Assessment and Management of Patients with Endocrine Disorders

When caring for a client with diabetes insipidus, the nurse expects to administer: vasopressin. furosemide. regular insulin. 10% dextrose.

vasopressin. Explanation: Because diabetes insipidus results from decreased antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) production, the nurse should expect to administer synthetic vasopressin for hormone replacement therapy. Furosemide, a diuretic, is contraindicated because a client with diabetes insipidus experiences polyuria. Insulin and dextrose are used to treat diabetes mellitus and its complications, not diabetes insipidus.

A nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. The nurse should anticipate administering: insulin. furosemide. potassium chloride. vasopressin.

vasopressin. Explanation: Vasopressin is given subcutaneously to manage diabetes insipidus. Insulin is used to manage diabetes mellitus. Furosemide causes diuresis. Potassium chloride is given for hypokalemia.

A nurse is caring for a client with a kidney disorder. What hormone released by the kidneys initiates the production of angiotensin and aldosterone to increase blood pressure and blood volume? renin erythropoietin cholecystokinin gastrin

renin Explanation: Renin is released from the kidneys and initiates the production of angiotensin and aldosterone to increase blood pressure and blood volume. The kidneys secrete erythropoietin, a substance that promotes the maturation of red blood cells. Cholecystokinin released from cells in the small intestine stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile when dietary fat is ingested. Gastrin is released within the stomach to increase the production of hydrochloric acid.

During an assessment of a client's functional health pattern, which question by the nurse directly addresses the client's thyroid function? "Do you have to get up at night to empty your bladder?" "Have you experienced any headaches or sinus problems?" "Do you experience fatigue even if you have slept a long time?" "Can you describe the amount of stress in your life?"

"Do you experience fatigue even if you have slept a long time?" Explanation: With the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, extreme fatigue makes it difficult for the person to complete a full day's work or participate in usual activities.

A nurse is teaching a client with adrenal insufficiency about corticosteroids. Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional teaching? "I will avoid friends and family members who are sick." "I will eat lots of chicken and dairy products." "I may stop taking this medication when I feel better." "I will see my ophthalmologist regularly for a check-up."

"I may stop taking this medication when I feel better." Explanation: The client requires additional teaching because he states that he may stop taking corticosteroids when he feels better. Corticosteroids should be gradually tapered by the physician. Tapering the corticosteroid allows the adrenal gland to gradually resume functioning. Corticosteroids increase the risk of infection and may mask the early signs of infection, so the client should avoid people who are sick. Corticosteroids cause muscle wasting in the extremities, so the client should increase his protein intake by eating foods such as chicken and dairy products. Corticosteroids have been linked to glaucoma and corneal lesions, so the client should visit his ophthalmologist regularly.

A client with hypothyroidism is afraid of needles and doesn't want to have his blood drawn. What should the nurse say to help alleviate his concerns? "When your thyroid levels are stable, we won't have to draw your blood as often." "It's only a little stick. It'll be over before you know it." "The physician has ordered this test so you can get better sooner." "I'll stay here with you while the technician draws your blood."

"I'll stay here with you while the technician draws your blood." Explanation: The nurse should tell the client that she will stay with him as the blood is drawn. This response provides the client with the reassuring presence of the nurse and enhances the therapeutic alliance, possibly providing a greater opportunity to educate the client. Although telling the client that blood won't need to be drawn as often when thyroid levels are stable provides the client with a rationale for needing blood work, it's more appropriate for the nurse to stay with the client. Saying that the procedure will be over quickly or that the physician has ordered the blood draw ignores the client's stated fear.

A nursing student asks the instructor why the pituitary gland is called the "master gland." What is the best response by the instructor? "It regulates the function of other endocrine glands." "It is the gland that is responsible for regulating the hypothalamus." "The gland does not have any other function other than to cause secretion of the growth hormones." "It regulates metabolism."

"It regulates the function of other endocrine glands." Explanation: The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it regulates the function of other endocrine glands. The term is somewhat misleading, however, because the hypothalamus influences the pituitary gland. The gland has many other hormones that it secretes.

A client who is postpartum is receiving intravenous oxytocin, and the client asks the nurse about the function of oxytocin in the body. How should the nurse respond? "It increases blood calcium by stimulating calcium release from the bone and decreases the blood phosphate level." "It stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones." "It stimulates bone and muscle growth and promotes protein synthesis and fat mobilization." "It stimulates the contraction of the pregnant uterus before birth and stimulates the release of breast milk after childbirth."

"It stimulates the contraction of the pregnant uterus before birth and stimulates the release of breast milk after childbirth." Explanation: The nurse should inform the client that oxytocin's function in the body is to stimulate the contraction of the pregnant uterus before birth and to stimulate the release of breast milk after childbirth. Somatotropin stimulates bone and muscle growth and promotes protein synthesis and fat mobilization. Thyroid-stimulating hormone causes production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating calcium release from the bone and decreases the blood phosphate level.

A client with hyperparathyroidism declines surgery and is to receive hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to include in the client's teaching plan? "Maintain a moderate exercise program." "Rest as much as possible." "Lose weight." "Jog at least 2 miles per day."

"Maintain a moderate exercise program." Explanation: The nurse should instruct the client to maintain a moderate exercise program. Such a program helps strengthen bones and prevents the bone loss that occurs from excess parathyroid hormone. Walking or swimming provides the most beneficial exercise. Because of weakened bones, a rigorous exercise program such as jogging is contraindicated. Weight loss might be beneficial but it isn't as important as developing a moderate exercise program.

A client is suspected to have a pituitary tumor due to signs of diabetes insipidus. What initial test does the nurse help to prepare the client for? A nuclear scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radioactive iodine uptake test Radioimmunoassay

- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Explanation: A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is performed to detect a suspected pituitary tumor or to identify calcifications or tumors of the parathyroid glands. A radioactive iodine uptake test would be useful for a thyroid tumor. Radioimmunoassay determines the concentration of a substance in plasma.

Which type of cell secretes glucagon and promotes gluconeogenesis? Alpha Beta Delta Omega

Alpha Explanation: The alpha cells of the pancreas secret the hormone glucagon. It promotes gluconeogenesis, thus increasing the blood glucose level. The beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin. Delta cells secrete somatostatin, which reduces the rate at which food is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

The nurse assesses a patient who has an obvious goiter. What type of deficiency does the nurse recognize is most likely the cause of this? Thyrotropin Iodine Thyroxine Calcitonin

Iodine Explanation: Oversecretion of thyroid hormones is usually associated with an enlarged thyroid gland known as a goiter. Goiter also commonly occurs with iodine deficiency.

The nurse is teaching a client that the body needs iodine for the thyroid to function. What food would be the best source of iodine for the body? Eggs Soy products Iodized table salt Red meat

Iodized table salt Explanation: The major use of iodine in the body is by the thyroid. Iodized table salt is the best source of iodine.

A patient is suspected of having a pheochromocytoma and is having diagnostic tests done in the hospital. What symptoms does the nurse recognize as most significant for a patient with this disorder? Blood pressure varying between 120/86 and 240/130 mm Hg Heart rate of 56-64 bpm Shivering Complaints of nausea

Blood pressure varying between 120/86 and 240/130 mm Hg Explanation: Hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma may be intermittent or persistent. Blood pressures exceeding 250/150 mm Hg have been recorded. Such blood pressure elevations are life threatening and can cause severe complications, such as cardiac dysrhythmias, dissecting aneurysm, stroke, and acute kidney failure.

The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with Graves disease. What physical characteristics of Graves disease would the nurse expect to find? Hair loss Moon face Bulging eyes Fatigue

Bulging eyes Explanation: Clinical manifestations of the endocrine disorder Graves disease include exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and fine tremor in the hands. Graves disease is not associated with hair loss, a moon face, or fatigue.

Evaluation of an adult client reveals oversecretion of growth hormone. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find? Excessive urine output Weight loss Bulging forehead Constant thirst

Bulging forehead Explanation: Oversecretion of growth hormone in an adult results in acromegaly, manifested by coarse features, a huge lower jaw, thick lips, thickened tongue, a bulging forehead, bulbous nose, and large hands and feet. Excessive urine output, weight loss, and constant thirst are associated with diabetes insipidus.

The most common type of goiter is caused by lack of which of the following? Iodine Calcium Potassium Sodium

Iodine Explanation: The most common type of goiter is often encountered in geographic regions where there is lack of iodine. If too little iodine exists, the level of thyroxine will decrease, causing the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary.

A client with severe hypoparathyroidism is experiencing tetany. What medication, prescribed by the physician for emergency use, will the nurse administer to correct the deficit? Sodium bicarbonate Fludrocortisone Calcium gluconate Methylprednisolone

Calcium gluconate Explanation: Tetany and severe hypoparathyroidism are treated immediately by the administration of an IV calcium salt, such as calcium gluconate. The other medications are not effective for the treatment of calcium deficit.

Trousseau's sign is elicited by which of the following? Carpopedal spasm is induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. A sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye. After making a clenched fist, the palm remains blanched when pressure is placed over the radial artery. The patient complains of pain in the calf when his foot is dorsiflexed.

Carpopedal spasm is induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. Explanation: A positive Trousseau's sign is suggestive of latent tetany. A positive Chvostek's sign is demonstrated when a sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye. A positive Allen's test is demonstrated by the palm remaining blanched with the radial artery occluded. A positive Homans' sign is demonstrated when the patient complains of pain in the calf when his foot is dorsiflexed.

What interventions can the nurse encourage the client with diabetes insipidus to do in order to control thirst and compensate for urine loss? Come to the clinic for IV fluid therapy daily. Limit the fluid intake at night. Consume adequate amounts of fluid. Weigh daily.

Consume adequate amounts of fluid. Explanation: The nurse teaches the client to consume sufficient fluid to control thirst and to compensate for urine loss. The client will not be required to come in daily for IV fluid therapy. The client should not limit fluid intake at night if thirst is present. Weighing daily will not control thirst or compensate for urine loss.

The primary function of the thyroid gland includes which of the following? Control of cellular metabolic activity Facilitation of milk ejection Reabsorption of water Reduction of plasma level of calcium

Control of cellular metabolic activity Explanation: The primary function of the thyroid hormone is to control cellular metabolic activity. Oxytocin facilitates milk ejection during lactation and increases the force of uterine contraction during labor and delivery. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release results in reabsorption of water into the bloodstream rather than excretion by the kidneys. Calcitonin reduces the plasma level of calcium by increasing its deposition in bone.

A nurse is planning care for a client in acute addisonian crisis. Which nursing diagnosis should receive the highest priority? Risk for infection Decreased cardiac output Impaired physical mobility Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements

Decreased cardiac output Explanation: An acute addisonian crisis is a life-threatening event, caused by deficiencies of cortisol and aldosterone. Glucocorticoid insufficiency causes a decrease in cardiac output and vascular tone, leading to hypovolemia. The client becomes tachycardic and hypotensive and may develop shock and circulatory collapse. The client with Addison's disease is at risk for infection; however, reducing infection isn't a priority during an addisonian crisis. Impaired physical mobility and Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements are appropriate nursing diagnoses for the client with Addison's disease, but they aren't priorities in a crisis.

During physical examination of a client with a suspected endocrine disorder, the nurse assesses the body structures. The nurse gathers this data based on the understanding that it is an important aid in which of the following? Detecting evidence of hormone hypersecretion Detecting information about possible tumor growth Determining the presence or absence of testosterone levels Determining the size of the organs and location

Detecting evidence of hormone hypersecretion Explanation: The evaluation of body structures helps the nurse detect evidence of hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones. This helps in the assessment of findings that are unique to specific endocrine glands. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen are taken to detect tumors. Radiographs also determine the size of the organ and its location.

A client sustained a head injury when falling from a ladder. While in the hospital, the client begins voiding large amounts of clear urine and reports being very thirsty. The client states feeling weak and having experienced an 8-pound weight loss since admission. What condition does the nurse expect the client to be tested for? Diabetes insipidus (DI) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) Pituitary tumor Hypothyroidism

Diabetes insipidus (DI) Explanation: With diabetes insipidus, urine output may be as high as 20 L/24 hours. Urine is dilute, with a specific gravity of 1.002 or less. Limiting fluid intake does not control urine excretion. Thirst is excessive and constant. Activities are limited by the frequent need to drink and void. Weakness, dehydration, and weight loss develop. SIADH will have the opposite clinical manifestations. The client's symptoms are related to the trauma and not to a pituitary tumor. The thyroid gland does not exhibit these symptoms.

A nurse is preparing to palpate a client's thyroid gland. Which action by the nurse is appropriate? Have the client flex his neck onto his chest and cough while she palpates the anterior neck with her fingertips. Place her hands around the client's neck, with the thumbs in the front of the neck, and gently massage the anterior neck. Encircle the client's neck with both hands, have the client slightly extend his neck, and ask him to swallow. Have the client hyperextend his neck and take slow, deep inhalations while she palpates his neck with her fingertips.

Encircle the client's neck with both hands, have the client slightly extend his neck, and ask him to swallow. Explanation: When palpating the thyroid gland, the nurse should encircle the client's neck with both hands, have the client slightly extend his neck, and ask him to swallow. As the client swallows, the gland is palpated for enlargement as the tissue rises and falls. Having the client flex his neck wouldn't allow for palpation. Massaging the area or checking during inhalation doesn't allow for the movement of tissue that swallowing provides.

A group of students is reviewing material about endocrine system function. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as secreted by the adrenal medulla? Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Glucagon Epinephrine

Epinephrine Explanation: The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex manufactures and secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of androgenic sex hormones. Glucagon is released by the pancreas.

Which is a clinical manifestation of diabetes insipidus? Low urine output Excessive thirst Weight gain Excessive activities

Excessive thirst Explanation: Urine output may be as high as 20 L in 24 hours. Thirst is excessive and constant. Activities are limited by the frequent need to drink and void. Weight loss develops.

A client is being seen in the clinic to receive the results of the lab work to determine thyroid levels. The nurse observes the client's eyes appear to be bulging, and there is swelling around the eyes. What does the nurse know that the correct documentation of this finding is? Retinal detachment Periorbital swelling Bulging eyes Exophthalmos

Exophthalmos Explanation: Exophthalmos is an abnormal bulging or protrusion of the eyes and periorbital swelling. These findings are not consistent with retinal detachment.

Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in a client with severe hyperthyroidism? Tetany Exophthalmos Buffalo hump Striae

Exophthalmos Explanation: Exophthalmos that results from enlarged muscle and fatty tissue surrounding the rear and sides of the eyeball is seen in clients with severe hyperthyroidism. Tetany is the symptom of acute and sudden hypoparathyroidism. Buffalo hump and striae are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

A nurse should perform which intervention for a client with Cushing's syndrome? Offer clothing or bedding that's cool and comfortable. Suggest a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet. Explain that the client's physical changes are a result of excessive corticosteroids. Explain the rationale for increasing salt and fluid intake in times of illness, increased stress, and very hot weather.

Explain that the client's physical changes are a result of excessive corticosteroids. Explanation: The nurse should explain to the client that Cushing's syndrome causes physical changes related to excessive corticosteroids. Clients with hyperthyroidism, not Cushing's syndrome, are heat intolerant and must have cool clothing and bedding. Clients with Cushing's syndrome should have a high-protein, not low-protein, diet. Clients with Addison's disease must increase sodium intake and fluid intake in times of stress of prevent hypotension.

A health care provider suspects that a thyroid nodule may be malignant. The nurse knows to prepare information for the patient based on the usual test that will be ordered to establish a diagnosis. What is that test? Serum immunoassay for TSH Fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland Free T4 analysis Ultrasound of the thyroid gland

Fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland Explanation: Fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is often used to establish the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The purpose of the biopsy is to differentiate cancerous thyroid nodules from noncancerous nodules and to stage the cancer if detected. The procedure is safe and usually requires only a local anesthetic.

A patient comes to the clinic with complaints of severe thirst. The patient has been drinking up to 10 L of cold water a day, and the patient's urine looks like water. What diagnostic test does the nurse anticipate the physician will order for diagnosis? Complete blood count (CBC) Fluid deprivation test Urine specific gravity TSH test

Fluid deprivation test Explanation: Diabetes insipidus (DI) is the most common disorder of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is characterized by a deficiency of ADH (vasopressin). Excessive thirst (polydipsia) and large volumes of dilute urine are manifestations of the disorder. The fluid deprivation test is carried out by withholding fluids for 8 to 12 hours or until 3% to 5% of the body weight is lost. The patient is weighed frequently during the test. Plasma and urine osmolality studies are performed at the beginning and end of the test. The inability to increase the specific gravity and osmolality of the urine is characteristic of DI.

Which outcome indicates that treatment of a client with diabetes insipidus has been effective? Fluid intake is less than 2,500 ml/day. Urine output measures more than 200 ml/hour. Blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. Heart rate is 126 beats/minute.

Fluid intake is less than 2,500 ml/day. Explanation: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria (up to 8 L/day), constant thirst, and an unusually high oral intake of fluids. Treatment with the appropriate drug should decrease both oral fluid intake and urine output. A urine output of 200 ml/hour indicates continuing polyuria. A blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg and a heart rate of 126 beats/minute indicate compensation for the continued fluid deficit, suggesting that treatment hasn't been effective.

The nurse is reviewing a client's history which reveals that the client has had an oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) that occurred before puberty. The nurse interprets this as resulting in which condition? Gigantism Dwarfism Acromegaly Simmonds disease

Gigantism Explanation: When oversecretion of GH occurs before puberty, gigantism results. Dwarfism occurs when secretion of GH is insufficient during childhood. Oversecretion of GH during adulthood results in acromegaly. An absence of pituitary hormonal activity causes Simmonds disease.

The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing which substances? Glucocorticoids and androgens Catecholamines and epinephrine Mineralocorticoids and catecholamines Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Glucocorticoids and androgens Explanation: The adrenal glands have two divisions, the cortex and medulla. The cortex produces three types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. The medulla produces catecholamines — epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A middle-aged female client complains of anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, the inability to concentrate, and eyes feeling "gritty." Thyroid function tests reveal the following: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.02 U/ml, thyroxine 20 g/dl, and triiodothyronine 253 ng/dl. A 6-hour radioactive iodine uptake test showed a diffuse uptake of 85%. Based on these assessment findings, the nurse should suspect: thyroiditis. Graves' disease. Hashimoto's thyroiditis. multinodular goiter.

Graves' disease. Explanation: Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism, is most prevalent in middle-aged females. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common form of hypothyroidism, TSH levels would be high and thyroid hormone levels low. In thyroiditis, radioactive iodine uptake is low (?2%), and a client with a multinodular goiter will show an uptake in the high-normal range (3% to 10%).

Which instruction should be included in the discharge teaching plan for a client after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease? Keep an accurate record of intake and output. Use nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Have regular follow-up care. Exercise to improve cardiovascular fitness.

Have regular follow-up care. Explanation: The nurse should instruct the client with Graves' disease to have regular follow-up care because most cases of Graves' disease eventually result in hypothyroidism. Annual thyroid-stimulating hormone tests and the client's ability to recognize signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction will help detect thyroid abnormalities early. Recording intake and output is important for clients with fluid and electrolyte imbalances but not thyroid disorders. DDAVP is used to treat diabetes insipidus. Although exercise to improve cardiovascular fitness is important, the importance of regular follow-up is most critical for this client.

A patient is diagnosed with Addison's disease, a condition that results in insufficient production of cortisol. Which of the following is the most important function of cortisol that the nurse needs to consider when caring for a patient with Addison's disease? Helps the body adjust to stress Maintains blood pressure Slows the body's response to inflammation Regulates metabolism

Helps the body adjust to stress Explanation: Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, affects almost every organ in the body, helping it respond to a variety of stressors. Its most important function is helping the body adjust to stress.

A client with a history of Addison's disease and flu-like symptoms accompanied by nausea and vomiting over the past week is brought to the facility. His wife reports that he acted confused and was extremely weak when he awoke that morning. The client's blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg, his pulse is 116 beats/minute, and his temperature is 101° F (38.3° C). A diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency is made. What should the nurse expect to administer by IV infusion? Insulin Hydrocortisone Potassium Hypotonic saline

Hydrocortisone Explanation: Emergency treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis) is IV infusion of hydrocortisone and saline solution. The client is usually given a dose containing hydrocortisone 100 mg I.V. in normal saline every 6 hours until blood pressure returns to normal. Insulin isn't indicated in this situation because adrenal insufficiency is usually associated with hypoglycemia. Potassium isn't indicated because these clients are usually hyperkalemic. The client needs normal — not hypotonic — saline solution.

The nurse is assessing a client in the clinic who appears restless, excitable, and agitated. The nurse observes that the client has exophthalmos and neck swelling. What diagnosis do these clinical manifestations correlate with? Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Hyperthyroidism Explanation: Clients with hyperthyroidism characteristically are restless despite feeling fatigued and weak, highly excitable, and constantly agitated. Fine tremors of the hand occur, causing unusual clumsiness. The client cannot tolerate heat and has an increased appetite but loses weight. Diarrhea also occurs. Visual changes, such as blurred or double vision, can develop. Exophthalmos, seen in clients with severe hyperthyroidism, results from enlarged muscle and fatty tissue surrounding the rear and sides of the eyeball. Neck swelling caused by the enlarged thyroid gland often is visible. Hypothyroidism clinical manifestations are the opposite of what is seen as hyperthyroidism. SIADH and DI clinical manifestations do not correlate with the symptoms manifested by the client.

Which condition may occur during the postoperative period in a client who underwent adrenalectomy because of sudden withdraw of excessive amounts of catecholamines? Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia Hypertension Hyporeflexia

Hypoglycemia Explanation: Hypotension and hypoglycemia may occur in the postoperative period because of the sudden withdrawal of excessive amounts of catecholamines. Hypertension and hyporeflexia are not related to the sudden withdraw of excessive amounts of catecholamines.

A client with acromegaly has been given the option of a surgical approach or a medical approach. The client decides to have a surgical procedure to remove the pituitary gland. What does the nurse understand this surgical procedure is called? Hypophysectomy Hysteroscopy Thyroidectomy Ablation

Hypophysectomy Explanation: The treatment of choice is surgical removal of the pituitary gland (transsphenoidal hypophysectomy) through a nasal approach. The surgeon may substitute an endoscopic technique using microsurgical instruments to reduce surgical trauma. A hysteroscopy is a gynecologic procedure. The thyroid gland is not involved for a surgical procedure. Ablation is not a removal of the pituitary gland.

A client has been diagnosed with myxedema from long-standing hypothyroidism. What clinical manifestations of this disorder does the nurse recognize are progressing to myxedema coma? Select all that apply. Hypothermia Hypertension Hypotension Hypoventilation Hyperventilation

Hypothermia Hypotension Hypoventilation Explanation: Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema. Advanced, untreated myxedema can progress to myxedemic coma. Signs of this life-threatening event are hypothermia, hypotension, and hypoventilation. Hypertension and hyperventilation indicate increased metabolic responses, which are the opposite of what the client would be experiencing.

The nurse knows to assess a patient with hyperthyroidism for the primary indicator of: Fatigue Weight gain Constipation Intolerance to heat

Intolerance to heat Explanation: With hypothyroidism, the individual is sensitive to cold because the core body temperature is usually below 98.6°F. Intolerance to heat is seen with hyperthyroidism.

For a client with Graves' disease, which nursing intervention promotes comfort? Restricting intake of oral fluids Placing extra blankets on the client's bed Limiting intake of high-carbohydrate foods Maintaining room temperature in the low-normal range

Maintaining room temperature in the low-normal range Explanation: Graves' disease causes signs and symptoms of hypermetabolism, such as heat intolerance, diaphoresis, excessive thirst and appetite, and weight loss. To reduce heat intolerance and diaphoresis, the nurse should keep the client's room temperature in the low-normal range. To replace fluids lost via diaphoresis, the nurse should encourage, not restrict, intake of oral fluids. Placing extra blankets on the bed of a client with heat intolerance would cause discomfort. To provide needed energy and calories, the nurse should encourage the client to eat high-carbohydrate foods.

The nurse is teaching a client about the dietary restrictions related to his diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. What foods should the nurse encourage the client to avoid? Bananas Chicken livers Hamburger Milk

Milk Explanation: Clients with hyperparathyroidism should use a low-calcium diet (fewer dairy products) and drink at least 3 to 4 L of fluid daily to dilute the urine and prevent renal stones from forming. It is especially important that the client drink fluids before going to bed and periodically throughout the night to avoid concentrated urine. Bananas, chicken livers, and hamburgers do not require avoidance. Milk is the highest in calcium content.

When preparing teaching plan for a client with an endocrine disorder, the nurse includes information about hormone regulation. Which of the following would the nurse include? The gland becomes enlarged leading to a deficiency of the hormone. Most disorders result from over- or underproduction of the hormone. The gland slows hormone secretion when the hormone level decreases. Hormone secretion occurs as a straight-line continuous process.

Most disorders result from over- or underproduction of the hormone. Explanation: Most endocrine disorders result from an overproduction or underproduction of specific hormones. A negative feedback loop controls hormone levels, such that a decrease in levels stimulates the releasing gland. Glandular enlargement is not involved with hormonal regulation.

A client receiving thyroid replacement therapy develops influenza and forgets to take her thyroid replacement medicine. The nurse understands that skipping this medication puts the client at risk for developing which life-threatening complication? Exophthalmos Thyroid storm Myxedema coma Tibial myxedema

Myxedema coma Explanation: Myxedema coma, severe hypothyroidism, is a life-threatening condition that may develop if thyroid replacement medication isn't taken. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs) is seen with hyperthyroidism. Although thyroid storm is life-threatening, it's caused by severe hyperthyroidism. Tibial myxedema (peripheral mucinous edema involving the lower leg) is associated with hypothyroidism but isn't life-threatening.

Which of the following would the nurse need to be alert for in a client with severe hypothyroidism? Thyroid storm Myxedemic coma Addison's disease Acromegaly

Myxedemic coma Explanation: Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema and if untreated, it can progress to myxedemic coma, a life-threatening event. Thyroid storm is an acute, life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism. Addison's disease refers to primary adrenal insufficiency. Acromegaly refers to an oversecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland during adulthood.

The nurse assesses a patient who has been diagnosed with Addison's disease. Which of the following is a diagnostic sign of this disease? Potassium of 6.0 mEq/L Sodium of 140 mEq/L Glucose of 100 mg/dL A blood pressure reading of 135/90 mm Hg

Potassium of 6.0 mEq/L Explanation: Addison's disease is characterized by hypotension, low blood glucose, low serum sodium, and high serum potassium levels. The normal serum potassium level is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L.

A physician orders laboratory tests to confirm hyperthyroidism in a client with classic signs and symptoms of this disorder. Which test result would confirm the diagnosis? No increase in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level after 30 minutes during the TSH stimulation test A decreased TSH level An increase in the TSH level after 30 minutes during the TSH stimulation test Below-normal levels of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and serum thyroxine (T4) as detected by radioimmunoassay

No increase in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level after 30 minutes during the TSH stimulation test Explanation: In the TSH test, failure of the TSH level to rise after 30 minutes confirms hyperthyroidism. A decreased TSH level indicates a pituitary deficiency of this hormone. Below-normal levels of T3 and T4, as detected by radioimmunoassay, signal hypothyroidism. A below-normal T4 level also occurs in malnutrition and liver disease and may result from administration of phenytoin and certain other drugs.

Which assessment would a nurse perform on a client with Cushing syndrome who is at high risk of developing a peptic ulcer? Observe stool color. Monitor bowel patterns. Monitor vital signs every 4 hours. Observe urine output.

Observe stool color. Explanation: The nurse should observe the color of each stool and test the stool for occult blood.

A client has a dysfunction in one of his glands that is causing a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood. What gland should be evaluated for dysfunction? Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland Adrenal gland

Parathyroid gland Explanation: The parathyroid glands secrete parathormone, which increases the level of calcium in the blood when there is a decrease in the serum level. The thyroid, thymus, and adrenal gland do not secrete calcium.

Which of the following glands is considered the master gland? Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal

Pituitary Explanation: Commonly referred to as the master gland, the pituitary gland secretes hormones that control the secretion of additional hormones by other endocrine glands. The thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands are not considered the master gland.

Vision and visual fields are altered in disorders of which of the following endocrine glands? Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas

Pituitary Explanation: The pituitary gland is located close to the optic nerves and hence causes pressure on these nerves; thus, changes in the vision and the visual fields may occur.

A nurse is caring for a client in addisonian crisis. Which medication order should the nurse question? Potassium chloride Normal saline solution Hydrocortisone (Cortef) Fludrocortisone (Florinef)

Potassium chloride Explanation: The nurse should question an order for potassium chloride because addisonian crisis results in hyperkalemia. Administering potassium chloride is contraindicated. Because the client is hyponatremic, an order for normal saline solution is appropriate. Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone are used to replace deficient adrenal cortex hormones.

A client with acromegaly is admitted to the hospital with complaints of partial blindness that began suddenly. What does the nurse suspect is occurring with this client? Glaucoma Corneal abrasions Retinal detachment Pressure on the optic nerve

Pressure on the optic nerve Explanation: Partial blindness may result from pressure on the optic nerve. Glaucoma does not occur suddenly, and the client did not report injury to suspect corneal abrasions or retinal detachment.

The nurse is administering a medication to a client with hyperthyroidism to block the production of thyroid hormone. The client is not a candidate for surgical intervention at this time. What medication should the nurse administer to the client? Levothyroxine Spironolactone Propylthiouracil Propranolol

Propylthiouracil Explanation: Antithyroid drugs, such as propylthiouracil and methimazole are given to block the production of thyroid hormone preoperatively or for long-term treatment for clients who are not candidates for surgery or radiation treatment. Levothyroxine would increase the level of thyroid and be contraindicated in this client. Spironolactone is a diuretic and does not have the action of blocking production of thyroid hormone and neither does propranolol, which is a beta-blocker.

A client with hyperthyroidism is concerned about changes in appearance. How can the nurse convey an understanding of the client's concern and promote effective coping strategies? Reassure the client that their emotional reactions are a result of the disorder and symptoms can be controlled with effective treatment. Encourage the client to participate in outside activities to boost coping strategies. Suggest that the client wear cosmetics to cover any changes in appearance. Refer the client to professional counseling.

Reassure the client that their emotional reactions are a result of the disorder and symptoms can be controlled with effective treatment. Explanation: The client with hyperthyroidism needs reassurance that the emotional reactions being experienced are a result of the disorder and that with effective treatment those symptoms can be controlled. It is important to use a calm, unhurried approach with the client. Stressful experiences should be minimized, and a quiet uncluttered environment should be maintained. The nurse encourages relaxing activities that will not overstimulate the client. It is important to balance periods of activity with rest.

A client with a history of chronic hyperparathyroidism admits to being noncompliant. Based on initial assessment findings, the nurse formulates the nursing diagnosis of Risk for injury. To complete the nursing diagnosis statement for this client, which "related-to" phrase should the nurse add? Related to bone demineralization resulting in pathologic fractures Related to exhaustion secondary to an accelerated metabolic rate Related to edema and dry skin secondary to fluid infiltration into the interstitial spaces Related to tetany secondary to a decreased serum calcium level

Related to bone demineralization resulting in pathologic fractures Explanation: Poorly controlled hyperparathyroidism may cause an elevated serum calcium level. This increase, in turn, may diminish calcium stores in the bone, causing bone demineralization and setting the stage for pathologic fractures and a risk for injury. Hyperparathyroidism doesn't accelerate the metabolic rate. A decreased thyroid hormone level, not an increased parathyroid hormone level, may cause edema and dry skin secondary to fluid infiltration into the interstitial spaces. Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia, not hypocalcemia; therefore, it isn't associated with tetany.

A client is admitted for treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which nursing intervention is appropriate? Infusing IV fluids rapidly as ordered Encouraging increased oral intake Restricting fluids Administering glucose-containing I.V. fluids as ordered

Restricting fluids Explanation: To reduce water retention in a client with the SIADH, the nurse should restrict fluids. Administering fluids by any route would further increase the client's already heightened fluid load.

A client is transferred to a rehabilitation center after being treated in the hospital for a stroke. Because the client has a history of Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of: Risk for imbalanced fluid volume related to excessive sodium loss. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to tissue catabolism secondary to cortisol hypersecretion. Ineffective health maintenance related to frequent hypoglycemic episodes secondary to Cushing's syndrome. Decreased cardiac output related to hypotension secondary to Cushing's syndrome.

Risk for impaired skin integrity related to tissue catabolism secondary to cortisol hypersecretion. Explanation: Cushing's syndrome causes tissue catabolism, resulting in thinning skin and connective tissue loss; along with immobility related to stroke, these factors increase this client's risk for impaired skin integrity. The exaggerated glucocorticoid activity in Cushing's syndrome causes sodium and water retention which, in turn, leads to edema and hypertension. Therefore, Risk for imbalanced fluid volume and Decreased cardiac output are inappropriate nursing diagnoses. Increased glucocorticoid activity also causes persistent hyperglycemia, eliminating Ineffective health maintenance related to frequent hypoglycemic episodes as an appropriate nursing diagnosis.

A client with symptoms of Cushing syndrome is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment. The nurse is creating a plan of care for the client. Which is an appropriate nursing diagnosis? Self-care deficit related to weakness, fatigue, muscle wasting, and altered sleep patterns Insomnia related to increased nighttime voiding Impaired nutrition: more than body requirements related to polyphagia Activity intolerance related to muscle cramps, cardiac dysrhythmias, and weakness

Self-care deficit related to weakness, fatigue, muscle wasting, and altered sleep patterns Explanation: The major goals for the client include decreased risk of injury, decreased risk of infection, increased ability to perform self-care activities, improved skin integrity, improved body image, improved mental function, and absence of complications. The other nursing diagnoses do not apply in Cushing syndrome.

A client has a decreased level of thyroid hormone being excreted. What will the feedback loop do to maintain the level of thyroid hormone required to maintain homeostatic stability? Stimulate more hormones using the negative feedback system Stimulate more hormones using the positive feedback system Produce a new hormone to try and regulate the thyroid function Be unable to perform in response to low levels of thyroid hormone.

Stimulate more hormones using the negative feedback system Explanation: Feedback can be either negative or positive. Most hormones are secreted in response to negative feedback; a decrease in levels stimulates the releasing gland.

The nurse is attempting to locate the thyroid gland in order to determine if it is enlarged. Where should the nurse palpate the thyroid gland? Mid trachea Distal to the carotid arteries The lower neck anterior to the trachea The upper neck posterior to the trachea

The lower neck anterior to the trachea Explanation: The thyroid gland is located in the lower neck anterior to the trachea. It is divided into two lateral lobes joined by a band of tissue called the isthmus.

The nurse auscultates a bruit over the thyroid glands. What does the nurse understand is the significance of this finding? The patient may have hypothyroidism. The patient may have thyroiditis. The patient may have hyperthyroidism. The patient may have Cushing disease.

The patient may have hyperthyroidism. Explanation: If palpation discloses an enlarged thyroid gland, both lobes are auscultated using the diaphragm of the stethoscope. Auscultation identifies the localized audible vibration of a bruit. This is indicative of increased blood flow through the thyroid gland associated with hyperthyroidism and necessitates referral to a physician.

When describing the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, which of the following would the instructor include as characteristic of endocrine glands? The secretions are released directly into the blood stream. The glands contain ducts that produce the hormones. The secreted hormones act like target cells. The glands play a minor role in maintaining homeostasis.

The secretions are released directly into the blood stream. Explanation: The endocrine glands secrete hormones, chemicals that accelerate or slow physiologic processes, directly into the bloodstream. This characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands, which release secretions into a duct. Hormones circulate in the blood until they reach receptors in target cells or other endocrine glands. They play a vital role in regulating homeostatic processes.

What life-threatening outcome should the nurse monitor for in a client who is not compliant with taking the prescribed antithyroid medication? Thyrotoxic crisis Myxedema coma Diabetes insipidus Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Thyrotoxic crisis Explanation: Antithyroid medication is given to treat hyperthyroidism. Although rare, this condition may occur in clients with undiagnosed or inadequately treated hyperthyroidism. Therefore, this client is at risk for thyrotoxic crisis, an abrupt and life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism. Myxedema coma results from severe hypothyroidism. Diabetes insipidus (DI) and SIADH do not correlate with hyperthyroidism or the medication taken for hyperthyroidism.

A client is returned to his room after a subtotal thyroidectomy. Which piece of equipment is most important for the nurse to keep at the client's bedside? Indwelling urinary catheter kit Tracheostomy set Cardiac monitor Humidifier

Tracheostomy set Explanation: After a subtotal thyroidectomy, swelling of the surgical site (the tracheal area) may obstruct the airway. Therefore, the nurse should keep a tracheostomy set at the client's bedside in case of a respiratory emergency. Although an indwelling urinary catheter and a cardiac monitor may be used for a client after a thyroidectomy, the tracheostomy set is more important. A humidifier isn't indicated for this client.

A client with thyroiditis has undergone surgery and is concerned about the barely visible scar. Which suggestion should the nurse give the client to cope with the condition? Undergo a skin graft Wear clothing that covers the neck Apply medicines to remove the scar Consider cosmetic surgery

Wear clothing that covers the neck Explanation: The nurse may suggest that the client wear clothing that covers the neck and assure the client that the scar is almost invisible. Application of medicines, skin graft, and cosmetic surgery are not appropriate suggestions.

A client presents with a huge lower jaw, bulging forehead, large hands and feet, and frequent headaches. What could be causing this client's symptoms? hyperpituitarism hypopituitarism panhypopituitarism panhyperpituitarism

hyperpituitarism Explanation: Acromegaly (hyperpituitarism) is a condition in which growth hormone is oversecreted after the epiphyses of the long bones have sealed. A client with acromegaly has coarse features, a huge lower jaw, thick lips, a thickened tongue, a bulging forehead, a bulbous nose, and large hands and feet. When the overgrowth is from a tumor, headaches caused by pressure on the sella turcica are common.

A 35-year-old female client who complains of weight gain, facial hair, absent menstruation, frequent bruising, and acne is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is most likely caused by: an ectopic corticotropin-secreting tumor. adrenal carcinoma. a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. an inborn error of metabolism.

a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Explanation: A corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome in women ages 20 to 40. Ectopic corticotropin-secreting tumors are more common in older men and are commonly associated with weight loss. Adrenal carcinoma isn't usually accompanied by hirsutism. A female with an inborn error of metabolism wouldn't be menstruating.

For a client with hyperthyroidism, treatment is most likely to include: a thyroid hormone antagonist. thyroid extract. a synthetic thyroid hormone. emollient lotions.

a thyroid hormone antagonist. Explanation: Thyroid hormone antagonists, which block thyroid hormone synthesis, combat increased production of thyroid hormone. Treatment of hyperthyroidism also may include radioiodine therapy, which destroys some thyroid gland cells, and surgery to remove part of the thyroid gland; both treatments decrease thyroid hormone production. Thyroid extract, synthetic thyroid hormone, and emollient lotions are used to treat hypothyroidism.

A nurse is performing an examination and notes that the client exhibits signs of exophthalmos. What has the nurse observed? abnormal bulging or protrusion of the eyes excessive hair growth enlarged thyroid gland changes in pigmentation

abnormal bulging or protrusion of the eyes Explanation: When there is an increase in the volume of the tissue behind the eyes, the eyes will appear to bulge out of the face. Exophthalmos is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit.

Which diagnostic test is done to determine suspected pituitary tumor? computed tomography scan measurement of blood hormone levels radioimmunoassay radiographs of the abdomen

computed tomography scan Explanation: A computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan is done to detect a suspected pituitary tumor. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen are taken to detect tumors. Radiographs also determine the size of the organ and their location. Measuring blood hormone levels helps determine the functioning of endocrine glands. A radioimmunoassay determines the concentration of a substance in plasma.

A nurse explains the role of the ovaries. Which hormones would be included in that discussion? estrogen and progesterone estrogen and progestin testosterone and progesterone estrogen and testosterone

estrogen and progesterone Explanation: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Progestin is a synthetic compound. Testosterone is involved with the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, such as facial hair and a deep voice.

A client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. After diagnostics, the physician proposes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. What is the typical number of parathyroid glands? four three two one

four Explanation: The parathyroid glands are four (some people have more than four) small, bean-shaped bodies, each surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue and embedded within the lateral lobes of the thyroid.

Hyperthyroidism is caused by increased levels of thyroxine in blood plasma. A client with this endocrine dysfunction experiences: heat intolerance and systolic hypertension. weight gain and heat intolerance. diastolic hypertension and widened pulse pressure. anorexia and hyperexcitability.

heat intolerance and systolic hypertension. Explanation: An increased metabolic rate in a client with hyperthyroidism caused by excess serum thyroxine leads to systolic hypertension and heat intolerance. Weight loss — not gain — occurs because of the increased metabolic rate. Diastolic blood pressure decreases because of decreased peripheral resistance. Heat intolerance and widened pulse pressure can occur but systolic hypertension and diastolic hypertension don't. Clients with hyperthyroidism experience an increase in appetite — not anorexia.

For the first 72 hours after thyroidectomy surgery, a nurse should assess a client for Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign because they indicate: hypocalcemia. hypercalcemia. hypokalemia. hyperkalemia.

hypocalcemia. Explanation: A client who has undergone a thyroidectomy is at risk for developing hypocalcemia from inadvertent removal of or damage to the parathyroid gland. The client with hypocalcemia will exhibit a positive Chvostek's sign (facial muscle contraction when the facial nerve in front of the ear is tapped) and a positive Trousseau's sign (carpal spasm when a blood pressure cuff is inflated for a few minutes). These signs aren't present with hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, or hyperkalemia.

A client with adrenal insufficiency is gravely ill and presents with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, profound weakness, and headache. The client's family reports that the client has been doing strenuous yard work all day and was sweating profusely. Nursing management of this client would include observation for signs of: hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. hyponatremia and hypokalemia. hypernatremia and hyperkalemia. hypernatremia and hypokalemia.

hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Explanation: The client's history and presenting symptoms suggest the onset of adrenal crisis. Laboratory findings that support adrenal deficiency and crisis include low serum sodium (hyponatremia) and high serum potassium (hyperkalemia) levels.

A client is suspected of having central diabetes insipidus and is scheduled to undergo a vasopressin challenge test. When preparing the client for this test, the nurse anticipates that the test would be done: in the morning after fasting. just after breakfast. in the middle of the afternoon. immediately before bedtime.

in the morning after fasting. Explanation: Typically, a vasopressin challenge test is performed in the morning with the client having fasted.

Cardiac effects of hyperthyroidism include? decreased pulse pressure. decreased systolic blood pressure. bradycardia. palpitations.

palpitations. Explanation: Cardiac effects may include sinus tachycardia, increased pulse pressure, and palpitations. Systolic blood pressure is elevated.

A client with a history of pheochromocytoma is admitted to the hospital in an acute hypertensive crisis. To reverse hypertensive crisis caused by pheochromocytoma, the nurse expects to administer: phentolamine (Regitine). methyldopa (Aldomet). mannitol (Osmitrol). felodipine (Plendil).

phentolamine (Regitine). Explanation: Pheochromocytoma causes excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, natural catecholamines that raise the blood pressure. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic given by I.V. bolus or drip, antagonizes the body's response to circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine, reducing blood pressure quickly and effectively. Although methyldopa is an antihypertensive agent available in parenteral form, it isn't effective in treating hypertensive emergencies. Mannitol, a diuretic, isn't used to treat hypertensive emergencies. Felodipine, an antihypertensive agent, is available only in extended-release tablets and therefore doesn't reduce blood pressure quickly enough to correct hypertensive crisis.

During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and: sodium. potassium. magnesium. phosphorus.

phosphorus. Explanation: PTH increases the serum calcium level and decreases the serum phosphate level. PTH doesn't affect sodium, potassium, or magnesium regulation.

A young client has a significant height deficit and is to be evaluated for diagnostic purposes. What could be the cause of this client's disorder? pituitary disorder thyroid disorder parathyroid disorder adrenal disorder

pituitary disorder Explanation: Pituitary disorders usually result from excessive or deficient production and secretion of a specific hormone. Dwarfism occurs when secretion of growth hormone is insufficient during childhood.

A nurse should expect a client with hypothyroidism to report: increased appetite and weight loss. puffiness of the face and hands. nervousness and tremors. thyroid gland swelling.

puffiness of the face and hands. Explanation: Hypothyroidism (myxedema) causes facial puffiness, extremity edema, and weight gain. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) include an increased appetite, weight loss, nervousness, tremors, and thyroid gland enlargement (goiter).