Autonomic Nervous System Ch15

The vagus nerves leaves out of the medulla into the _________________ which supplies parasympathetic to thoracic viscera

*Mediastinum*: a membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs.

Explain what happens to blood pressure during each of the following 1. Increased heart rate 2. decreased heart rate 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Vasodilation

1. Increased heart rate = increased BP 2. decreased heart rate = decreased BP 3. Vasoconstriction = increased BP 4. Vasodilation = decreased BP

Match the neurotransmitter receptor with its location 1.Nicotinic A. Autonomic Ganglion 2. Muscarinic B. Target Cell

1.A Nicotinic and Autonomic Ganglion 2.B Muscarinic and Target Cell

Most sympathetic nerves synapse on how many postganglionic neurons

10-20; why one reganglionic nerve can exite multiple postganglionic fibers leading to DIFFERENT ORGANS. why sympathetic division has widespread effects

Sympathetic A.N.S. A. Excites the body B. Relaxes the body

A. Excites the body

Autonomatic nervous system output pathways in the peripheral nervous system include which of the following: A. Nerves to effectors B. Nuclei in Hypothalamus C. Cardiac region of brainstem D. Vasomotor region of brainstem

A. Nerves to effectors

This body system adapts body for physical activity A. Sympathetic A.N.S. B. Parasympathetic A.N.S

A. Sympathetic A.N.S.

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are examples of A. Visceral motor system B. Somatic motor system

A. Visceral motor system

Snypases associated with acetylcholine are referred to as A. Cholinergic Snynapse B. Andrenergic Synapse

A.Cholinergic Synapse

in general parasympathetic nerves release which neurotransmitter at their target cell

AcH (acetylcholine)

Which Adrenergic receptors are usually *excitatory*, Alpha or Beta

Alpha (more often excitatory than inhibitory)

these are the two types Andrenergic receptors (receptors on target cells that receive Norepiniephrine)

Alpha Adrenergic and Beta Adrenergic

A synapse in which a postganglionic neuron releases *norepinephrine* on a target cells is called what kind of synapse

Andrenergic Synapse

Neural pools have a baseline output, for example in the cardiac and vasomotor systems contributing to maintaining what

Autonomic Tone

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system act simultaneously to exhibit a baseline rate of activity to visceral muscles called what

Autonomic Tone

Synapses associated with Norepiniephrine are referred to as A. Cholinergic Synapse B. Andrenergic Synapse

B. Andrenergic Synapse

Sympathetic spinal nerves are found in what range of the spinal coloumn A.Cervical to Thoratic B.Cervical to coccygeal C.Thoratic to sacral D.Thoratic to coccygeal

B. Cervical to coccygeal. How sympathetic fibers are distributed to all levels of the body.

Automatic Nervous System output pathways in the CNS include which of the following A. Nerves to effectors B. Nuclei in Hypothalamus C. Cardiac region of brainstem D. Vasomotor region of brainstem

B. Nuclei in the hypothalamus C. Cardiac region of brainstem D. Vasomotor region of brainstem

This body system produces the calming effect and aides normal body maintenance A. Sympathetic A.N.S. B. Parasympathetic A.N.S.

B. Parasympathetic A.N.S.

Parasympathetic A.N.S. A. Excites the body B. Relaxes the body

B. Relaxes the body

Skeletal muscles are an example of A. Visceral motor system B. Somatic motor system

B. Somatic motor system

This type of visceral receptor monitors for changes in blood pressure

Baroreceptors

This visceral reflex acts to correct abnormal blood pressure

Baroreflex

Which Adrenergic receptors are usually *inhibitory*, Alpha or Beta

Beta (more often inhibitory than excitatory)

Baroreceptors are located in what 2 body processes

Blood vessels of aorta and carotid arteries

Nicotinic Receptors are A. Always Excitatory and found on target cell B. Always inhibitory and found on target cell C. Always excitatory and found on postganglionic neuron D. Always inhibitory and found on postganglionic neuron

C. Always excited (send action potential once receive neurotransmitter acetylcholine) and are found on the postganglionic neuron. receives AcH from preganglionic neuron.

Order these steps as they occur in a visceral reflex arc A. Visceral afferent/sensory nerve B. Effector C.Visceral Receptor D.Integrating Center with Interneurons in CNS E. Visceral efferent/motor nerve

C. Visceral Receptor A. Visceral afferent/sensory nerve D. Integrating center with interneurons in CNS E.Visceral efferent/motor nerve B. Effector

A synapse in which a postganglionic neuron releases *acetylcholine* onto a target cell is called what kind of synapse

Cholinergic Synapse

Muscarinic Receptors are cholinergic or adrenergic

Cholinergic: Receptors for acetylcholine

Nicotinic receptors are cholinergic or adrenergic

Cholinergic: Receptors on *postganglionic neuron* that receive acetylcholine

Cranial nerve 3 is controlled by the which autonomic nervous system and has what function

Cranial nerve 3 *Oculomotor* is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system and controls lens and pupil movements

Cranial nerve 7 is controlled by which autonomic nervous system and serves what function

Cranial nerve 7 *Facial Nerve* is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system and controls the tear glands, nasal glands, and salivary glands

Cranial nerve 9 is controlled by which autonomic nervous system and serves what function

Cranial nerve 9 *Glossopharyngeal* controlled by parasympathetic nervous system and function to control salivation

Another name for the parasympathetic division is

Craniosacral division: because arises from brain and sacral spinal cord

Vasodialation causes blood pressure to *increase* or *decrease*

Decrease, veins are expanded causing less pressure

Sympathetic nerves run along side somatic motor nerves and diverge at which point of the nerve

Diverge at the anterior root

The definition for when most viscera have both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation with either contrasting or cooperative effects

Dual Innervation

True or False: All muscarinic receptors are are excitatory

False, muscarinic receptors on the target receive acetylcholine from the postganglionic nerves. They can be found on both paraympathetic fiber and sympathetic fibers. In the bladder acetylcholine collected by Muscarinic receptors stimulates the bladder to contract and the sphincter to relax allowing you to void.

True or false: Sympathetic nervous system is always excitatory while the parasympathetic is always inhibitory.

False: Neither is always excitatory or inhibitory. Both have different effects on different target organs.

What body process receives information and integrates to decide on how to modify cardiac and vasomotor output

Hypothalamus

What is the major control center of the visceral motor system

Hypothalamus

The neurosomas of the sympathetic nervous system are found where

In lateral horns of spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar

Sympathatic neurosomas are found where

In the Lateral horns of the spinal cord, Particularly the throrasic and lumbar

Vasoconstriction causes blood pressure to *increase* or *decrease*

Increase, tighter vessels;less room for blood flow, higher pressure

Parasympathetic nervous system has long or short preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers

Long preganglionic fiber and short postganglionic

The parasympathetic neurosomas are found where

Medulla

All parasympathetic nerves have what type of receptor on their target cells, although can be found on sympathetic target cells as well

Muscarinic

Type of receptor on target cells that receive acetylcholine

Muscarinic

In general sympathetic nerves release which neurotransmitter at their target cell

NE (Norepinephrine)

Type of cholinergic receptor found in *ALL* autonomic ganglion, found on the postganglionic neuron and revieves acetylcholine from preganglionic neuron.

Nicotinic, ALWAYS Excitatory meaning that it causes postganglionic neuron to fire action potential.

Do visceral effectors depend on the A.N.S. to function

No, they do not depend on the A.N.S. to function, but adjust their activity based on the body's changing needs

Most sympathetic nerves will release what neurotransmitter *at the target cell* by the postganglionic neuron

Norepinephrine

This system EXCITES digestion but INHIBITS heart

Parasympathetic

The enteric nervous system is part of which sympathetic nervous system and has what function

Parasympathetic and regulates motility and secretions of digestive tract

Which nerve system is more selective in its stimulation of target organs

Parasympathetic because the preganglionic nerves are so long that by the time the stimulate the postganglionic nerve they are essentially at the target organ.

why does it make sense that parasympathetic nerve fibers don't diverge as much as sympathetic s and doesn't stimulate as many organs per individual preganglionic fibers.

Parasympathetic fibers have looooonnngggg preganganglionic fibers, by the time they stimulate the postganglionic fiber they are essentially already at the target organ.

A target organ in which the parasympathetic nervous system predominates over the sympathetic has what type of "tone"

Parasympathetic tone

At rest which system predominates the other: the sympathetic or parasympathetic

Parasympathetic, relaxes the body , predominates over the sympathetic. Sending a steady stream of action potentials down parasympathetic nervous system.

The sympathetic ganglia (where sympathetic nerves move to after exiting the anterior roots of somatic motor nerves) are connected to a spinal nerve by two processes, white and gray ____________

Rami

This system EXCITES the heart but INHIBITS digestion

Sympathetic

Which effects tend to last longer, sympathetic or parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Sympathetic nerves leave the spinal nerve at the anterior root (previously running next to somatic motor nerves) and connect to what process

Sympathetic Ganglia, from here they go to their target destinations

A target organ in which the sympathetic nervous system predominates over the parasympathetic has what type of "tone"

Sympathetic Tone

Thoracolumbar is another name for which division of ANS?

Sympathetic nervous system because it arises from thoracolumbar spinal cord.

When the body is at baseline which body system, the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system predominates.

Sympathetic. Keeps most of blood in partial constriction of blood vessels to maintain a blood pressure. Without it, blood pressure would be unregulated.

The sympathetic nervous system has short or long fibers for each the preganglionic and postganglionic

Sympathetic: short preganglionic fiber and long postganglionic fiber

This cranial nerve composes 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

THE VAGUS NERVE

The cardiac center and the vagus nerve nucleus are located here, at the site of parasymathetic somas (hint: Where is the cardiac center)

The Medulla

Which nerve supplies parasympathetic to viscera (smooth muscle) of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

The Vagus Nerve

Soma's of the parasympathetic nervous system are found in

The midbrain, pons, medulla, and S 2-4

True or false: the body will shift between sympathetic tone and parasympathetic tone depending on what the body requires

True

True of false, in regards to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system one often predominates the target organ more than the other

True. For different target organs one of the other (sympathetic or parasympathetic) will predominate over the other

True of False: Parasympathetic and sympathetic can have opposite effects on different organs even though they release same neurotransmitter at both sites

True: they can release the same neurotransmitter but have different effects on the organ dependent upon the system.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is responsible for the bodies *unconscious* or *conscious* processes for controlling homeostasis

Unconscious (examples are heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, temperature)

Primary target organs of the A.N.S. are

Viscera of the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities and some structures of the body wall such as skin blood vessels.

Target cells respond to neurotransmitters depending on what

What type of receptor they have. Target cells respond in different ways even to the same neurotransmitter depending on what type of receptor they have for it. *EXAMPLE* Bladder: AcH will contract bladder but will relax sphincter allowing for urination.

White or Gray rami are myelinated

White, white due to myelination.

Can the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervate the same organ

Yes, they often do and have contrasting effects

Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

acetylcholine

Viscera are

internal organs

The preganglionic fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated

myelinated

Where does the neurotransmitter *differ* along sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fiber pathways

the receptor on the target cell

The postganglionic fiber is myelinated or unmyelinated

unmyelinated