(BB) exam one
3 phases of LTP
(1) stimulation (2) induction (3) expression
post
(pre/post?) synaptic changes include: * expansion and increase of dendritic spines (requires actin) * insertion of more receptors (requires synthesis of AMPA receptors and PSD95)
pre
(pre/post?) synaptic changes include: * increased number of reserve synaptic vesicles (synapsin I) * increase in vesicle membrane docking proteins (synaptotagmin) * increase in terminal buttons
yerkes-dodson Law
basically goldilocks of relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive function * low intensity exercise has no impact * moderate intensity exercise improves cognitive function * long-duration or high-intensity exercise has no impact
c
I only have an hour, but I need to exercise AND study! What should I do!???!!? a. make the most of the time and run as fast as you can on a treadmill while studying. b. Screw it, an hour isn't long enough for studying, just go exercise. c. make the most of the time and exercise at a low intensity on a stationary bike while studying. d. exercise at an extremely high intensity for 30 minutes, and then study for 30 minutes.
a
Is an increase in cardiovascular fitness a prerequisite for positive effects of exercise on cognition? a. An increase in cardiovascular fitness explains only a small amount of the cognitive benefits of exercise Yes, lower-intensity exercise such as gymnastics or stretching programs have no benefits on cognitive function No, there is absolutely no relationship between cardiovascular fitness and cognitive function I need more coffee
a
Is cognitive function always improved after a bout of exercise? a. No, it depends on exercise duration and intensity. b. Yes, exercise always improves cognitive function. c. Yes, but the beneficial effect of exercise varies depending on exercise intensity. d. No, because there is a reduction of blood flow to the prefrontal cortex for about 30 min after exercise
a
Is there evidence that exercise can enhance maladaptive forms of learning, or does exercise only improve adaptive (beneficial) forms of learning? a. yes, mice that exercise prior to drug conditioning develop a stronger memory of the drug experience. This could be maladaptive because it could contribute to addiction. b. No, exercise only improves memory of things that are helpful to the organism c. No, exercise doesn't improve any type of learning
T
NE depolarizes neurons preparing them for action potentials when they are recruited by the cognitive task T or F?
T
NE helps in the formation fo new proteins required for long term memory T or F?
T
NE helps recruit resources to brain regions used in the cognitive task T or F?
phase one (stimulation) of LTP
NMDA receptors act as a "gate" only allowing stimuli to open ion channel if the spot synaptic neuron is already depolarized
a
Norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in enhancing cognitive function after a bout of exercise. Which of the following is LEAST likely to explain how NE enhances cognitive function. (a) NE helps to calm the brain, so we can better concentrate on the cognitive task (b) NE helps recruit resources to brain region used in the cognitive task (c) NE helps in the formation of new proteins required for the consolidation of long-term memory (d) NE depolarizes neurons, preparing them for action potentials when they are recruited during the cognitive task
T
T or F? low to moderate intensity exercise has no effect on executive function (during the exercise)
novel object recognition
Test of short-term memory in rodents based on the tendency of the animal to explore a novel object in preference to a familiar one.
VO2
VO2 is the volume (V) of oxygen (O2) consumed per minute * measures fitness
BDNF
gene provides instructions for making a protein found in the brain and spinal cord called brain-derived neurotrophic factor
basal ganglia
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement * motor memory/reaction time * habits * reaction time
exercise induced transient hypofrontality
temporary neural inhibition + reduced blood flow that occurs in the prefrontal cortex during exercise of sufficient intensity * explain the impairment of prefrontal functions during high intensity exercise * underlie the sense of "flow" during exercise
NEAT
the energy expended from everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or exercise
(1) transient hyperfrontality (2) increased attention (3) increased BDNF
3 important roles for NE in the enhancement of cog function produced by exercise
c
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law... a. Very brief bouts of low intensity exercise improves cognitive function. b. Cognitive function is optimal during sleep. c. Moderate intensity exercise of about 20 minutes in duration improves cognitive function for about an hour. d. High intensity and long duration exercise improves cognitive function more than moderate intensity exercise.
phase three (expression) of LTP
CAMK directs the expression of many genes responsible for making proteins required on the post synaptic membrane * expansion and increase of dendritic spines requires actin * insertion of more receptors. requires synthesis of AMPA receptors and PSD95
on
CAMK turns (on/off?) the BDNF gene, which in turn drives the expression of proteins important for post synaptic changes (PSD95, etc.)
phase two (induction) of LTP
Ca2+ enters the post synaptic cell and activates CAM kinases * CAMK increases the concentration of intracellular calcium ions * CAMK activates transcription factors important for the expression of genes that code for proteins required for synaptic plasticity
improved
Cognitive function, including executive function and reaction time, are (improved/reduced?) after a single bout of exercise (~20 min). * effects persist for about an hour.
a
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans indicate that exercise actually GROWS parts of the brain! What parts of the brain have been reported to have a larger volume of gray matter (neurons) after a long-term exercise program? (a) Frontal cortex and hippocampus (b) Anterior cingulate gyrus and locus coeruleus (c) Rostral posterior caudal nucleus (d) Dorsal raphe nucleus
c
Sleep fragmentation and early wake can be symptoms of... (a) narcolepsi (b) moderate intensity exercise (c) sleep maintenance insomnia (d) sleep onset insomnia
a
Stages of sleep revealed by EEG include stage 1, stage 2, slow-wave, and _______________. (a) REM (b) stage 4 (c) the nightmare stage (d) stage 5
T
T or F? Chronic exercise improves achievement in school * grows parts of the brain involved in learning and memory (hippocampus) * speeds development (thinning) of the cortex (among other effects)
F
T or F? Exercise intervention studies are "double-blind."
T
T or F? exercise decreases REM sleep in humans
F
T or F? Chronic exercise only improves sleep in people who sleep poorly
T
T or F? In addition to exercise, simply practicing hippocampus-dependent learning tasks can enhance neurogenesis
T
T or F? It is difficult to determine how well rats remember things, since rats don't speak "human." One way to assess rats' memory is with the Novel Object Recognition task. A rat who spends MORE time with the novel object during the memory test likely has a BETTER memory than a rat who spends equal time exploring both the familiar and novel object.
b
What answer below best describes what occurs during the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP)? (a) AMPA receptors allow sodium (NA+) to enter the post-synaptic neuron (b) Calcium (CA2+) activates CaM Kinase in the post-synaptic neuron (c) Glutamate is released from the pre-synaptic neuron (d) New proteins are inserted into the post-synaptic membrane
a
What are some neurotrophins that are increased following exercise? (a) IGF-1 and BDNF (b) APG-7 and FNDB (c) AP-1 and IATECHEESE (d) AP-1 and APG-7
a
What are the two most common types of intervention studies designed to assess the effects of exercise on cognitive function? a. Acute and chronic exercise studies b. Chronic and long-term exercise studies c. Acute and short-duration exercise studies d. I'm not sure, because I didn't read the paper
b
What could explain the reduction in executive function during high-intensity exercise? a. reaction time increases. b. transient hypofrontality, characterized by a reduction of neural activity in the prefrontal cortex. c. you're crushing it so hard, your prefrontal cortex falls out. d. you're concentrating so hard on the muscle activity that you can't think straight.
d
What glutamate receptor acts as a "gate," only allowing strong stimulation to induce LTP, and thus memory? (a) MDMA (b) PMPA (c) AMPA (d) NMDA
a
What groups have typically been used as control groups to determine the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on cognitive function? a. Stretching, light toning, and wait-list control groups b. Wait-list control groups only c. Groups given placebo pills d. Groups assigned to resistance training can serve as a control group
a
What is one of the most often reported structural changes in the brain caused by exercise in rodents? a. An increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus b. The growth of a second brain c. A reduction in the death of neurons d. An increase in brain size, so the brains of rats that exercise a lot weigh more than sedentary rats
Acute: cFos Chronic: deltaFosB
What is the difference between cFos and deltaFosB? Which would you expect to find in a neuron after an acute (single) bout of exercise? which would you expect to find after repeated, chronic exercise?
deltaFosB increases
What is the effect of exercise on deltaFosB in NE neurons? What does this tell you about the effect of repeated exercise on NE neurons?
NE mimics affect of exercise (at optimal amount) leads to increased memory * seen in rat/object testing
What is the potential mechanism for the enhancement of cognitive function following acute exercise? How is NE involved?
a
Where in the brain does adult neurogenesis take place? (a) Olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (b) Neurogenesis occurs in every brain region, that's why our heads get bigger as we age! (c) Prefrontal cortex and olfactory bulb (d) Neurogenesis doesn't occur during adulthood (e) Hypothalamus and hippocampus
c
Which answer below describes something that can "entrain our circadian rhythms?" a. Zeitgebers b. Exercise c. A, B, and C are all correct
d
Which choice below regarding memory consolidation is LEAST correct? (a) Memory consolidation occurs during REM sleep (b) Proteins required for long-term memory storage are formed during memory consolidation (c) Memory consolidation is important for the formation of long-term memory (d) Memory consolidation isn't necessary if you exercise
a
Which heart rate below represents moderate-intensity exercise? a. Exercise that maintains a heart rate of 50% - 70% of your maximum heart rate b. Elderly people can't engage in moderate intensity exercise, because their heart rate can't increase that high. c. Exercise the maintains a heart rate of greater than 70% of your maximum heart rate d. Exercise at or below 50% of your maximum heart rate
c
Which of the following is a plausible DIRECT mechanism by which exercise could improve sleep? (a) Reduces stress and anxiety (b) I can't think if another wrong answer (c) Increases adenosine release (d) Exposure to bright light
b
Which of the following post-synaptic proteins are increased by exercise? (a) PSD-95, synapsin, synaptotagmin (b) BDNF, PSD-95 (c) MDMA, AMPA, actin (d) BDNF, synapsin, synaptotagmin
b
Which part of the brain is thought to grow bigger during long-term exercise? a. Long-term exercise doesn't increase the size of any regions of the brain, it only thins the cortex (pruning). b. Hippocampus c. Hippothalamus d. Hypothalamus e Basal ganglia
a
You are a psychologist. A client, Dangit Iwishicouldsleep, is having trouble sleeping and wants to use exercise to help improve her sleep. What should you tell Dangit to do? a. Moderate intensity exercise, 3 times per week b. High intensity exercise right before bedtime c. Play a sport one time per week, for one hour d. Why would she need to sleep better? Just drink a bunch of caffeine and call it good.
c
You are a psychologist. A client, Ican't Sleepsogood, is having trouble sleeping and wants to use exercise to help improve his sleep. What should you tell Ican't to AVOID? (a) You should tell Ican't to avoid moderate intensity exercise (b) You should tell Ican't to avoid sleeping, then he won't be stressed out by not being able to sleep! (c) You should tell Ican't to avoid exercise at night (d) You should tell Ican't to avoid regular resistance training
c
You are interested in increasing the number of adult-born neurons (adult neurogenesis) n your brain. Which of the below will have the biggest impact on increasing adult neurogenesis? (a) Living in a complex environment (b) Being depressed (c) Exercise (d) Eating a lot of ice cream. Mmmmm... ice cream. (e) Being bored
c
You perform an experiment to determine if exercise increases neurogenesis in rats. So, you inject sedentary and exercising rats with BrdU and then wait about a week before looking in the brains for new neurons. When you look in the brains, the presence of _____________ indicates that a cell is adult-born, and the presence of _____________ indicates that the cell is a neuron. (a) BrdU, OldN (b) NeuN, BrdU (c) BrdU, NeuN
BDNF
________ is one protein in a family of growth factors which are important for promoting the growth and maintaining the heath of neurons
NE
__________ enhances memory in an object recognition task
chronic
___________ exercise leads to enhanced cognitive function * increases BDNF which enhances long term potentiation * increases neurogenesis, which enhances function of the hippocampus
deltafosB
_____________ accumulates in locus coeruleus NE neurons following repeated, daily exercise.
IGF-1
a hormone that, along with growth hormone (GH), helps promote normal bone and tissue growth and development.
exercise
a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that the improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is the objective
long term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation * believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
physical activity
any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure
transient hyper-frontality
during exercise executive function is impaired and reaction time is increased 2/2 _______ ___________
flow
effortless information processing * occurs during athletic performance, jazz improvisation, other complex stuff
grows
exercise (grows/shrinks?) the size of the hippocampus during critical developmental window
increases
exercise (increases/decreases?) activity of locus coeruleus NE neurons
impairs
high intensity exercise (impairs/increases?) executive function * exercise-induced transient hypofrontality
hippocampus
neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage * explicit memory * declarative memory * spatial memory
limbic system
neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres * associated with emotions and drives * amygdala, hippocampus, and septum
prefrontal cortex
part of the frontal lobe responsible for * working memory * self awareness, executive control, planning goal directed actions
Ca2+ channel blocked by magnesium. depolarization moves so that Ca2+ can come in.
the glutamate NMDA receptor is linked to a Ca2+ channel. however, when glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, sometimes Ca2+ can't enter the neuron. why would this be? what is required to allow Ca2+ to enter?
VO2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen an individual can consume, per kg, per minute
amygdala
the one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that is part of the limbic system * emotional memory * emotional responses * associated with fear
cognitive function
the process of thought * perceiving, learning, remembering, reasoning, decision making, reaction time
pruning
thinning of the cortex occurs during cortical development
