Audition

17. Name the brain structures in the auditory pathway. (Remember Sonic MG for all but the first and the last structures.)

Cochlear nucleus Superior Olivary nucleus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus

What is the measurement unit that reflects the amplitude of the sound wave?

Decibels

Describe the makeup of a tone that is the least in terms of complexity? What is the name for this type of tone?

fundamental frequency which is the lowest frequency tone of complex tones

Tone chroma

The perceptual similarity of notes separated by one or more octaves.

What perceptual property of sound is in part determined by the amplitude of the sound wave?

loudness

When on the basilar membrane are the receptors that signal low frequency tones?

low frequencies cause maximum activity in the hair cells and auditory nerve fibers at the apex end of the basilar membrane,

Scala Tympani

lower compartment of the cochlea; extends from the apex of the cochlea to the round window

14. Where in the ear does the sound stimulus change from vibrations in the ear to vibrations in ear structures? (Name the particular structure where this occurs.)

middle ear tympanic membrane, or eardrum ossicles

timbre

psychological property related to complex tones -differences in tones that have the same pitch, loudness, and duration e.g. middle C sounds different on a piano and a trumpet -Timbre is affected by:attack, decay and harmonic structor

10. What is the name of the process by which the auditory canal amplifies sound?

resonance

8. What perceptual characteristic of sound is related to the components of a complex tone?

timbre

7. What are we talking about when we talk about the complexity of a tone?

tones made up of more than one sound wave frequency

23. Describe the organization of the tonotopic maps found in the auditory cortex.

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24. Why are neural frequency tuning curves so narrow?

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25. What is the basic idea behind the frequency (timing) theory of frequency coding?

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26. What are phased locked neurons? How would they code the frequency of a sound according to the frequency (timing) theory of frequency coding?

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27. How are frequencies coded at the level of the cochlea? How are they coded at the level of the brain?

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What are characteristic frequencies? How are they measured?

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What are frequency tuning curves?

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Where in the auditory system do we finding tonotopic maps? What theory of frequency coding do they support?

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What perceptual property of sound is directly related to the frequency of the sound wave?'

Pitch -Tone height -Tone chroma low frequencies are associated with baratone high frequencies are associated with soprano

15. What are the names of the two types of auditory receptor cells? Where in the ear are they located?

-Afferent neurons stimulate cochlear inner hair cells, at synapses where the neurotransmitter glutamate communicates signals from the hair cells to the dendrites of the primary auditory neurons.

16. Describe the process of transduction for hearing.

-The stapes pounding on the oval window -Displacement of the basilar membrane and the traveling wave -Firing of the hair cells

Describe the makeup of the organ of corti.

-The techtorial membrane extends over the hair cells. -The basilar membrane supports the organ of Corti and vibrates in response to sound. -The hair cells: outer and inner- are the receptors for hearing.

3. What is the range of frequencies that the human ear can detect?

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Which are called ossicles?

The malleus (hammer) The incus (anvil) The stapes (stirrup)

2. What are we talking about when we talk about the frequency of a sound wave?

Frequency is the number of condensations or rarefactions produced by the source every second. Vibration cycles -Condensation-is created by the vibrating object moving outward, creating an area of compression in the medium (area where the wave is traveling). -As the object moves inward, the medium expands in the area where there was formally compression, forming the rarefaction.

12. What is the primary structure in the inner ear? What is its primary purpose? Name the two fluid filled cavities of this structure.

Function Transduction—the conversion of the vibrations caused by the sound stimulus into electrical signals. Structures Cochlea -a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses *sound needs to be amplified in the middle ear so that it can travel through the thick fluid of the inner ear

4. What are we talking about when we talk about the amplitude of the sound wave?

Height of the peaks of the sound wave Related to the degree of condensation and rarefraction

What is the measurement unit for the frequency of a sound wave?

Hertz

6. What two properties of the sound wave determine the "loudness" of the sound perceived? Explain by referring back to equal loudness curves and the audibility curve.

Loudness depends on frequency and amplitudes of a tone Frequency -equal loudness curves: These curves indicate the number of decibels that create the same perception of loudness at different frequencies. Amplitude -audibility curve, which indicates the threshold for hearing determined by free-field presentation (listening to a loudspeaker) versus frequency.

19. What is the basic idea behind the place theory of frequency coding?

Main Idea: -Frequency is coded by which neuron fire -Neurons that are located in a particular place fire to particular frequencies

22. What are tonotopic maps?

Orderly maps along the cochlea of hair cells and nerve fibers that respond best to certain frequencies.

1. What is a sound wave?

Patterns of Pressure Changes in some elastic medium (e.g., air, water)

5. What is the audibility curve? What does it show about our sensitivity to certain sounds?

The Audibility Curve: Thresholds for hearing various frequencies The threshold for feeling The auditory response area (threshold for hearing)

18. Where in the brain is the primary auditory receiving area? What is the belt and the parabelt?

The Cortex A1 and A2 and other areas The core, the belt and the parabelt: -The what and where streams

9. What are the two components of the outer ear? What is the function of each of these components?

The Pinna "gathers" sound waves The auditory canal Amplifies sound waves through resonance

What is the primary purpose of the structures of the outer ear?

The Pinna "gathers" sound waves The auditory canal Amplifies sound waves through resonance

Tone height

The increase in pitch that occurs as frequency is increased.

11. Name the structures in the middle ear?

The tympanic membrane The ossicles

21. According to research on frequency tunning curves, describe the nature of the range of frequencies that auditory neurons tend to respond to.

Thus, which hair cells on the basilar membrane fire the most is the function of the frequency of the sound and.... Different frequency sounds are coded by hairs cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane firing the most

Describe the makeup of a complex tone. What are the components of this type of tone? How are the components related to each other?

harmonics make up complex tones fundamental frequency is the first harmonic next harmonic is 2nd next is the 3rd....... harmonic levels determined by distance from fundamental frequency

20. According to research, where on the basilar membrane are the receptors that signal high frequency tones?

high frequencies cause maximum activity in hair cells and auditory nerve fibers at the base of the basilar membrane

Scala Vestibuli

is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media.

13. What is the organ of corti and why is it significant? Where in the ear is it located?

is part of the cochlea that is called the cochlea partician this is where the sensory receptor cells are located hair cells or auditory sensory cells.