BAR Exam 2

severity, frequency, and type

3 criteria to describe disturbance regime

Change in local phenotype (adaptation) Change in phenology/life history/timing of specific events (adaptation) Change in spatial distribution (migration- shifts where you are so that you match your climate niche)

Altered climate conditions can lead to local extirpations or species' extinction. List the three responses that allow a species to persist under an altered set of parameters.

I think this happens more quickly in marine systems, because there are no barriers(i.e. Mountains or rivers) for the species to avoid. In the water they can just migrate to cooler waters, this creates the cold (leading) edge to move fastest!

Argue whether you think range shifts occur more quickly in marine or terrestrial systems

Compositional - has to do with the identity and variety of elements in a collection, and includes species lists and measures of Conservation Biology species diversity and genetic diversity. (Has to do with genes and individuals) Structural - physical organization or pattern of a system, from hab- itat complexity as measured within communities to the pattern of patches and other elements at a landscape scale. (Has to do with populations and species) Functional diversity - involves ecological and evolutionary processes, including gene flow, disturbances, and nutrient cycling (Has to do with communities and ecosystems)

Biodiversity can be measured at different levels of hierarchical organization ranging from genes to individuals, to populations, to species, and communities/ecosystems using three frameworks: compositional, structural, and functional diversity. Briefly contrast how these assess biodiversity.

regime shifts- the ecosystem is still functioning in the same physical location, but behaves like a differnt biome, tipping point- such an extreme shift that alters the ecosystem irreversibly so much that it cant go back to its original state -our example is an example of a tipping point beacuse the ice melt is permanent

Briefly compare and contrast the terms regime shift and a tipping point and argue whether your example is also an example of a tipping point

Climate change refugia- buffers negative impacts of climate change and can offer protection for native species, ecosystems and ecosystem processes/ functioning. Disturbance refugia- is an area that is less impacted by a disturbance than those around it. Heterogeneous landscape increases biodiv and helps enhance resistance. Wouldn't it just be that conservation of current disturbance and climate refugia and projections/ predictions of where these will be in the future are important in the success or wellbeing of the ecosystems within and surrounding the refugia- making sure theres corridors between so animals can migrate across. This is because refugia areas are essential to the recovery or surrounding environments as they can provide resources such as a temporary habitat for species and seeds for dispersal (disturbance r). And climate r allows species to persist for longer

Briefly describe how climate and disturbance refugia can be used to mitigate the impacts of (future) climate change through climate-adaptive management policies.

1.) Fire suppression results in high fuel (things that should have burned didnt) 2.) Climate change results in dry fuel loads 3.) Santa ana winds dry out veg/ more embers 4.)MOre people at wildland/ urban interface- someone/ thing must ignite the fires

Briefly describe the factors which have contributed to the increase in frequency & severity of wildfires on the US West Coast (Be specific! Don't just write "climate change" describe how climate change contributes).

1.) they blend in with their environment making them hard to see and hunt 2.) they have venomous defense spines which make them hard to catch and relocate and prey on 3.) High fecundity = ability to reproduce many, many offspring (they can produce up to 2 mil eggs a year)

Briefly describe three characteristics of lionfish and explain why these contribute to making them an extremely successful invasive species.

Acidification of water- more acidic water harms animals that build shells such as corals clams and oysters Less oxygen- lowered oxygen levels are suffocating some marine animals and shrinking their habitats Temperature warming- range shifts, altered physiology. Life history, coral bleaching: coral reefs are marine biodiversity hotspots. They could be lost if the planet warms by 2 degrees Also sea level rising is possibly the one she might want us to include too (but that idk if it has to do with CO2 or if it is a non climate stressor)

Briefly describe three main categories of how increased atmospheric CO2 impacts marine systems along with an example of how this impacts marine systems.

Non-native species established in natural/semi-natural ecosystem/habitat; is an agent of change/threat to native biodiversity How does climate change lead to increasing invasive species? Short = inc GHG, inc temp, habitats uninhabitable, migration to new habitat, disrupts ecosystem flow/organism niches, and food webs

Briefly explain how climate change has contributed to increasing numbers of invasive species; whats an invasive species

Overlap is decreased between two species. Population asynchrony can effect one or both species (decrease in fitness) that fall out of synch due to one or both species changes in phenology due to climate change (for example). Bothe cases above count as an asynchrony (i will clean up wording)

Briefly explain what a population asynchrony is (remember explain means you also have to give the 'why' this occurs not just a definition/description).

fire supression and climate change have resulted in an increase in frequency and severity of wildfires. we are seeing more and more and larger and larger wildfires on the west coast and a longer wildfire season - fuel -dryness sze, temp, condition - weather - temp wind precipitation - topography shape and steepneses

Changes to disturbance regimes can trigger rapid reorganization into new ecosystem states. Use the increased frequency & severity of wildfires on the US West Coast as an example to illustrate this principle.

Rainforest vs desert! Compare: Characteristics of climate conditions: Both the Desert and the Rainforest are found in hot climate zones. Contrast: Characteristics of climate conditions: Desert- Dry Tropical Rainforest- Wet primary vegetation: Desert- They generally have thorns or spines which are highly modified leaves adapted to reduce water loss. Some desert plants have a very deep root system in order to absorb water from near the water table. Less diverse than tropical rainforest plants. Some desert plants like cactus are adapted to store the water. Tropical Rainforest- They do need to store water as they get plenty of water through rains. Rainforest plants have specialized roots that are more adapted to support the trees as trees are often unstable due to the wet and loose soil. Keeps leaves year round typical animals that inhabit them: Desert- Small number of species inhibit this climate zone Tropical Rainforest- Large number of species inhibit this climate zone where they are found geographically Desert- Chad, Egypt, Morocco Tropical Rainforest- China, Indonesia, Brazil

Chose two biomes and compare and contrast them in terms of their characteristic climate conditions, primary vegetation, typical animals that inhabit them, and where they are found geographically (i.e. list example locations).

Impacts Individuals altered life history, phenology, morphology, physiology, genotype Alters survival and/or breeding success Impacts (Sub)populations altered distribution, genetic diversity Alters abundance and/or metapopulation dynamics Impacts Species altered population structure/ distrib., life history charact. & gen. div. Alters vulnerability to extinction

Climate change alters the abiotic conditions of organism's habitats. Explain how this impacts organisms at individual, (sub)population, and species levels. (see big blue too*)

Melting of permafrost: permafrost currently contains 1700 Gt of carbon in organic material (plant remains) preserved from decay in frozen state (long term sink). People think with the melting of the permafrost that this sink will turn into a source for atmospheric CO2 Dead plants/organic material buried & frozen during/since last ice age through dust deposition, sedimentation in floodplains & peat development Vertical mixing during freeze/thaw cycles are usually in the active layer but this gets lower as permafrost is 'unlocked' process and frozen state preserves from further decay Rising temperatures will allow microbes to re-start process of decaying organic matter releasing CO2 & CH4 from the permafrost into the atmosphere

Climate change is expected to result in altered ecosystem processes which will affect global biogeochemical cycles. Currently, terrestrial ecosystems are a net sink for atmospheric CO2. Use an example to describe how climate change and other anthropogenic effects could turn terrestrial ecosystems into a net source of atmospheric CO2. (see notebook)

Indirect use: Services provided by ecosystems w/out need to harvest, destroy, consume the resource Exs: regulated by basic ecological processes, public goods, not traded on traditional markets ----------------------------------------- Direct: Value of goods provided directly by ecosystems used directly by individuals Exs: - Raw materials (timber, fuelwood, skins, feathers, ...)= consumptive use/ used daily and locally - Natural food items(fruits, vegetables, fish, meat) = productive use value aka products sold in markets - Medicines/ Drugs synthesized from animals/plants

Compare and contrast direct and indirect values of biodiversity

Ecosystems with intermediate levels (freq and severity) of disturbances seem to do the best (aka have the highest level of biodiversity). According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Disturbances are important for a healthy ecosystem even in disturbance refugia. Low levels of disturbances actually mean low levels of biodiversity; this is because not enough disturbances leaves little room for pioneer species (who are not picky) and larger species out compete smaller ones (photosynthesis/ light, food, and other resources. High levels of disturbance leads to low levels of biodiversity as well as few species are given the chance to adapt to disturbances before they occur over and over again.

Compare and contrast ecosystems with high, intermediate, and low levels of disturbance in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience; include both the observed patterns and the mechanisms that create them.

Resistance- how long an eco can be under stress before it collapses or exp a big shift Resilience can be expressed in 2 ways 1.) how much time does it take for the eco to recover after a disturbance (low resilience = takes decades) 2.) how much u have to push before the eco goes 'up and over' over to a different and less productive/ diverse stable state ex: kelp and seaweed (the kelp gets eaten by sea urchins)

Compare and contrast resilience vs resistance

extinction

Complete loss of a species due to death of last individual of that species

abiotic conditions can effect persistance of populations

Conditions of an environment or ecosystem that has to do with the non-living components that influence the species and organisms living in a certain area. Two examples of this are albedo and temperature

Sea level rise - decreases light availability to zooxanthellae which are photosynthetic and the endosymbiotic relationship keeps coral alive; also depth and pressure Increase in storms and floods - physical damage due to strong waves and such Disease-weakeneed immune due to cc= easily infaceted pollution- eutrophication

Coral reef are highly productive & diverse ecosystems that are also extremely vulnerable. List three non-climate stressors and how they impact coral reefs.

regime

Disturbance regimes (wildfire, droughts, floods, pest/disease outbreaks)

disturbance- any event that disrupts the structure of an ecosystem, population, community or changes physical environment or resource availability ex: wildfires, droughts, inssect outbreaks

Disturbances shape landscape patterns & processes on short and longterm time scales. Define what a disturbance is and list three examples for disturbances that might impact ecosystems.

Provisioning- loss of biodiversity impacts fisheries- food security for over 500 million people Cultural - on- reef tourism, cultural relevance native communities Supporting- provide habitat for marine species at many life stages (source), nutrient recycling, fix energy for diverse and productive system

Ecosystem functioning & ecosystem services contribute to human well-being. Briefly describe three ways that the loss of coral reef systems will impacts humans, classify each according to the ecosystem services category they fall under.\

Prescribed burns reintroduce fire as a restorative process thinning fuel loads and returning to a more natural fire regime Reduces fuel loads to prevent catastrophic fire Controls low-quality, undesirable competing vegetation to allow establishment of seedlings following planting and increased water, soil nutrients, sunlight, and resource availability for already established trees

Explain how promoting and supporting a natural fire regime e.g. through prescribed burns creates a more resilient forest and reduces wildfires.

The flow of energy through an ecosystem is unidirectional because the energy lost as heat from the living organisms of a food chain cannot be reused by plants in photosynthesis. During the transfer of energy through successive trophic levels in an ecosystem, there is a loss of energy all along the path. As energy passes through each trophic level, energy is lost as heat—a non-usable form of energy. Nutrients are recycled because as primary producers receive energy from the Sun, they are consumed by primary consumers, and so on until decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients that is utilized by plants/producers

Explain what it means that the flow of energy through an ecosystem is unidirectional while nutrients are recycled.

genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism entire genetic diversity of a population

Cold leading edge: As temperatures increase, the area of a specific range creeps northward in seek of the colder temperatures that the specific species in this range are used to. Warm (trailing) edge: as temperature increases in areas where the organism used to be able to tolerate temps, it is now too warm and they are unable to tolerate it, therefore they have to migrate to stay in their specific temperature ranges. - trailing edge happens slower because the ones on the leading edge are less resilient to temp changes than the ones towards the trailing edge (have to vs eh well move)

Geographic range shifts are the result of two processes: A cold or leading edge expansion and a warm or trailing edge contraction. Briefly contrast these two phenomena (note, for each you should describe what is happening and explain why).

Pollution: Excess nutrients are flowing into oceans due to the increase in eutrophication caused by farming. Runoff from the farms are causing excess nutrients from fertilizers to go into the rivers and these rivers flow into the oceans. These causes lots of nutrients to build up in the oceans and algae blooms will become more prevalent and then oxygen will be used up as the phytoplankton in the top layer of the ocean uses the oxygen up. This leaves less oxygen for the species in the ocean such as fish. Invasive species- leads to a loss of biodiversity. Competition of resources, they have no natural predators in that niche Over exploitation- fishing non sustainabyyyyy! Leads to loss of biodiversity and effects ecosystem flow Also... forests normally forests are a sink for carbon dioxide as co2 is used in photosynthesis and theres similar levels of respiration and photosynthesis, however, due to cc, incr wildfires, increased decay, deforestation, agriculture, there is less photosynth in some areas and more respiration, making it into a net source for atmosph co2

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations directly and indirectly lead to significant changes the abiotic conditions of marine ecosystems with wide-ranging effects on the biological communities. Marine systems are also impacted by non-climate change stressors. List three non-climate change stressors and how they effect marine systems.

population asynchrony

Interactions between two or more species become out of phase resulting in a reduction of fitness of at least one population

mean annual precipitation & temperature, annual variation precipitation & temperature, Altitude

List the three primary parameters that determine the climatic conditions of a biome.

Latitude and season (which are regionally & locally modified by abiotic and biotic features) sun warms atmosphere, land, and water → establishes latitudinal temperature variations → results in movement of air/water & evaporation of water → Intensity of solar radiation varies seasonally descending dry air absorbs moisture ascending moist air releases moisture

List the two parameters that are primarily used to define climate, and briefly explanation why global climate patterns are largely determined by solar input and earth's movement in space (remember to explain the patterns of both parameters).

Pretty much all the biomes are impacted by temperature and precipitation in their own ways. The altitude parameter uniquely/ mostly impacts the Alpine biome. It does not rly follow the latitudinal patterns that other biomes do/ it is kinda scattered across latitude zones. (like theres some in Chile, and some in China and Mexico and some in Alaska for ex) Instead, conditions are dictated by altitude. As you go up in altitude conditions being to mirror what they would look like if u were to go up in latitude, so the higher in altitude you are, the more this biome behaves like the polar biomes and the lower in latitude you are, the more it behaves like the temperate and tropical biomes

One of these parameters impacts one biome in particular - list the parameter and the biome in question and explain how this impacts where biome is found compared to other biomes.

Direct impact: reduced CO3 2- carbonic acid which leads to reduced calcification which leads to weaker coral Ocean acidification - Ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere creating carbonic acid and decreasing the pH in the water- as a result calcium carbonate (CaCO3) skeleton building organisms begin to struggle (like coral reefs which are corals growing on top of each other) sooooooo basically more acidic ocean dissolves calcium carbonate Indirect Impacts: Increased atmospheric temperature leads to 2 things: Increased surface temperature (causes bleaching) Sea level rise (due to incr glacial melt) leads to differential impacts- too deep for photosynth - Increased atmospheric temp also leads to climate changes which impact coral reefs in 2 ways - altered storm frequency/ intensity leads to increased breakage and erosion - Increased dust/ iron fertilization leads to reduced light (because dust = the way iron gets in marine systems/ it sits in the photic zone and this causes an incr in phytoplankton blooms and then u have less sunlight for coral reefs

Outline how increased atmospheric CO2 directly and indirectly impact coral reef systems.

phenotype

Physical representation on those genetic codes morphology and physical behavior. examples: color, temperature tolerance

Increased water temperatures and nutrient run- off due to changes in precipitation lead to (toxic) algae blooms & dead zones in coastal systems -Eutrophication leads to algae blooms lead to cases of hypoxia where oxygen is used up and causes dead zones and also toxic algae blooms HABs are the result of rapid growth of algae that produce toxins that can be lethal to fish animals and humans theyre caused by cyanobacteria, diatoms or dinoflagellates

Phytoplankton blooms are important, regularly occurring events that are important to ecosystems because they make nutrients and energy available to the entire ecosystem. Give a brief explanation of what a harmful algae bloom is.

probs direct impact Pika is threatened by the changed period of time when they can go out and find their food. Higher temperatures mean that they cannot be outside for very long so the higher temps have limited the amount of time spent foraging for food. This has caused their population to decline and has caused an extirpation of the populations in the southern portions of the alpine regions where they live as the regime shift is causing animals in this area to move northward to find consistent temperatures that are more cohesive with that they are used to and what they know.

Population decay & local extirpations of the American Pika due to limited physiological tolerance of changing temperature regimes.

probs direct impact increase in stream temperatures leads to loss of prey which competition Because of this, the predator populations are forced to fight for the limited food resources, which will then lead to a decline in population as there is not enough food to support the population of planarian flatworms.

Population decay & local extirpations of the Planarian flatworm because increase stream temperatures lead to loss of prey and increased competition.

Disturbance refugia are areas that are less severely/frequently disturbed compared to surrounding area Climate-change refugia buffer (cc is happening slower) negative impacts of climate change and can offer protection for native species, ecosystems & ecosystem processes/functioning -example next to a river, the ground water with the trees holds more cold (climate refugia)

Recently, there has been a interest in being able to identify and predict climate and disturbance refugia. Give a brief description of what climate and disturbance refugia are and how they contribute to the persistence and recover of ecosystems

regime shift

Regime shift are large, abrupt, persistent changes in the structure and function of ecosystems, the climate,

Sketch the earth and divide north hemisphere with polar on top, then temperate, then tropical and then the southern hemisphere is the mirror image of that

Sketch the planet (in this case the sketch IS the answer), divide it into three major latitudinal zones (indicate at which latitudes you are dividing your climate zones) and label the climate zones (note - the answer is NOT low, mid, and high-latitudes).

Another example is with birds that lay their eggs at a certain time of the year,. We look at what day they lay their eggs and there are some birds that lay their eggs earlier and some lay them later, but there is no distinct trend directly impacted by temp and climate change. However, the caterpillar is affected by climate change as the peak in caterpillar emergence is influenced by temperature.So theres more caterpillars at the beginning of the year. So unfortunately, for SOME OF the birds, their food source comes at earlier and earlier times. Early laying birds have an advantage over late laying birds and their fitness is more successful and therefore thats an indirect impact bc their food resource is dir impacted

Use a specific example to explain how climate change and indirectly lower the fitness of a species by altering the phenology of another species.

Ex: u have a species of trees that flower at a certain time of year and rely on a pollinator that is available at a certain time of year. This overlap is essential and ideal, but when u have a shift in climate change, temperatures increase and instead of budding april thru may and the pollinator being present in april thru may, and due to temp increase, lets say flowering starts in march and ends thru april and now u have decreased this overlap and so now the tree is not getting pollinated/ able to reproduce and the fitness is lowered

Use a specific example to explain how climate change can directly lower the fitness of a species by altering its phenology.

Tundra turns into the Taiga- because the tundra is melting which means more open space and less ice cover/ leads to latitudinal shift of woody vegetation ummmmm so trees

Use a specific example to explain what a regime shift is (note these means you have to define the term and use an example to illustrate that definition, this includes specifically point out how those two are connected).

Tipping point: when an ecosystem has been stressed so far to where it cannot go back to its original state (even if the stressor was somehow removed) its an irreversible change, usually to a less efficient and div state Desertification: arid areas are experiencing increased aridity and expanding desertification driven by heat waves, droughts, (driven by climate change) and expanding population sizes (other anthropogenic driver). Overuse of land areas leads to degradation of vegetation and soils coupled with political instability leading to poor regulation of resources Poor soil management practices lead to soil degradation and dry areas of land become increasingly arid, loose water bodies, and vegetation and wildlife. Positive feedback loop 1: Reduced soil conservation leads to soil erosion, leads to loss of moisture, which leads to biodiversity loss which leads to reduction of vegetation cover and microbial species which leads back to reduced soil conservation/ erosion Positive feedback loop 2: Climate change leads to increase in extreme events like floods droughts and fires which leads to soil erosion which leads to reduced CO2 reserves coupled with increased CO2 emissions leading back to climate change Both loops describe amplification of desertification process

Use an example to explain how interactions between climate and vegetation lead to large scale shifts that are frequently accelerated by positive feedback loops and can result in tipping points. Make sure your explanation includes details on what ecosystem is being affected and how (i.e. a shift from x to y), at least two drivers and mechanisms that are creating the shift (be specific i.e. "due to climate change ..." is not sufficient, describe what climate change is specifically causing to change in the system you are describing) an description of at least two feedback loops involved in the process an explanation of why this could result in a tipping point (that includes explaining what is meant by a tipping point).

The loss of a single species with a central role of controlling the movement of energy and nutrients in a system has severe impacts on ecosystems. Krill is known as a controller species in the Antarctic ecosystem. A controller species is one that plays a central role in controlling the movement of energy and nutrients in an ecosystem and generally comprises a large proportion of the biomass. Krill are shrimp-like, filter feeder creatures that chain link primary producers to higher trophic levels- can provide nutrients from phytoplankton to all other species of higher levels. So without them, other trophic levels suffer severe nutrient losses. Krill eat sea-ice algae and warmer temperatures and loss of sea ice has led to a major decline in the pop.

Use krill as an example to explain how the rapid decline (or loss) of a single species due to climate change can have severe impacts on an entire ecosystem (Hint: Your will want to define what a controller species is and explain how krill fulfill this functional role in the Antarctic system, you should also establish the link of climate change and the decline in krill abundance).

Young snappers/groupers = eaten by lion fish (direct) Adult groupers/snappers = will starve if lion fish eats other young fish/shrimpy (competition) (indirect) Grazing fish = if lionfish feed on grazing fish, algae overgrowth may occur which blocks the sun which kills coral/ corals grassed over (indirect) Cleaner Fish - if lionfish eat these guys, harmful parasites will increase when cleanerfish are lessened (indirect)

Use lionfish as an example to explain how invasive species directly alter local ecosystems directly through species interactions, list three specific example of how groups of species are impacted by lionfish, specify whether they are directly or indirectly impacted.

Matter enters the ecosystem as nutrients in the soil that are used to build plants. Plants are eaten and mass goes up the pyramid. The same happens when carnivores eat herbivores, and so on. Not all mass makes it to the top of the pyramid. This is because decomposers are eating all the biomass that gets left behind, like roots of plants or animal bones. Also, mass is turned into energy for each organism. When an organism is decomposed, its nutrients return to the soil, where plants can once again start the cycle anew.

Use the concept of a food web to describe how interactions among the species of a community control the fluxes of matter and energy through biological systems. (see food web in doc)

Provisioning, Cultural, Regulating, Supporting

What are the 4 categories of ecosystem services

ecosystem

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment is the community + the physical factors with which those organisms interact.

climate zone

a section of earth's surface defined by its mean annual temperature & annual total precipitation along with monthly/seasonal variations & extremes

regulating

benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes examples: air, water purification, climate regulation, erosion control, natural disaster mitigation, post disease control, pollination, and soil fertility the way that an ecosystem regulates a natural environment

biome

broad geographic zones with characteristic plants (animals) adapted to different climate patterns

biotic conditions can also effect persistance of populations

conditions of an environment that have to do with the living components. Examples are animals and plants.

Phenology: Timing of life cycle/history events Life history characteristics/traits include timing but also e.g. age/size at maturity, growth patterns, longevity, fecundity etc.

define phenology and life history

ecological pressure

degree of disturbance/ stressor from the external environment that the ecosystems experience

Biodiversity allows for an ecosystem to function well and better than it would without diversity, those functions allow for ecosystem services, and then human well being can be affected by these services when we value/use them. Example: Changes in biodiversity will likely lead to trade-offs in ecosystem service provision. For example, converting diverse grassland to cropland tends to provide high levels of crop production but low levels of many other ecosystem services.

describe the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services and human wellbeing

A utilitarian view/value of biodiversity is based on a means to an end. We as humans value aspects of nature or the environment because it provides us with resources, materials, and goods. Therefore, we tend to justify saving the environment because without it, we would lose these benefits. Example: we have to save the bees because flowers are pretty and honey tastes good Leary's words: The most commonly used value systems to justify a need for conservation and management are the intrinsic, instrumental/utilitarian, and relation value we place on biodiversity

describe the utilitarian. intramental view of biodiversity

supporting

ecological processes that control the functioning of the ecosystems and production of other services examples: resource capture, biomass production, decomposition, nutrient recycling

for the barking frog: habitat- wooded regions and wetlands behaviors- often fuond in trees, barking attracts mates, can burrow feed on- small insects eaten by- birds snakes and racoons impacts on ecosystems- limits insects, aerates soil, serve as food source

give an example of niche

compositional

has to do with the identity and variety of elements in a collection, and includes species lists and measures of Conservation Biology species diversity and genetic diversity. (Has to do with genes and individuals)

Eutrophication leads to more phytoplankton/ algae blooms than can be consumed by zooplankton excess phytoplankton sink below the photic zone/ thermacline/ pychnocline and are decomposed- a process which uses O2 and can lead to aerobic deadzones

how do algal blooms lead to deadzones?

The hierarchy concept suggests that biodiversity be monitored at multiple levels of organization — multiple spatial and temporal scales. No single level of organization (e.g., gene, population, community) is fundamental, and different levels of resolution are appropriate for different questions. Big questions require answers from several scales. If we are interested in the effects of climate change on biodiversity, for instance, we may want to consider (1) the climatic factors controlling major vegetation ecotones and patterns of species richness across continents; ( 2 ) the availability of suitable habitats and landscape linkages for species migration; ( 3 ) the climatic controls on regional and local disturbance regimens ;(4)the physiological tolerances, autecological requirements, and dispersal capacities of individual species; and ( 5 ) the genetically controlled variation within and between populations of a species in response to climatic variables. Also, another value of the hierarchy concept for assessing biodiversity is the recognition that effects of environmental stresses will be expressed in different ways at different levels of biological organization. Effects at one level can be expected to reverberate through other levels, often in unpredictable ways

how do compositional, structural and functional asses biodiversity

probs indirect The goby fish is incredibly important for maintaining the diversity of the coral reef ecosystem and because of this, the coral reefs are being harmed as the goby population declines. These fishes are the perfect size for larger species to eat and by attracting larger fish to the area, the biodiversity of the coral reefs are sustained. There is also a symbiotic relationship here as the corals provide protection from the larger species that eat them and the fish pluck off algae that harms the corals. Now with warmer and more acidic waters, the fish are not reproducing as much, leaving fewer of them to clean the corals, thus harming the coral ecosystem in total.

iii. Population decay & local extirpation of goby's in as coral reef bleaching leads to habitat loss.

life history/ life history traits

include timing but also e.g. age/size at maturity, growth patterns, longevity, fecundity etc.

community

interacting group of various species in a shared/ common location

functional

involves ecological and evolutionary processes, including gene flow, disturbances, and nutrient cycling (Has to do with communities and ecosystems)

population

is a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding with each other in the same space at the same time.

probs direct Because of the lizard's need to have sunlight and heat to warm its body, the lizard cannot appropriately thermoregulate. Because of this, with rising global temperatures, the spiny lizard is experiencing higher than normal temperatures and the excess heat has caused a decline in reproduction. As the lizards spend their time in the sun, they are heated but because the heat is prolonged and at higher temperatures, their basic bodily functions are threatened. They can no longer go out in the sun for the same amount of time as before and because of this, their ability to hunt and mate has been limited.

iv. Population decay & local extirpations of the spiny lizard as maximum temperatures during their reproductive seasons are close to their physiological limit and result in decreased activity.

geographical range shift

kinda a form of migration. Species that were previously found in an area, are no longer found there and now species that were previously not found in an area are found.

climate niche, ecological niche

large-scale temperature and precipitation conditions; position of a species within an ecosystem, describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem.

climate refugia

locations that will likely experience less change or exhibit increased resilience compared to the surrounding landscape.

cultural

non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems recreation, ecotourism, education, aesthetic, inspiration, religion, cultural heritage examples: walking in a park, touring national parks, fishing for recreation, nature as a sign of God in religion

structural

physical organization or pattern of a system, from hab- itat complexity as measured within communities to the pattern of patches and other elements at a landscape scale. (Has to do with populations and species)

abiotic and biotic

physical, chemical conditions Non living factors example- temperature change species interactions, e.g. competition, predation, Living factors example- species interaction

provisioning

products gained from ecosystem food, water, raw materials, medicines, biotech examples: salmon as food, drinking water, timber

on the bottom we have tropical which includes (rainforest, seasonal tropical rain forest, scrubland, savanna, and desert) then we have the temperates: which includes deciduous forests, chaparral, and grassland and also desert but more cacti less sand then we have subpolar which is coniferous/ boreal forests/ Taiga at the top we got polar which is the tundra

sketch out the biome pyramid s(see pretty picture) wet to dry on x axis and hot to cold on y axis

regime

the characteristic functions of an environment that are maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedback loops

extirpation

the local extinction of an organism or species, cease to exist in a particular area but continue to exist elsewhere.

sustainable use of a resource

the managed use of resources at a rate only as fast as the rate at which they are replaced rather than using them to exhaustion

habitat

the natural environment of an animal

biosphere

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth, occupied by living organisms. Includes the abiotic and biotic factors

geographic range

the spacial area in which a species can tolerate the abiotic and biotic factor

an ecological niche of an indiv or species

the sum of an organism's use of biotic & abiotic resources

phenology

the timing of an organisms life history events

biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

subpolar and it sits between the polar and the temperate bands/ climate zones

two sub-zones do we frequently refer to as well and where do they fit in?

probs indirect As water dries up, the fish in these small lakes and ponds cannot survive. With their habitats drying up, the fish can no longer have enough oxygen and their ability to reproduce successfully has not been supported.

v. Water bodies (small lakes/ponds) inhabited by Adrar mountain fish are diminished during droughts.

the biological, chemical and physical processes which maintain energy flow and balance among trophic levels and nutrients (matter)among the biotic and abiotic components of an ecoystem in other words: the capacity of natural processes and components to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs either directly or indirectly

what are ecosystem functions

habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, climate change

what are the 5 major categories of anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity loss (see pretty picture)

The difference: climate zones only refers to abiotically/ it includes things like temperature and precipitation, whereas biomes take abiotic and biotic factors into consideration. They are linked because biomes are a result of how climate patterns impact (animals) but mostly vegetation as climate dictates vegetation which dictates the animal species living in that biome u feel?

whats the differenct between climatezones and biomes and how are they linked

higher productivity (total biomass) Increasing stability higher resilience and faster recovery more resistant to invasive species

why do we care about biodiversity

because of increased precipitation and temperatures, farmers use increasing amounts of fertilizer becaause theyres loosing it to run off into water bodies, the more precip, the more fert used, the more runoff= pos feedback loop

why is climate change leading to increased algal blooms

- decrease in temperature that is witnessed closer to the poles and higher in elevation, as the areas of the earth that experience the most consistent amount of sunlight/heat are warming up, the conditions are becoming too extreme for certain species to handle. - as the equator warms, the subtropical areas are warming too and the taiga/tundra line becomes more blurred -soooo the range of certain species is moving northward and upward in search of the temperatures conducive to these species' needs -(Unfortunately, not all species have the ability to migrate the species left behind will either adapt or die off once the conditions become too extreme.)

why is the general pattern of range shifts is poleward or upward in elevation?