development b.) at initial placement in Deaf school Deaf children born to hearing parents obtain the linguistic and cultural information through Deaf peers and adults; this is their deliverance from their previous linguistic and cultural impoverishment c.) transfer to a Deaf school after getting frustrated at hearing schools Deaf students are exposed to Deaf culture FINALLY! d.) upon graduation from high school Deaf adults who were not exposed to culture until after they were too old to attend Deaf schools
What is the traditional view, an outsiders perspective of deaf people? What is the insider perspective or Deaf individuals view of themselves?
Traditional -a focus on the fact that they can't hear -that they will be educationally and vocationally disadvantaged if they can't hear -must undergo surgeries, therapy to overcome this disability Insider -wouldn't change their hearing status if they could -proud to be deaf and excited by the numberous educational, athletic, and artistic opportunities available to them
Why do Deaf children born to hearing parents develop a negative self-image?How is the Deaf community able to support a positive self-image?
negative: parents grieve for their child, health professional see deafness as a debilitating ailment rather than simply a human characteristic, isolate them in a hearing classroom, go through intensive intervention to pass as "normal" -celebrate Deafhood, do not want pity from others, tangible gift, a source of pride
