BBH 440 Quizzes
A case-control study looking at the association between breast cancer (outcome) and calcium supplemental use (exposure) found that among 100 women with breast cancer, 70 did not use calcium supplements and among 100 women without breast cancer 30 did not take calcium. What would the equation to calculate the odds ratio be? HINT: you should set up a 2 x 2 table to answer this
(30/70/(70/30)
In a study of 1500 adults, scientists were interested in assessing the relationship between increased hours of darkness during the winter months and diagnosis of depression. Results showed that 450 people were diagnosed with depression, and of those, 350 experienced significantly more time in darkness during the winter, while the rest did not have much difference in their light/dark exposure during the winter compared to other times of the year. Of those without depression, 300 had increased hours spent in darkness. How would the risk ratio be calculated for this result?
(350/650) / (100/850)
With regard to absolute difference calculations (e.g., risk or rate differences), if the null hypothesis is true, and there is no difference in incidence between exposed and unexposed, what should be the expected value of the difference measure?
0
Place the components of the chain of infection in correct order: susceptible host means of transmission portal of exit infectious agent reservoir portal of entry
1. infectious agent 2. reservoir 3. portal of exit 4. means of transmission 5. portal of entry 6. susceptible host
If male and female (exposure) students experienced ACL injuries (outcome) at equal rates in the clubs at Penn State, an odds ratio of this association would be expected to be?
1.0
With regard to relative measures of association (e.g., risk ratios, rate ratios, or odds ratios), if the null hypothesis is true and there is no difference in incidence between exposed and unexposed, what should be the expected value of the relative measure?
1.0
(Fictional data) Our section of BBH/HPA 440 has 100 students this semester. Of these 100 students, 5 students had the flu at the start of the semester, 5 students got the flu during the first week of classes, 15 students got the flu during the second week of classes, and 5 got the flu during the third week of classes. The rest of the students never developed the flu over the semester. To assist with your calculation consider this format for calculating person time at risk: [number of students at risk] x [1 week at risk] = ? [number of students at risk] x [2 weeks at risk] = ? [number of students at risk] x [3 weeks at risk] = ? [number of students at risk] x [15 weeks at risk] = ? Based on all of this information, what would the incidence density rate be for this section of students during the 15 weeks of the semester?
25/1100 person-weeks = 22 cases per 1000 person-weeks of observation
When using the direct method of age adjustment, a researcher finds that the mortality rate of his study population increased from 660 before age adjustment to 950 per 100,000 people per year after age adjustment. What does this mean? a) study population is older than the reference population b) study population is younger than the reference population c) study population is approx the same age as reference
B
A study of adolescent health finds that there is an association between vaping (exposure) and generalized anxiety (outcome), independent of demographic and other substance use behaviors (confounders). In this example, what is the dependent variable (DV) and what is the independent variable (IV)?
DV = anxiety, IV = vaping
A researcher publishes a case series that describes 18 cases of a previously unknown disease. Based on the information in the case series, the author hypothesizes and concludes that the disease is caused by excessive sun exposure. Disregarding any of the potential details of the case series, is the researcher able to make this conclusion?
No
Based on the data obtained in question #3, the researcher finds a statistically significant correlation and concludes that being unemployed makes an individual more likely to be arrested for drug use. Is this an accurate interpretation of the data?
No
Based on what was discussed in class and the material in Lesson 1, is this a complete definition of epidemiology: "Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and of the factors that influence these patterns"?
No, because epidemiology is also concerned with the prevention and control of health problems, and may include studies of non-human populations
A cross-sectional survey is conducted in a high-risk population to collect data on how smoking exposure associates with the odds of having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Out of 500 individuals surveyed, 200 were past or current smokers. Of these 200 smokers, 40 have COPD, and 160 do not. Out of the 300 individuals who were never smokers, 50 have COPD, and the remaining 250 do not. What is the odds ratio from these cross-sectional results?
OR= 40/160 /50/250= 1.25
Calculate the risk difference of the following scenario: In a population of 500 without diabetes who were followed over three years, 200 individuals ate fast food regularly and 50 of those people developed type 2 diabetes. 300 individuals in the population avoided fast food and 20 of them developed diabetes.
RD= (50/200 - 20/300) = .18 or 18%
Calculate the risk ratio of the following scenario: In a population of 500 without diabetes who were followed over three years, 200 individuals ate fast food regularly and 50 of those people developed type 2 diabetes. 300 individuals in the population avoided fast food and 20 of them developed diabetes.
RR= 50/200 / 20/300 = 3.75
There were 30 cases and 2 deaths from Disease Z in a single county in Central PA in 2018. Without having any additional points of information about this Disease Z, would this be considered an epidemic?
There is not enough information provided to determine
In the Causal Pie Model, which of the following best describes a necessary cause?
a cause that is needed to produce the health outcome
In a sample of 1,000 people who are screened for Disease A, 100 actually have the disease. The screening test identifies 90/100 of the diseased individuals as potential disease cases. The sensitivity of the screening test is: a) 90% b) 15% c) 10% d) 95%
a) 90%
Which of the following confidence intervals/p-values would be considered statistically significant? a) CI = (2.5-3.7); p-value= 0.04 b) CI = (0.3-2.4); p-value= 0.68 c) CI = (0.9-1.1); p-value = 0.05
a) CI = (2.5-3.7); p-value= 0.04
Researchers conducted a case-control study to assess the association between colon cancer and the consumption of a high fat diet in the past 5 years. Among the 50 people with colon cancer, 30 reported a high fat diet and 20 did not. Among the 100 people without colon cancer, 40 reported a high fat diet and 60 did not. What would be the odds ratio for this case-control study? a) OR = (30/40) / (20/60) = 2.25 b) (20/50) / (60/100) = 0.67 c) (30/20) / (40/60) = 0.44 d) OR= (20/30) / (40/100) = 1.67
a) OR= (30/40) / (20/60) = 2.25
What does it mean if a researcher finds a dose response in her study? a) there are multiple levels of exposure and with an increasing level, the odds ration also increases b) there are multiple exposures and with an increasing number of exposures, the odds ratio also increases c) both are correct d) none are correct
a) There are multiple levels of exposure and with an increasing level, the odds ratio also increases
What is an advantage of a case-crossover design compared to a typical case-control study? a) There is not the same concern about confounding variables in a within-person comparison that would be involved by comparing between individuals. b) The researcher has the choice of whether they want to have the case time before or after the control time. c) none of these
a) There is not the same concern about confounding variables in a within-person comparison that would be involved by comparing between individuals.
when an epidemiologist is graphing the number of ice-related falls by year in the counties of PA, they are describing which term of the definition of epidemiology? a) distribution b) prevention and control c) determinants
a) distribution
Bed bugs are generally seen in collective living arrangements (e.g. dormitories). The dormitories would be an example of: a) environment b) time c) host d) agent
a) environment
What happens as you move up the pyramid of population impact? a) focus on individual increases, the reach gets smaller b) focus on the population increases; the effectiveness increases c) focus on the population increases; the reach gets larger d) focus on the population increases; the effectiveness decreases
a) focus on individual increases, the reach gets smaller
Which of the following will increase the prevalence of a disease? a) increase in new cases b) emigration of cases c) immigration of healthy people d) shorter duration of disease
a) increase in new cases
In the 'Cliff Analogy' as described by Dr. Camara Jones, what is described as an action that would address the social determinants of health? a) moving the population away from the cliff's edge b) a net at the bottom of the cliff c) the fence at the top of the cliff d) the ambulance located down stream
a) moving the population away from the cliff's edge
A new strain of influenza is first found in Canada. Withing a month, the novel influenza strain is found in the U.S Russia, and Iceland. This outbreak would be best classified as: a) pandemic b) epidemic c) syndemic d) endemic
a) pandemic
Which of the following study designs is the strongest for causal inference? a) prospective cohort study b) case series c) case-control study d) cross-sectional study
a) prospective cohort study
At a crowded party, a person is asymptomatic and is shedding SARS-CoV-2 virus. The next day, they develop symptoms. What stage of the natural history of disease was this person in when they attended the party? a) subclinical b) clinical c) recovery, disability, and death d) susceptibility
a) subclinical
Which of the following is NOT associated with acquired artificial passive immunity? a) this type of immunity will cause the host to produce antibodies b) this type of immunity is useful when immediate protection is required c) all of these are true d) this type of immunity is useful for those who are immunocompromised
a) this type of immunity will cause the host to produce antibodies
Using data from the National Health Interview Survey the relationship between age and dementia is examined. It is found that being between 51 and 65 years of age has an odds ratio of 0.162 [95% CI (.106-.248)] when compared to being 66 years or older. This means that compared to people 66 and older within this sample: a) being 51-65 is associated with a decreased risk of having dementia b) being 51-65 is not associated with a decreased risk of having dementia c) being 51-65 is associated with an increased risk of having dementia
a)being 51-65 is associated with a decreased risk of having dementia
Giulia went on vacation with her family to Brazil where she was attacked by mosquitos. She had to rush to the hospital because she began to feel severely sick. She was informed that the mosquito was carrying the infectious Zika virus, a virus that is considered an endemic in the country. According to the epidemiological triangle, what is the Zika virus in this case?
agent
A person (host) can only get dengue hemorrhagic fever by being bit by mosquito (natural reservoir) that is infected with the dengue virus. There is no vaccine. The best individual preventive measure is for a person to change their exposure to the virus carried by mosquitos by using bed nets or mosquito repellents. Based on the information above, which line of the epidemiologic triangle would immediately be broken if people were to change their risk behaviors?
agent to host
Generally, community trials resemble clinical trials except communities are ____________ experimental condition. Fill in the blank:
assigned to receive
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a beneficial screening test? a) good reliability and validity b) causes minimal discomfort c) must be covered by most health insurances d) inexpensive
c) must be covered by most health insurances
In the direct method of age-adjustment, after selecting a reference/standard population the next step is to: a) Apply age-specific rates from the reference population to the study population(s) b) Apply the age-specific rates from the study population(s) to the reference population c) Divide the crude mortality rates of each population by the crude mortality rate of the reference population d) Find the total number of expected cases and divide by the total size of the reference population
b) Apply the age-specific rates from the study population(s) to the reference population
At the end of a case-control study exploring the relationship between diet over the past year and hypertension, you observed a statistically significant adjusted odds ratio. The odds ratio for eating 2 servings of vegetables daily (versus eating less servings daily) is 0.65. Which is the best interpretation for this statistic? a) Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with 35% increased odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily b) Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with 35% decreased odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily c) Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with a 65% decreased odds of hypertension, compared to less than 2 servings daily d) Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily, as compared to less vegetable consumption, is not associated with hypertension in any way
b) Eating 2 servings of vegetables daily is associated with 35% decreased odds of hypertension, as compared to less than 2 servings daily
A person (host) can only get dengue hemorrhagic fever by being bit by mosquito (natural reservoir) that is infected with the dengue virus. There is no vaccine. The best population-level preventive measure for areas where the mosquito resides is to eliminate places where the mosquito lays her eggs, primarily containers that hold water. Based on the information above, which line of the epidemiologic triangle would immediately be broken if an epidemiologist were to eliminate all water reservoirs? a) none of these are correct b) agent to environment c) environment to host d) agent to host
b) agent to environment
To identify causes of health-related states, epidemiologists generally look at the: a) prevention and control b) determinants c) distribution
b) determinants
kyle recently found out that he has herpes simplex virus and suspects it came from a stranger he kissed at a party a few weeks ago. assuming his suspicion is correct, what type of transmission is this? a) indirect - vehicle-born b) direct - person - to -person contact c) direct- droplet spread d) indirect - airborne e) indirect fomite-borne
b) direct - person - to -person contact
Before returning back to campus after break you get a rapid COVID-19 test to determine if you are infected with SARS-CoV-2 or not. Your results indicate you do not have viral antigens in your nasal passages. The next day you wake up with a fever and chills, and the day after you develop other hallmark symptoms of COVID-19. A doctors runs a PCR test ("gold standard") and confirms your suspicions of having COVID-19. Your initial rapid COVID-19 test results would be classified as a _________. a) diagnostic test b) false negative c) true negative d) false positive
b) false negative
Charlotte goes to the doctor complaining of a sore throat and is diagnosed with strep throat. The next day, her symptoms get much worse and for a few days she has a severe fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. These few days where her symptoms are at their worst is known as the: a) defervescence period b) fastigium period c) prodromal period d) incubation period
b) fastigium period
A person in their early 40's who is has been a chain smoker the majority of their lives argues that they do not need to quit because they are perfectly healthy. Based on what you know about the natural history of chronic diseases, which period might this person be in? a) prodromal period b) induction period c) incubation period d) fastigium period
b) induction period
At the age of 43, two women (woman A and woman B) started to develop pathologic changes consistent with cervical cancer. At the age of 45, woman A was diagnosed with cervical cancer at a screening. At the age of 48, woman B developed symptoms and was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Despite being diagnosed 3 years apart, both woman A and woman B died at the age of 50. Having been diagnosed 3 years earlier than woman B, woman A still died at the same age as woman B. Based on these observations this screening program appeared to extend the lifespan of woman A, when in reality it did not extend her lifespan. What type of bias is this situation describing? a) length time bias b) lead time bias c) over-diagnosis
b) lead time bias
Now that the COVID-19 vaccine is readily available to the general public, the FDA and manufacturers continue to monitor for any long-term side effects and to identify the optimal timing of initial and subsequent shots. What phase of clinical trials best represents these types of studies? a) phase 1 b) phase 4 c) phase 3 d) phase 2
b) phase 4
when an epidemiologist is recommending that those with tick bites of unknown timing (or bull's eye rashes of unknown origin) receive the antibiotic doxycycline to avoid the development of Lyme disease, they are describing which term in the definition of epidemiology? a) distribution b) prevention and control c) determinants
b) prevention and control
Mary knows breast cancer runs in her family. Her decision to get a mammogram (in accordance with current screening guidelines) is an example of what type of prevention? a) quaternary b) secondary c) primary d) tertiary
b) secondary
the convergence of multiple epidemics, which in turn synergistically reinforce each other, is called a/n: a) endemic b) syndemic c) pandemic d) epidemic
b) syndemic
Where do natural experiments rank in terms of their strength for causal inference? a) they are the weakest b) lie between clinical trials and analytic observational studies c) they are the strongest d) they lie between case-control and cohort studies
b) they lie between clinical trials and analytic observational studies
What is the purpose of the CONSORT model used by researchers? a) to prove that the study is safe b) to improve transparency around aspects of study design c) to show the results of the study d) to prove that the design of the study is clinically significant
b) to improve transparency around aspects of study design
Mary Mallon is known as a ______ carrier of ____ a) convalescent; smallpox b) passive; typhoid c) convalescent; typhoid fever d) passive ; diphtheria
b)passive; typhoid fever
If the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) is over 1, this means: a) there are higher levels of mortality in the study population than the reference population without age adjustment b) there are higher levels of mortality in the study population than the reference population after age adjustment c) there are lower levels of mortality in the study population than the reference population after age adjustment
b)there are higher levels of mortality in the study population than the reference population after age adjustment
An epidemic curve shows progression of illnesses in an outbreak over times. What is usually put on the horizontal axis (x axis) of the curve? a) the week a person became ill b) the week a person was contact-traced c) none of these are correct d) the number of persons infected with the illness
c) none of these; time is on the x axis
Tertiary prevention can occur during which two of the following stages? a) stage of susceptibility and stage of subclinical disease b) stage of subclinical disease and stage of clinical disease c) stage of clinical disease and stage of recovery, disability or death
c) stage of clinical disease and stage of recovery, disability or death
What is the difference between precision medicine and precision public health?
both focus on improving effectiveness, but they do so at different levels (individual vs population)
Health officials are monitoring a screening program for STIs. 250 individuals have been screened for a particular STI. 60 people tested positive and 190 people tested negative. Of the 60 people who tested positive, 8 truly did not have the disease (false positive). Of the 190 who tested negative, 180 truly did not have the disease. What would the negative predictive value be for this test? a) 8/52 + 8 = 13% b) 180/ 180 + 8 = 96% c) 180 / 180 + 10 = 95% d) 52/52 + 10 = 84%
c) 180/180 + 10 = 95%
What would happen to the positive predictive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of a certain screening test if the test is used in a population that is at higher risk for the disease than the original population? Assume that the sensitivity and specificity would not change across the two populations. a) neither would change b) PPV decrease, NPV decrease c) PPV increase, NPV decrease
c) PPV increase, NPV decrease
The number of new cases per year of a disease has not changed, but a drug-resistant strain of the bacteria that causes the disease has led to significant increases in the number of deaths due to the disease. These changes will likely cause the prevalence rate to: a) increase b) stay the same c) decrease
c) decrease
Which of the following is a benefit of a placebo-controlled study? a) all subjects have an equal change of getting the intervention b) reduces biases in behavior c) ensures that differences are truly due to the treatment
c) ensures that differences are truly due to the treatment
An agent is highly contagious; upon introduction to a population, it spreads rapidly throughout the population. However, it does not often cause serious illness and usually doesn't even cause any symptoms of disease. Which best describes the agent? a) high infectivity; high pathogenicity b) high infectivity; high virulence c) high infectivity; low pathogenicity
c) high infectivity; low pathogenicity
After a chemical spill, construction workers spend varying amounts of time working at the spill site to clean it up. A researcher keeps track of the number of hours they spend working there, then 6 months later calculates the number of new cases of respiratory illness that have occurred in the workers out of the total number of hours spent working at the site (for all workers). This rate would be known as a/an: a) incidence proportion b) case fatality ratio c) incidence-density rate d) secondary attack rate
c) incidence-density rate
Which measure best exemplifies the quality of a population's health care system? a) incidence density rate b) secondary attack rate c) infant mortality rate d) attack rate
c) infant mortality rate
a disease outbreak occurs where the first case is January 19th, the last case is February 10th, and the peak number of cases is on January 30th. The average incubation period for the pathogen that caused the outbreak is 14 days with a range of 10-17 days. What is the probable date of common exposure? a) jan. 24 b) jan. 19 c) jan 16 d) jan 19
c) jan 16; jan 30 (peak number date) - 14 days (avg incubation period) = jan 16
An outbreak occurs where the first case is detected on January 6th, the last case is detected on January 19th, and the peak is on January 11th. The average incubation period for the disease is 8 days with a range from 2-13 days. What is the probable period of exposure? a) jan 6-11 b) not enough info c) jan 4-6th d) jan 3 - 6th
c) jan 4-6th;
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was established in order to handle: a) TB b) Polio c) malaria d) cholera
c) malaria
A research group is examining the relationship between eating sugary cereals and obesity in children. They take a group of children who are obese and a group who are of normal weight. Then, they inquire about how many times in the past week children in each group ate sugary breakfast cereals. This is what type of study? cross-sectional case-crossover prospective cohort case-control retrospective
case-control study
A student is conducting an animal study on four frogs to determine the effects of acetylcholine on heart rate. Two frogs were given a saline solution (control) and two frogs were given acetylcholine (treatment). After administration of the two solutions and recording the results, the student determines that there was no significant difference between the control (saline solution) and the treatment (the administration of acetylcholine). Why may this conclusion be incorrect? a) randomization didnt happen b) placebo control didnt happen c) student was not blinded d) both a & c are true
d) both a & c are true
Which of the following study designs, out of the designs we have discussed this semester has the strongest explanatory power for causal inference?
clinical trial
Which of the following approaches are considered "essential components" to high-quality clinical trials? a) use of a pseudo-random assignment b) blinding c) the use of a good placebo d) both b & c are correct e) a,b,c are correct
d) both b & c are correct
You design a case-crossover study to analyze the relationship between the use of a new type of nicotine replacement therapy and having a car crash in the period after. You plan to identify people who have been in car crashes and use them as both the case and controls, albeit at different time periods. The 3-hours before their crash will be the ______ period, and the same 3-hour period 7 days before the crash will be the ______ period. Select the best answer below. a) exposure; exposure b) exposure; outcome c) control; case d) case; control
d) case; control
Which of the following would most likely NOT be considered a factor that should be adjusted for when conducting indirect or direct adjustment? a) age b) gender c) race/ethnicity d) dietary intake
d) dietary intake
A study was designed to evaluate an intervention for drug use among high school students. The intervention was given to three high schools. Survey data on drug use was collected and compared to three other high schools not participating in the intervention. What type of study design is this?
community trial
When would you use the indirect method for age adjustment? a) When you don't know the age-specific rates b) When the age-specific rates are unstable or unreliable c) When you know the age-specific rates of both the study and reference populations d) Both A and B
d) Both A and B
How would you interpret the following: an odds of 0.25 of prevalent cardiovascular disease among current smokers? Choose the single best answer. a) For each 1 individual living with cardiovascular disease, there are a total of 5 individuals in the population (including this case) b) For every 4 individuals living with cardiovascular disease, there is 1 other individual who does not have cardiovascular disease c) Cardiovascular disease is only diagnosed 25% of the time d) For every 1 individual living with cardiovascular disease, there are 4 other individuals who do not have cardiovascular disease
d) For every 1 individual living with cardiovascular disease, there are 4 other individuals who do not have cardiovascular disease
All of the following about epidemic curves are true except: a) epidemic curves can provide information on how long it took a disease to spread b) epidemic curves can help distinguish between common source and propagated epidemics c) by studying an epidemic curve, one can assess the magnitude of disease outbreak d) an epidemic curve is statistical calculation of how an outbreak of disease affects a population
d) an epidemic curve is statistical calculation of how an outbreak of disease affects a population
A research group conducts a study to examine the assocation between unemployment and drug use. They get unemployment numbers from 6 state governments and obtain statistics regarding the number of drug arrests in those same 6 states. They find a positive correlation between unemployment and drug arrests, i.e., as unemployment rates go up so do the number of drug arrests. This is an example of what type of study design? a) surveillance study b) case-control study c) case series d) ecological study
d) ecological study
Kathleen was infected with influenza last Fall and had symptoms that lasted for four days. After she recovered what type of immunity would Kathleen have? a) artificial passive immunity b) natural passive immunity c) artificial active immunity d) natural active immunity
d) natural active immunity
Recently it has been found that the life expectancy in the US for the first six months of 2020 has decreased by 1 year due to the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by SARS-CoV2 infection). Which part of the Epidemiologic Transition is this most consistent with? a) increase in life expectancy b) decrease in death due to infectious disease c) elimination of mortality spikes corresponding to infectious epidemics d) this is not consistent with any parts of the epidemiologic transition
d) not consistent with any part of the epidemiologic transition
Which of the following can be used to describe case-control studies? a) observational, descriptive epidemiology b) experimental, descriptive epidemiology c) experimental, analytic epidemiology d) observational, analytic epidemiology
d) observational, analytic epidemiology
An epidemic that spreads ONLY by one infected person transmitting the disease to another susceptible person would be called a: a) neither epidemic b) common source epidemic c) mixed epidemic d) propagated epidemic
d) propagated epidemic
An effective primary prevention program will __________________ disease incidence and will ____________________ disease prevalence.
decrease; decrease
A researcher conducts a survey to determine the prevalence of HPV in the United States and describe: (a) who is being affected by sex and race/ethnicity and (b) if there are any clusters of cases in particular geographic regions (i.e., where they are located). Based on this information alone, this is what type of research?
descriptive
Current guidelines for control of coronavirus include wearing a mask when in public. This is to prevent the spread of this infectious disease by blocking what specific mode of transmission?
direct by droplet spread
Which of the following statements is true regarding case-control studies and cross-sectional studies? a) In a case-control study design, the direction of inquiry (information you are trying to obtain) is oriented to the past, but not for cross-sectional studies. b) Both cross-sectional and case-crossover studies can provide temporal order between exposure and outcome. c) for both study designs, there are 4 possible groupings for study participants once exposure and outcome data are collected d) a & b are true e) a & c are true
e) a & c are true
What does epidemiology explore in relation to health a) risky behaviors b) disease-related traits and states c) infectious diseases d) chronic disease e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following is the group of scientists who meet periodically throughout a clinical trial to monitor safety of subjects, data, protocols, and evidence of efficacy? a) the belmont board b) collaborative institutional training initiative c) human subject research board of ethics d) observational study monitoring board e) data and safety monitoring board
e) data & safety monitoring board
Consider your answers for Questions 8 and 9. Which measure would be better to report in terms of communicating the public health impact of improving diet in terms on the risk of type 2 diabetes?
risk difference
A new drug is being developed for 24-hour pain relief. The researchers find that those who took it had no side effects, but the pain relief only lasted for 24 minutes. This means that the drug failed in terms of its _______.
efficacy
As a master's student in public health, you hope to conduct a clinical study on the association between coffee consumption and insomnia, in people with depression. Your research advisor cautions you, saying that there may not be enough uncertainty about this association to conduct the research (i.e., it has already been well established in both individuals with and without depression). What study design term is your research advisor most closely referring to?
equipoise
True or False: An advantage of a clinical trial is that it can be generalized to a whole population.
false
True or False: In a community trial, every individual in each community must consent to participating in the trial in order for the trial to run.
false; they are assigned and do not have to give consent
Neck cancer is a rare condition (<10% of the total population). If a case-control study were conducted and an odds ratio obtained, which relative measure would it most likely be estimating?
risk ratio
A pathogen is very contagious and readily spreads between individuals. When an infection occurs the person often comes down with mild symptoms of the illness and recovers within a few days. Based on this information alone, we can say the pathogen has ____________ and _____________.
high infectivity; low virulence
When considering a health condition that primarily impacts specific age groups, what portion of the epidemiological triangle is the most important to consider?
host
Juliana has been sick the past few days but shares her Juul e-cigarette at a party with a friend, who becomes sick two days later. This is an example of what type of transmission?
indirect - fomite - borne
Taylor walks through a hallway without realizing that another student had coughed while she walked out 15 minutes earlier and expelled viral particles that remained in the air, floating on dust particles. Taylor then walks through this "cloud" of viral particles and becomes sick 2 days later. What type of transmission is this?
indirect-airborne
When a screening test picks up more cases of slowly progressing and less severe disease because the quickly progressing and more serious cases of disease have a shorter asymptomatic phase, it can inflate survival statistics. This is known as:
length-time bias
A mother and daughter went to Africa in 2014 on a mission trip. While there, they both were exposed to Ebola. The mother showed signs of fever, headache, muscle aches, and chills. The daughter showed no symptoms. They both confined themselves to their rooms after exposure. Which of the following best describes the terms used for their confinement in separate rooms after exposure?
mother: isolation daughter: quarantine
A researcher conducts a survey in which it is asked, "Are you now suffering from depression or have you ever experienced an episode of depression in your life?" The statistic that would be obtained if the researcher then calculated the total number of individuals who have experienced depression (now and in the past) out of the total group surveyed would be:
period prevalence
Hilario is a 10 year old boy living in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico and became ill after spending time with farm animals. He then infected a few other members of the community, including James, a backpacker who spent a few days in the area. Upon returning home, James fell ill and soon thereafter, infection was spread to others in his hometown. Local and international public health officials caught wind of the news and soon James' story made international headlines. In this scenario, Hilario is the __________ and James is the __________.
primary case; index case
A stomach bug has been passed recently through a family of four. The mother and son had a mild headache on the first day, vomited on day two and then felt slightly nauseous on day three. The father and daughter both had a severe headache on the first day, followed by a similar course on day two and three. What period in the natural history of disease was worse for the father and daughter, as compared to the mother and son?
prodromal period
A group of researchers are designing a study of >3,000 women of reproductive age living in 20 counties in the Northeastern U.S. to assess the impact of diet quality on pregnancy outcomes. The researchers follow each woman over a ten-year period to determine if they become pregnant during this time, and if so what was the outcome of that pregnancy. This is an example of what type of study design?
prospective cohort
Infant mortality used to be more common; it was believed that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was occurring due to infants being placed on their stomachs to sleep. In 1991, a public messaging campaign occurred that told parents to place their infants on their backs to sleep to prevent SIDS. Infant mortality rates were compared before and after the campaign. What type of study design is this? clinical trial community trial quasi-experimental design retrospective cohort
quasi-experimental design
go over questions 3,4,5
quiz 6
What is the public health impact a balance between?
reach and effectiveness
In 2012, a research group is interested in studying the relationship between exposure to 'soft' water and reproductive disorders. They identify a group of people without reproductive disorders, who were either exposed to soft drinking water during an incident in 1990 and another group who were never exposed to soft water. Then they examine medical records to see if those in the exposed group were more likely to develop reproductive disorders over the 20 years following their exposure (i.e., by 2010). This is what type of study?
retrospective cohort study
Your research group at Centre Health System wants to study the relationship between an exposure to a rare fungal bloom and the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The diseases typically take 12 years to appear (induction period) after the first fungal exposure. You identify a group of individuals who were exposed in the summers of 2001-2002 and a group who were not, and you plan to link both groups to their medical records to see if they developed a neurodegenerative over the next 12 years. Which type of study below could be most effectively applied to this situation?
retrospective cohort study
A telephone survey is conducted by a local organization to gather information about physical activity within a household. What type of data is collected?
self-reported data
A clinical trial is being conducted to test a new drug. Recruitment advertisements state that participants will be paid $10,000 for their participation (receiving one injection of the new drug and one 10-minute clinic visit 10 months later). Why would this trial be considered unethical?
the high monetary reward clearly outweighs the risks, meaning that it could be deemed to be cooervice
What does the word "epidemiology" literally mean when broken down into its Greek roots?
the study of what befalls the people
go over observational / analytic studies
yay
