BA325 Exam 2 Ch. 7-12

Another name for unsolicited commercial emails is:

All of these answers are correct. (Spam, Junk email, UCE)

The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because:

All of these answers are correct. (The cost of robots has decreased./Robots are more reliable than people. / New collaborative machines have been invented.)

Some argue that publishing personal DNA sequencing results is unethical because:

All of these answers are correct. (The results could compromise one's employment situation./ Life insurance could be denied./ The cost of health insurance could rise.)

The role of chief sustainability officer is described by which statement(s)

All of these answers are correct. (Typically reports to the CEO./ Supervises staff across functional areas./ Requires strong interpersonal skills.)

Businesses promote an information strategy by inviting government leaders to:

All of these answers are correct. (Visit local plant facilities, Attend company award ceremonies, Give speeches to employees)

Companies that cultivate a vision of sustainability must adopt sophisticated strategic planning techniques to:

Allow their top manager to assess the full range of the firm's effects on the environment.

Ecologically sustainable organizations are accurately explained by which of these descriptions?

Making and transporting products using minimal energy.

Government's role is to create and enforce laws that:

Balance the relationship between business and society.

By promoting the use of clean cookstoves in developing nations, a global alliance hopes to reduce:

Black carbon.

Managers' understanding of government regulations is:

Both a domestic and international issue.

Supporters of advocacy advertisements believe that they:

Both of these answers are correct: Identify a company as an interested and active stakeholder; and can help mold public opinion on a particular policy issue.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) is accurately described by which statement(s)?

Both of these answers are correct: It established a fund supported primarily by a tax on the petroleum and chemical companies; and the funds collected are used to clean up sites where the original polluter cannot be identified.

The role of the CIO includes all of these tasks except:

Monitoring the appropriate level of employee productivity.

An example of codes of environmental conduct that have been developed by and for specific industries include:

Both of these answers are correct: The Equator Principles; and The Forest Stewardship Principles.

When a firm solicits its stockholders for political contributions for a particular candidate by letter and then sends those contributions to the candidate on behalf of its stockholders, it is called:

Bundling.

In 2017 which country had the most restrictive Internet censorship policies, completely blocking its citizens from conducting Internet searches and from using social media platforms?

North Korea.

Past decisions of the courts, the original basis for the U.S. legal system, are called:

Common laws.

Which political action strategy seeks to gain support from other affected organizations to better influence policymakers?

Constituency-building strategy.

One major advantage of conducting business online is:

Cost-effective marketing and promotions

Downloading illegal files, spreading computer viruses, and stealing from online bank accounts is collectively referred to as:

Cybercrime.

The place where information is stored, ideas are described, and communication takes place in and through an electronic network of linked systems is called:

Cyberspace.

This annual international gathering on January 28 brought together leaders from the U.S. and dozens of European countries to address the global nature of cyberattacks:

Data Privacy Day.

With respect to fresh water, according to one estimate, if it were possible to eliminate pollution, capture all available fresh water, and distribute fresh water equitably:

Demand would exceed supply within a hundred years.

A corporate political strategy does not:

Determine the legal limits allowed for campaign financing.

The commitments of the Convention on Biological Diversity include:

Developing national conservation strategies.

This Act makes it a crime to circumvent antipiracy measures built into most commercial software agreements between the manufacturers and their users:

Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

Which of these statements accurately describes a Super PAC?

Does not allow direct contributions to candidates or political parties.

Over time the role of the CIO:

Has become more integrated into the overall strategic direction of the firm.

One ethical concern about businesses collecting vast amounts of stakeholder data is:

If the effort actually benefits the stakeholders.

In 2017 mobile payment usage was largest for which type of purchase?

Physical goods.

Economic leverage occurs when a business uses its economic power to:

Threaten to leave a location unless a desired political action is taken.

The primary way of accomplishing public policy is through:

Regulation.

Rapid economic development is often accompanied by:

Rising incomes, bringing higher rates of both consumption and waste.

As of 2016 what was the average cost of a data breach in the United States?

$7 million.

In 2017 about what percentage of people around the world had no access to the Internet?

52 percent.

A critical characteristic of a successful CIO is:

A leader with the ability to speak the language of the business.

Firms in the chemical industry, which must contend with frequently changing environmental regulations and the risk of dangerous accidents, usually have:

A sophisticated political strategy.

Air pollution is accurately described by which of the following?

Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes.

Public policies and government regulations are shaped by:

All of these answers are correct. (Business, Special interest groups, Government)

The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings is called:

Artificial intelligence.

The antitrust enforcement agencies in the United States have the legal authority to:

Block anticompetitive mergers in the U.S.

A CIO is the company's:

Chief information officer.

Which pattern of consumption is recommended to reduce humanity's global footprint?

Choosing less harmful products.

A company that builds stakeholder coalitions to influence government is using which strategy?

Constituency-building.

Since 2008, the total amount spent on lobbying activity has:

Decreased slightly.

Buying and selling goods and services electronically is called:

E-business.

Lobbyists, under U.S. law, must disclose their:

Earnings and expenses.

The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:

Ecological footprint.

Which of the following are examples of natural monopolies?

Electric utilities and railroads.

When businesses form voluntary, collaborative partnerships with environmental organizations and regulators to achieve specific objectives this is called:

Environmental partnerships.

The EU law passed in 2018 that required companies to promptly report personal data breaches was called:

General Data Protection Regulation.

Expert witness testimony is often collected:

In congressional hearings.

In the United States, most solid waste ends up:

In landfills.

The information strategy tool most used by business is:

Lobbying.

When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called:

Market failure.

Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation's currency are:

Monetary policies.

An example of an economic regulatory agency is:

National Labor Relations Board.

A thin layer of gas that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun is:

Ozone.

Economic regulations are illustrated by which action?

Preventing anticompetitive business practices.

Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?

Product stewardship stage.

Every environmental regulation must be initially evaluated for its costs and benefits in a process called:

Regulatory impact analysis.

In Japan's pluralistic public policy process, who are the major participants?

Representatives of big business, agriculture, and labor.

A person's entitlement to protection from invasion of one's personal life is called the:

Right to privacy.

We are currently in which phase in the development of technology?

Semantic.

Total social regulation costs are:

Significantly higher than total economic regulation costs.

Around the world, government:

Sometimes cooperates and sometimes is in conflict with business.

This term refers to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities.

Technology.

In 2016, the Global Electoral Organization (GEO) discussed which critical election administration issues?

The use of technology to increase accountability.

Under U.S. sentencing guidelines, how would firms facing environmental violations typically be treated if they had an active compliance program and fully cooperated with investigators?

Their sentence would likely be lighter.

Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:

They encounter a common problem or enemy.

One argument in favor of net neutrality is:

To fairly compete, small, medium, and large firms should have the same Internet bandwidth.

European Union regulators accused Uber of engaging in:

Unfair competition.

An example of industrial ecology in practice is:

Using wastes from one process as raw materials for another process.

Hackers employed by businesses or governments to intentionally discover weaknesses in information systems are called:

White hatters.

Economists reported that the costs of regulatory compliance were highest for:

Worker safety.

Invasion of privacy through technology is best exemplified by:

Your car's GPS tracking you at every location.

The digital divide describes the gap between those:

individuals who have Internet access through technology and those who do not.

Hiring former government officials for positions in the corporate world is:

normally legal.

In the case Should Facebook be Regulated, the primary market failure was:

Sales incentives to sell user data exceeded those of protecting user privacy.

Public policy tools involve a combination of:

Incentives and penalties.

Increased cyber activity by which countries prompted NATO officials to brand them as "patriotic hackers"?

Iran and China.

The self-reinforcing feature of technology means that:

Technology acts as a multiplier to encourage its own faster development.

The term circular economy refers to:

A production system that is regenerative by design.

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to acid rain?

Acid rain occurs when carbon dioxide combines with water vapor in the atmosphere.

The typical public affairs executive spends most of the day:

All of these answers are correct. (Coalition building, Direct lobbying, Fund raising)

An example of a hacking job motivated by retaliation is:

A person hacks a government website to act against inaction by the government.

Sustainability leaders have found that the most effective environmental management approach involves:

A team of line managers from across the business organization.

The fastest growing region for Internet usage growth from 2000 to 2017, was:

Africa.

Depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the rain forests, and species extinctions all have an impact on:

All of society.

In the United States, the federal government regulates which of the following major areas of environmental protection?

All of these answers are correct. (Air pollution./Water pollution. /Solid and hazardous waste.)

Many rapid changes in technology over the past few decades were facilitated by:

All of these answers are correct. (Artificial intelligence./ Wireless networks./Processing of enormous amounts of data.)

Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:

All of these answers are correct. (Commercial logging, Cattle ranching, Conversion of forests to plantations)

Both large and small businesses have adopted sustainable practices to what advantage?

All of these answers are correct. (Cost savings from operational efficiency, Opportunities to serve emerging economies, Reduction of regulatory risk)

Environmental regulations stimulate some sectors of the economy by:

All of these answers are correct. (Creating jobs in industries like environmental consulting, asbestos abatement, and instrument manufacturing./Saving jobs in industries like fishing and tourism when natural areas are protected or restored. / Compelling businesses to become more efficient by conserving energy.)

Emission fees are accurately characterized by which statement(s)?

All of these answers are correct. (Each business is charged for the undesirable pollution that it emits./ Companies emitting more pollutants end up paying more pollution taxes./ Revenues from emission fees can be used to support environmental efforts.)

Global warming can be described by which of the following?

All of these answers are correct. (Earth getting warmer, burning fossil fuels top contributor, greenhouse gases have increased since Industrial revolution)

Antitrust laws protect consumers from:

Anticompetitive practices by business.

Sustainable development:

Balances economic and environmental considerations.

A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called:

Behavioral addiction.

A technological application that uses biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use is called:

Biotechnology.

One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encrypted technology is:

Bitcoin.

In some nondemocratic or authoritarian societies such as China, Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea, why did the governments generally intervene to restrict their citizens' access to information and various Internet and social media sites?

Both of these answers are correct: "To impose religious or ideological views" and "To suppress political dissent."

Proponents of business as a political participant argue:

Both of these answers are correct: A pluralistic system invites many participants; and business is a vital stakeholder of government.

The core idea(s) of sustainable development is (are):

Both of these answers are correct: Economic development must be accomplished sustainably; and poverty is an underlying cause of environmental degradation.

MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shopper's credit-card transactions could be used to:

Both to uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences and to identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information.

When companies develop a reputation for environmental excellence, and they produce and deliver products and services designed to attract environmentally aware customers, this is called:

Brand differentiation.

Studies have shown that green marketing has been most successful at what level?

Brand.

Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?

Breaking up a monopoly.

Which of the following is not a potential source of personal private data?

Broadcast radio.

To influence government policymakers' actions, an information strategy involves:

Business leaders speaking before government policymakers.

General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:

Clean technology.

Life-cycle analysis involves:

Collecting information regarding the lifelong environmental impact of a product, from extraction to disposal.

Deregulation has occurred in the following industries:

Commercial airlines, railroads, and financial institutions.

A shared resource, such as land, air, or water, that a group of people uses collectively is a(n):

Commons.

Possible costs of environmental regulation include all of the following except:

Corporate restructuring.

Companies that reduce pollution and hazardous waste, reuse or recycle materials, and operate with greater energy efficiency achieve a competitive advantage due to:

Cost savings.

When a government orders companies not to conduct business in another country because of a war, human rights violations, or lack of a legitimate government; these orders are called:

Economic sanctions.

One of the biggest challenges for autonomous vehicle manufacturers, according to the case The Arrival of Autonomous Cars—Bright Future or Looming Threat? was:

Ensuring the vehicles were safer than driver-controlled automobiles.

Which of the following is not a constituency-building strategy tool?

Expert witness testimony.

The idea that companies have a continuing responsibility for the environmental impact of their products or services, even after they are sold, is called:

Extended product responsibility.

An example of a regulatory agency charged with enforcing social regulation is:

Federal Trade Commission.

Software piracy is a major problem in which part of the world?

Globally.

Participants in the Montreal Protocol agreed that by 2030 they would phase out:

HCFCs.

How did some authoritarian governments justify limiting citizens' access to the Internet?

Improved national security.

The purpose of the right to be forgotten is to:

Increase protection of privacy and personal information.

As of 2017 the volume of global spam email messages has declined primarily due to:

Increased anti-spam protections.

An argument in support of preventing government access to private cell phones, according to the case To lock or Unlock Your Phone: Personal Privacy or National Security, is:

Individuals have rights to privacy and safety.

The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is:

Industrial.

The annual EPA report Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) is an example of which environmental policy type?

Information disclosure.

Governments being asked to regulate driving distractions are examples of a public policy:

Input.

The information phase of technology primarily requires:

Intellectual and electronic skills.

The Toxic Substances Control Act is accurately described by which of the following?

It established a national policy to regulate, restrict, and, if necessary, ban toxic chemicals.

When a business seeks to overturn a law after it has been passed or threatens to challenge the legal legitimacy of the new regulation in the courts, this is called:

Legal challenges.

In the case Political Action by the U.S. Steel Industry, 2015-2018, what is one reason that foreign-made steel prices were so much lower than U.S. steel?

Many foreign governments subsidized their steel industries.

Sustainable development through technology cooperation is best illustrated by:

Microsoft provided the Jane Goodall Institute with animal tracking tools.

A firm in the pollution prevention stage of the corporate environmental responsibility model is best described by which statement?

Minimizing or eliminating waste before it is created.

In the United States, the right to free speech:

Must be weighed against the consequences for the community.

The idea that every distribution channel must work together to deliver a unified and consistent customer experience is called:

Omnichannel.

Which of the following statements is not true about the population?

Over the next century, population growth is expected to be greatest in developed nations.

The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called:

Phishing.

One of the oldest financial-incentive strategy tools is:

Political action committee contributions.

Environmental justice is a movement to:

Prevent inequitable exposure to risk, such as from hazardous waste.

To help control political favoritism, there have been global efforts to:

Promote fairness in the electoral process.

The most successful global businesses in coming years will be those companies that:

Recognize the imperative for sustainable development as an opportunity both for competitive advantage and ethical action.

The beverage industry's partnership Refrigerants Naturally! is attempting to:

Reduce the use of ozone-depleting chemicals.

According to the case Clean Cooking, the widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which of the following benefits:

Reduced health risks.

According to McKinsey and Company, which position cannot be easily replaced with robots?

Team managers.

When environmentally proactive companies seek out imaginative, innovative new methods for reducing pollution and increasing efficiency, they are adopting which strategy?

Technological innovation.

Reregulation is:

The increase or expansion of government regulation.

Regulation can be argued as justified based on:

Utilitarian and justice grounds.