Basic English Grammar Part 1

Demonstrative Determiners (Demonstrative Adjectives)

(This, That, these, those) Ex: I am keeping "these" books. I am selling "those" books. "This" ice cream is delicious. How much is "that" racket. What is "that" animal? Would you like "these" apples? James lives in "this" house. Note: "this" and "these" is use when you point to people or things near you. "that" and "those" is use when you point to people or things that are farther from you. (This, That) use before singular nouns. (These, those) before plural nouns. Singular-Plural this -these that -those

Interrogative Determiners (Interrogative Adjectives)

(What, which , whose) use before nouns, to ask about people or things. "What" time is it? "What" color is her hair? "What" size do you wear? "Which" school do you go to? "Which" doll is your favorite? Do you know "which" girl won the prize? "Whose" footprint are these? "Whose" baby is this? "Whose" dog was barking in the middle of the night? (what-unsa; which-asa, whose-kinsa)

The Articles

(a, an, the) this words belong to the determiners group. (a, an) this are called "infinite articles".This can be use with singular nouns to talk about single person or thing. Ex: This is "a" picture of "an" elephant singing. Rudy is reading "a" book. She eats "an" apple "a" day. Note. The article "an" is used before words beginning with "vowels". The article "a" is used before words beginning with "consonants". The word "the" is called "definite articles". Use "the" before "noun" when you are talking about a certain person or thing. Ex: Granny is sitting in "the" garden. "The" telephone is ringing. Where's "the" cat? "The" street is very busy today. Note: you can also use "the" before noun when there is only "one" Ex. "the" sun, "the" moon, "the" front door of my house.

Possessive Determiners (Possessive Adjectives)

(my, your, his, her, its, our,their) use before nouns, to say something "belongs to". Ex:I lent Mars "my" guitar. The dentist ask "his" patient to open "her" mouth. Is this "your" house? Robert, "your" handwriting is difficult to read. Michael is showing "his" tortoise to his friends. My sister lost "her" way in the city. The lion is chasing "its" prey. Singular -Plural (First person) my- our; (Second person) your -your; (Third person) his- their; her- their; its -their;

Adjective

-Describes a thing. -Tell you more about a noun. -Usually appear before the noun, but sometimes appear after the noun. Ex: (appear before the noun) A "smart" dog. An "old" building. A "tall" basketball player. A "law" fence. It is "windy". (appear after the noun) John's handwriting is very "neat". The sea is "rough". All the players are very "tall". The baby's hands are very "small". Sue's drawing is "beautiful". That problem is too "difficult". Peter is very "quiet" today.

3 groups of Pronoun

1st person, 2nd person,third person. 1st person- the person speaking(I, me [singular]) (we, us [plural]) 2nd person- the person spoken to (you [both singular and plural]) 3rd person -the person, animal, things spoken about (he, she, him, her, it [singular]) and (they, them [plural]) Note: He -for men and boys, she- for women and girls, it-for things and animals) EXAMPLE: Subject- Object First person singular :I - me Second person singular: you - you Third person singular: he- him, she- her,it-it First person plural: we- us Second person plural :you -you Third person plural: they- them

Nouns

2 Types: 1.) Common Nouns -words for people, animals, places and things. Example: (for people) actor lawyer aunt judge baby man baker nurse (for animals) zebra, deer, bird,eagle,crocodile (for places) park, beach, store, shop, library (for things) bed, books, speaker 2.)Proper Nouns - names for particular people, places or things. Always begin with a capital letter. Note: Names of countries and their people is also a proper noun. (like: Egyptian, Filipino, Philippines ) Example: (for people) Marieliese, Nancy, Policarpo, Mark (for places-includes names of towns, landmarks and building) Bukidnon, the Eiffel Tower Note: the days of the week (Mon. to Sun.) and months of the year (Jan. to Dec. ) are also proper nouns. page:17

Am, Is, Are

These are verbs, but not action words. A simple present tense of the verb "be" Use "am" with the pronoun "I", Ex: I am Peter. I am not Paul. " is" with the pronouns "he", "she" and "it". Ex: It is a donkey. It is not a horse. He is my father. He is a doctor. He is not a lawyer. Use "are" with the pronouns "you", "we" and "they". Ex: You are a stranger. You are not my friend. We are in the same class, but we are not on the same team. They are good friends. They are not enemies.

Demonstrative Pronouns

They are showing words. (this, these, that, those) Ex: Those are gods. These are sheep. Use:This, these - when you point things near you. That, those - when you point things farther away. Singular-Plural This-These That-Those

Use "a" or "an" before singular nouns.

Use "an" before the words that begins a vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Example: an axe, an egg, an orange, an umbrella, an uncle But some words, don't follow this rule: Use "a" not "an" to these words that begin with "u" Example: a university, a uniform Use "a" before words that begins with a consonants. Ex: a star., a rainbow, a car, a pillow, a towel But some, don't follow this rule: Use "an" not "a" to these words that begin with "h" Example: an honor, an heir, an hour

Personal Pronouns

Use as the "subject" of the verb in a sentence. (I, he, she,they, it , we, you) Ex: My name is David. "I" am the youngest in the family. This is my father. "He" is a teacher. This is my mother. "She" is a lawyer. "I"have a brother and two sisters. "They" are Peter, Sharon and Jenny. "I" have a dog. "It" is called Lucky. Lucky, "you" are a good dog. Good morning, children! "You" may sit down now. My family and "I" live in a big city. "We" have an apartment. Note:The subject of a sentence is the person, animal,place or thing that does the action shown by the verb. -------------------------- The words (me, you, him, her, it, us and them) are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns. These pronouns are used as the "object" of the verb in a sentence. Ex: I am standing on my head. Look at "me". My mother is kind. Everybody likes "her". Lisa, I told "you" to tidy your bed! Sharon and Jenny! Dad is waiting for "you"! Lucky and I are playing in the park. Dad is watching "us". You must not play with the knife. Give "it" to "me". Pick up your toys and put "them" away. Note: The "object" of a sentence is the person, animal,place or thing that receives the action shown by the verb.

Neuter Nouns

Words for things that are neither male nor female Ex:bench, mirror, waterfall, leaves, fire,ball, forest building, gymnasium broom, playground cake, rock computer ,sky card, socks floor ,wind

Simple Present Tense

expresses general truth or customary action Ex: Mary enjoys singing. Peter sometimes lends me his bike. Cows eat grass. Monkeys like bananas. Tom collects stamps. The earth goes around the sun. It often snows in winter. We always wash our hands before meals. We eat three meals a day. Father takes the dog for a walk every morning. Use this when you talk about things that are planned for the future. Ex: We join the senior scout troop in July this year. My big brother leaves school at 4 o'clock. The new supermarket opens next Friday. The new grammar book comes out in September. Grandad retires next year. We fly to London next Thursday. The plane lands at 5:30 P.M. We move to our new house in a month. My big sister begins her summer job next week. Table

kein particle meaning

no past particle Ex: Modal verbs -can-could-kein particle

Interrogative Pronouns

pronouns that is used for asking questions. (who, whom, whose, which , what) Ex: (Who) -Who are you playing with? -Who are those people? (Whom) -Whom are you playing with? -Whom is he talking to? (Which) -Which of these bag is yours? -Which do you prefer? (Whose) -Whose is this umbrella? -Whose are these gloves? (What) -What is your name? -What is the time? -What are you talking about? Note: Who can be used as the" object" of a verb as well, as the subject. "Whom" is used only as the object. For example, you can say: "Who" are you playing with? or "Whom" are you playing with?

Reflexive Pronouns

refer to a person/animal that is the subject of the verb. ( myself, yourself, themselves, ourselves, themselves, yourselves, itself, herself, himself) Ex: I made this cake "myself". Be careful with the knife. You'll cut "yourself". Michael is looking at "himself" in the mirror. Susan has hurt "herself". Our cat washes "itself" after each meal. We organized the party all by "ourselves". Come in, children, and find "yourselves" a seat. Baby birds are too young to look after "themselves" Note: Singular -Plural First person- (I,me) myself -(we,us) ourselves Second person -(you) yourself- (you) yourselves Third person -(he, him) himself -(they, them) themselves; (she, her) herself -(they, them) themselves; (it) itself (they, them) themselves.

Plural Nouns

talking two or more people, animals, things or places Note: Most nouns are made plural by adding "s" at the end. Ex: Singular -Plural bird -birds broom- brooms camel -camels desk -desks doll -dolls egg -eggs flower- flowers fork -forks game- games lamb -lambs nest -nests pen -pens photo- photos shirt -shirts spoon- spoons Note: Some plural nouns end in "es" This is when the singular noun ends with "ch", "s", "x", "sh,"ss". You need to add "es" to form a plural noun. Ex: Fox-Foxes, watch-watches, glass-glasses, brush-brushes Some plural nouns end in "ies" Note: changing "y" to "i" and adding "es" Ex: Singular-Plural baby -babies cherry -cherries diary -diaries dictionary- dictionaries fairy- fairies family -families fly -flies lady- ladies library- libraries puppy- puppies story -stories strawberry -strawberries A vowel before the "y" Note: Add "s" to form plural. Ex: Singular-Plural Key-Keys tray-trays chimney- chimneys cowboy -cowboys day- days donkey- donkeys jersey -jerseys kidney -kidneys monkey- monkeys toy -toys trolley -trolleys valley -valleys If a noun ends in "f", change "f" to "v" and add "es. Ex: Singular Plural Singular Plural calf -calves ,loaf- loaves elf -elves ,shelf -shelves half -halves ,thief- thieves leaf -leaves, wolf -wolves Often noun ends in "f", you just need to add "s" to form plural. Ex: cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, roof-roofs Some words that end in "f" , the plural can be spelled in 2 ways. Ex: dwarf- dwarfs, dwarves scarf-scarfs, scarves With some word that end in "fe". change "f" to "v" and add "s". Ex:Singular-Plural knife-knives life-lives wife-wives If a noun end in "o", just add "s" to form the plural Ex: Singular- Plural a hippo -hippos a video -videos a zoo- zoos Some noun that end in "o" you need to add "es" Ex: Singular- Plural a tomato- tomatoes a potato -potatoes a hero -heroes a flamingo - flamingoes With some nouns that end in -o, you can add either -s or -es to form the plural. Singular -Plural,Plural a mango- mangoes ,mangos a mosquito -mosquitoes, mosquitos a zero- zeroes, zeros a buffalo -buffaloes, buffalos Some plural nouns don't follow the -s rule. They don't end in -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form. Ex: Singular-Plural mouse-mice foot-feet goose-geese child- children man -men ox- oxen tooth- teeth woman -women Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun. Ex: fish-fish, sheep-sheep,reindeer-reindeer Note: You can use "fishes" as the plural of "fish" when you are talking about different kinds of fish: all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean. Some nouns are always plural. Ex: pants ,scissors pajamas, sneakers shorts, slippers trousers ,stockings sandals You can make these plural nouns singular by using a pair of: a pair of binoculars a pair of spectacles a pair of goggles a pair of jeans a pair of shorts a pair of pliers

Common Gender

use both male and female Ex: doctors, scientists, accountants, parents ,artists ,managers designers, pupils engineers, singers lawyers, teachers

Collecive Nouns

words for groups of people, animals or things. Ex: an audience, a choir, a band, a family, a crew Note: Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or plural verb . Ex: My family was happy to see me. or My family were happy to see me. But, these collective nouns always take a plural verb: cattle, people, the police Here are some more collective nouns: a bunch of keys a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards a fleet of ships - a group of ships a flock of sheep - a group of animals a gaggle of geese - a group of geese/people a gang of robbers a herd of cattle -a large group a litter of cubs - group of things, cubs(young animals that eats meat) a pod of whales - a number of animals a pack of wolves a pride of lions a set of stamps a swarm of bees- very large number of insects a troupe of actors- a company , group of actors

Kinds of Adjectives

Describes the qualities of Nouns: Example: a beautiful rainbow a difficult question happy children a kind lady a new car an old house a pretty girl a wicked queen Adjectives Origin Example: A "Filipino" shirt A "Mexican" hat "Chinese" kungfu the "English" language "Thai" boxing Tell you the color of things Example: The sky is "gray" Please get me some "white" paint Carrots are " orange" George is wearing "brown" shoes" Tell you the size of the nouns you descibe Example: A "fat" sumo wrestler A "huge" balloon "broad" shoulders Note: "Tall" describes the people, narrow or upright object. Ex: a " tall " man, a "tall" bookcase "High" describes bigger or wider object that reach a great height. Ex: A "high" mountain, a "high" wall. Adjectives of quantity- numbers,tells you how many people, animals, or things they are. Ex: "twelve" geese, "thirteen" mice, "fifteen" frogs Quantifying determiners - tells you the quantity without giving the exact number. Ex: "a few" cups, "a lot of" books, "some" soldiers Comparison Adjectives- used this when you compare two people or things, lot of this adjectives ends in "-er" . Ex: small-smaller;fast-faster; cheap-cheaper;thick-thicker; Note: The word "than" is often used for comparative adjectives. Ex: Mark is taller "than" his sister ; A sports car is "faster" than a motorbike. Used a superlative form of adjectives - when you compare three or more nouns. Lots of superlative ends in "-est" . Ex: dark-darker-darkest ;thick-thicker-thickest ; fat, fat-fatter-fattest; hot-hotter-hottest; simple-simpler-simplest; noise-noisier-noisiest; Note: You often add "the" before the superlative form in a sentence. Ex: Mt. Everest is "the" highest mountain in the world; Peter is "the" tallest boy in his class. With adjectives that ends in "-e" add "-r" to form comparative, and "-st" to form the superlative. Ex:(word-comparative-superlative) close-closer-closest; large-larger-largest; safe-safer-safest; wide-wider-widest; Some adjectives have one syllable, ends with a consonant, and have a single vowel before the consonant. With these adjectives, double the the last letter and add "er" to form comparative and "est" to form superlative. Ex: (word-comparative-superlative) big-bigger-biggest; dim-dimmer-dimmest; sad-sadder-saddest; mad-madder-maddest; Some adjectives have two syllables and end in "-y". With these adjectives, change "-y" to "-i" and add "er" to form comparative , while "-est" to form superlative. Ex:(word-comparative-superlative) busy-busier-busiest; dirty-dirtier-dirtiest; happy-happier-happiest;pretty-prettier-prettiest; With some adjectives, add "more" to make comparative form, while "most" to make superlative form.(-ve,-ful,-ing, -ous, -able) Ex: (word-comparative-superlative) beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful; active-more active-most active; cheerful-more cheerful-most cheerful; charming-more charming-most charming; delicious-more delicious- most delicious; comfortable-more comfortable-most comfortable; Note: Adjectives that adds "more" and "most" to form comparative and superlative words are usually two or more syllables. Ex: ac-tive, ex-pen-sive,beau-ti-ful Some comparative and superlative form of adjectives are completely diff. words. Ex: good-better-best;little/few-less-least; bad-worse-worst; many-more-most; much-more-most; Note: With these adjectives, you don't add -er or more to form the comparative, or -est or most to form the superlative.

old's children's rhyme about 8 parts of speech (Read and remember it)

Every name is called a "noun". As "field" and "fountain", "street" and "town". In place a noun a "pronoun" stands. As "he" and "she" can clap their hands. The "adjective" describes a thing. As "magic" wand or "bridal" ring. Most "verbs" mean action, something done, To "read" and "write", to "jump" and "run". How things are done the "adverbs" tell, As "quickly", "slowly", "badly", "well". The "preposition" shows relation, As "in" the street or "at" the station. "Conjunctions" join, in many ways, Sentences, words,"or" phrase "and "phrase". The "interjection" cries out," "Heed! " An exclamation must follow me! "

Determiners

Special adjectives that is used before nouns( This, their, my, those, which)

Singular Noun

Talking about one person, animal, place, thing. Ex: an owl, a ship, an airplane, a boy, a girl

Verbs and Tenses

Tells you what people, animal ,things are doing Ex: act ,jump bake ,move bend ,pull buy ,run close, shout cook ,sing cross ,sit fall ,slide fly ,stand go, start grow ,swim hop, walk

Pronouns

A word that takes the place of a common noun or proper noun.

Adjective Endings

Adjectives have diff. endings. some ends in "-full" or "-less" Ex: "homeless" people "playful" puppies a "beautiful" dress a "careless" driver a "faithful" dog a "harmless" insect a "useful" tool Note: An adjective that ends in "-less" is the opposite of the same adjective that ends in "-ful". Ex: careful-careless useful-useless fearful-fearless colorful -colorless harmful-harmless Note: An adjective that ends "-ful" , means having a lot of something Ex: painful = having a lot of pain hopeful = having a lot of hope Note: An adjective that ends "-less", means without. Ex: leafless = without leaves sleeveless = without sleeves Note: Some adjectives ends in "-y" Ex: a "dirty" street a "noisy" room an "oily" pot a "sleepy" passenger a "sunny" day Note: Some adjectives end in "-ive" Ex: an "active" child an "attractive" hat a "creative" toy Some adjectives end in "-ing" Ex: a "caring" nurse an "interesting" book "loving" parents "matching" clothes a "smiling" face Some adjectives end in "-ly" Ex: a "costly" diamond ring an "elderly" woman "lively" kittens a "lonely" boy a "lovely" girl a "weekly" magazine Note: Many adverbs also end in "-ly" Some adjectives with the endings -able, -al, -en, -ible, -ish and -ous. Ex: "childish" behavior a national costume a "comfortable" chair a musical instrument a "dangerous" place a terrible mess a "foolish" act a woolen sweater a "horrible" smell a wooden table a "lovable" koala

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

Masculine Nouns - use for men and boys, and male animals. (Masculine gender) Feminine Nouns - use for women and girls, and females animals. (Feminine Gender) Example: queen-king hen-rooster lioness-lion bride-bridegroom actor-actress emperor-empress master-mistress nephew-niece Animals-Male,Female chicken- rooster, hen cattle -bull ,cow deer -buck, doe donkey- jack ,jenny duck -drake, duck fox- fox ,vixen goose- gander, goose horse -stallion ,mare lion- lion, lioness sheep- ram, ewe tiger -tiger, tigress Note: Nouns that end in -ess and -ress often belong to the feminine gender. Ex: actress- stewardess lioness -tigress princess -waitress