Beauty of God Midterm

What was demonstration in the "mutilated chess board" ? A) Demonstration propter quid B) Demonstration quia C) Demonstration sed contra D) Demonstration through deduction

Demonstration quia

How did Anselm understand the relation between faith and reason? A) From the mathematical, or univocal, habit of mind B) From the either/or, or equivocal, habit of mind C) From the aesthetic, or open dialectic

From the aesthetic, or open dialectic, habit of mind: faith and reason are mutually enriching dimension of human thought and experience

Why is it the case that a theory like natural selection cannot of itself account for the existence of the universe?

The question of being cannot be answered by a theory that applies only to physical realities

How does Hart assess the relationship between how reason is understood in the late modern West, and how it has been understood in previous times?

Reason (and nature) were radically changed by the various directions alterations pursued and made in the Modern period

Which of the following best describes the functionalist approach to religion? A) Religion is defined based upon how it functions in a given social context B) Religion is defined based upon how effective it is in a given society C) Religion is defined as an obligation to reestablish a bond that has been severed D) Religion is defined for what it is based upon its beliefs about the nature of reality

Religion is defined based upon how it functions in a given social context

According to Anselm's response, what follows necessarily from the fact that TTWNCBT can in fact be thought? A) That it is finite and therefore not really God B) That it must exist, otherwise how is the mind able to even think it? C) That thought and God are the same, identical thing D) That the mind is actually deceiving itself in thinking that it can think TTWNGTBT

That it must exist, otherwise how is the mind able to even think it?

Which of the following best articulates the principle of "linear non-linearity"? A) That although knowing and thinking are nonlinear processes. understanding is a process that is like a race, that is, an activity done to achieve some other goal B) That knowing, thinking, and understanding are all processes that resemble a race, that is, a process undertaken to achieve a goal C) That only knowing is a process like a race, while thinking and understanding are processes where the end is in the process D) That knowing, thinking, and understanding are processes where the end/goal are in the very undertaking of the process itself

That knowing, thinking, and understanding are processes where the end/goal are in the very undertaking of the process itself.

According to the author, Shiffman, what philosophical tradition has influenced Pope Francis's Laudato si' not to mention the thought of both previous popes (Benedict, and JPII)

That our assumptions about human knowing and desiring are shaped according to scientific methodology, because the US, believing that the 'scientific method' is the only paradigm of real knowledge, is one of the countries least critical of the culture of scientific expertise

According to Shiffman, what does it mean that Francis chose St. Francis's "the Canticle of Creatures" as the point of departure for Laudato Si"?

That the Pope is emphasizing the importance of poetic speech that gives loving attention to created beings in grateful praise of their creator

Which of the following would Aquinas say best characterizes religio? A) An interior impulse of the soul that dictates a system of propositions or beliefs to a person B) It is universal genus of belief in the divine, with many species like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam C) An institutional force that must be separated from politics, economics, and other secular forces D) It is a disposition of a person that nurtures a set of skills through bodily and spiritual discipline

It is a disposition of a person that nurtures a set of skills through bodily and spiritual discipline

Which of the following best describes Aquinas's understanding of a self-evident proposition? A) When the predicate or attributes are included in the definition of the subject B) When the subject is known completely without and predicate C) When a predicate is known without having a single thought about it D) When the only evidence necessary comes from the self's mind or intellect

When the predicate or attributes are included in the definition of the subject

Which of the following is the best definition of secular? A) The allegedly non-religious B) A space devoid of God C) To segment into sections D) Both A and B

(Both A and B) The allegedly non-religious AND a space devoid of God

From the perspective of the classical faith traditions, how is the relationship between God and being (existence as such) related?

(Both B and C) God is beyond being, if by "being" one means the entire set of all finite entities AND God is "being" itself because God is the inexhaustible source of all reality

Which of the following best captures Anselm's notion of truth, according to Williams?

A Person

Which of the following best explains the meaning of transcendental relativity? A) The idea the truth is completely dependent upon what a person believes to be transcendent B) The relationship that a person has with moral and cultural relativism C) A relationship that every person has with something transcendent. D) The power to pass beyond moral and cultural relativism

A relationship that every person has with something transcendent

What is the best characterization of negative thinking? A) A kind of thinking that focuses on failure and a certain pessimism over and against possible success and optimism B) A habit of mind that sees everything as bleak, dark, and dreary C) A way of thinking and speaking about God that focuses on what God is not rather than on what God is. D) A way of affirming the intellectual content of a topic or object, like God, that enables the concept to form

A way of thinking and speaking about God that focuses on what God is not rather than on what God is.

What is the best definition of "naturalism"? A) Also known as physicalism and materialism, it is the belief that there is nothing beyond the physical order, and there can be nothing supernatural at all D) Also known as physicalism and materialism, it is the belief that nature is an open system that reflects the presence of its creator, God, everywhere

Also known as physicalism and materialism, it is the belief that there is nothing beyond the physical order, and there can be nothing supernatural at all

According to Shiffman, why is it disturbing that an astrophysics professor would engage in contempt for Aristotle under the belief that modern science has proven him wrong? A) Because Aristotle is a celebrated figure in almost every academy, and has been a celebrated figure for over 2 millennia B) Because Aristotle is representative of Greek philosophy, which came to inform so much of the Christian intellectual tradition that a professor at a Catholic university like Villanova ought to know better C) Because not only did Einstein prove Aristotle was correct, but that contempt for Aristotle shows that a physicist does not know the history of his own discipline nor the meaning of its discoveries. D) Because astrophysicists are not in any position to talk about philosophy

Because not only did Einstein prove Aristotle was correct, but that contempt for Aristotle shows that a physicist does not know the history of his own discipline nor the meaning of its discoveries.

Why does Guanilo call the island in his thought experiment, "the Lost Island"?

Because of the impossibility of finding it since it does not exist

Which of the following statements about prayer is accurate when considered in light of the classical theistic model of God (and mentioned in the piece by Milbank you read)? A) Any good that arrives is necessarily an answer to a prayer, since prayer is opening oneself to the good B) The doer of good is praying, whether she knows it or not, and the one who prays is already bringing about good C) Prayer is a way to convince God to perform a certain action that would otherwise not take place in an effort to summon God's will into conformity with our own D) Both A and B

Both A and B

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to Aquinas's famous 5 ways argument for God's existence? A) Each way begins with facts discernable to reason in the world B) Each way ends with a preemptive prediction such as "this is what all believe to be God," or "this is what we call God" C) Each way begins with a 'working definition' of God and from there proceeds to deductively demonstrate that God must exist once the definition is understood D) Each way begins with the implied principle that we must move from the effects in the world, which are more knowable to us although less knowable than God in themselves

Each way begins with a 'working definition' of God and from there proceeds to deductively demonstrate that God must exist once the definition is understood

The definition of Tradition as "an inheritance from out forefathers" comes from what Modern figure? A) Edmund Husserl B) Edmund Burke C) Karl Marx D) A and C

Edmund Burke

Where does the movement known as 'scholasticism' get its name? A) From the scholasts, a group of blacksmiths who rebelled against the introduction of plastic cutlery B) From the school of lasticity, a late medieval calisthenics movement dedicated to the stretching of limbos C) From the skol, a group of vagrant Vikings who are credited with the discovery of books D) From the university, or schooling, system which emphasized an open engagement with objects of inquiry

From the university, or schooling, system which emphasized an open engagement with objects of inquiry

What is Guanilo's first primary object to Anselm's claim that it is not possible to even doubt the existence of God (TTWNGBT)? A) He says that if this were true, then everyone would be a perfect Christian B) He claims that Anselm is correct because doubt is the enemy of faith C) He maintains that Anselm's foundation is shaky since it first presupposes the existence of what it sets out to prove D) Because all language, and thus all thought, is derivative from either nature or the synthesis nature called "art"

He believes that if it were impossible to doubt then Anselm would not need to prove anything in the first place.

How does Anselm characterize Gaunilo as a thinker/scholar? A) He calls him 'the fool greater than which no more foolish can be thought B) He claims that Gaunilo is really a secular humanist, that is, a liberal, who simply does not understand the truth C) He claims that Gaunilo is certainly a Christian, but a foolish one who should pray more D) He calls him a "Christian who is no fool" but who only argues on behalf of a fool

He calls him a "Christian who is no fool" but who only argues on behalf of a fool.

How does Guanilo interpret the role of art vis-a-vis the painter?

He claims that before a picture is painted it is in the craft of the painter, which is nothing but a part of his own intelligence

Which of the following is evidence that, as Anselm asserts, Gaunilo reifies TTWNGCBT? A) He assumes it is possible to think the non-existence of TTWNGBCT B) He puts it into the same category of a 'false thing' C) He recognizes that TTWNGCBT can never be reduced to the same status as anything else D) He rejects the conditions of neutrality as a condition for thinking TTWNGCBT

He puts it into the same category as a 'false thing'.

Which of the following best describes Hart's belief about language, grammar, and whether human rationality is common to all cultures and all times? A) He believes that each cultures bears its own linguistic and grammatical forms so as to generate massive limitations to any and every cross-cultural communication B) He believes that all language and grammar are the same, and that once we realize this, we can overcome all differences in an effort to secure a one-world culture, language, and grammar C) He believes that while cultures differ across time and space, language and grammar are always the same everywhere even though they are expressed n different 'soundings' D) He retains a belief in a sort of universal grammar of human nature, making it possible to overcome cultural and conceptual misunderstandings.

He retains a belief in a sort of universal grammar of human nature, making it possible to overcome cultural and conceptual misunderstandings.

According to Shiffman, what is one of the primary problems with the paradigm, established in large measure by modern science, of an ethic of control?

In promising humanity an increase of control over nature, it can blind us to the claims that nature makes upon us

With respect to the MacIntyrean notion of tradition, how ought the notion of defining and redefining be understood? A) In terms of development and refinement rather than change and alteration B) In terms of change and alteration rather than merely development and refinement C) As two separate activities or phases within a person's practice of the given tradition D) As the same activity intended to introduce the most radical novelty into a tradition

In terms of development and refinement rather than change and alteration

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to the liberal tradition? A) It identifies the political left wing of the US political structure today B) It is a tradition completely free from any religious involvement, instead creating a neutral space where all religions can be freely practiced without imposition from one overarching religious authority C) Its classical form identifies its conservative members, while its more progressive form identifies its liberal members, as it advances itself as a tradition-less tradition. D) It is simply the default way of being human and so in not bound by any sense of tradition

Its classical form identifies its conservative members, while its more progressive form identifies its liberal members, as it advances itself as a tradition-less tradition.

Which of the following is an inaccurate characterization of the particular dimension of cognition in question? A) Knowledge is the human encounter with the extra-mental world, the way in which the senses take in what is given B) Thinking is the act whereby what is taken in through knowing offers substance for reflection and contemplation, and thus becomes categorized and conceptualized C) Knowing is the judgement that a person makes upon the various content that is thought D) Understanding is the judgment that a person makes upon the content that is known and thought

Knowing is the judgement that a person makes upon the various content that is thought

What does Hart contend is the primary difference between today's brand of atheism and older forms of atheism?

Older forms of atheism had a developed sense of the faith ad beliefs they rejected, while today's atheism not only is ignorant of the faith and belief they reject, but they seem not even to know that they do not know

Which of the following best characterizes the primary point about humanity's relationship to nature as expressed in the excerpt from Franscis's Laudato si'?

Once, men and women had an attunement to the natural world enabling them to respect its possibilities, but the power of modern science has transformed attunement into control, manipulation, and possession

Aquinas's way of demonstrating God's existence by examining how all inanimate things are in some way ordered toward an end by some transcendent intelligence is called the way of: A) Contingency B) Motion C) Efficient Cause D) Order/Governance

Order/Governance

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 ways that Aquinas establishes God's existence? A) The Way of Motion B) The Way of Gradations C) The Way of Morality D) The Way of Contingency

The Way of Morality

What is meant by Francis Fukuyma's titular phrase "the end of history" A) That once God returns, history will finally come to an end B) That with the collapse of the Berlin wall and the fall of the Soviet Union, history is now at an end since the forces of evil (communism) have all been defeated C) The liberalism is the final stop of human advance, that is, because liberalism concludes all historical aspirations by bringing liberation and technological advancement, humans have come to the end of history D) That in a apocalyptic world, history finally comes to its much needed conclusion

The liberalism is the final stop of human advance, that is, because liberalism concludes all historical aspirations by bringing liberation and technological advancement, humans have come to the end of history

Which of the following best captures why Anselm dwells on the words "from" and "through"?

To better understand the relation between origin and continued sustenance

Which of the following summarizes Hart's methodology and intentions?

To clarify the concept of "God" so that those who believe understand better and those who reject God have a clear concept of what they don't believe

Which of the following best describes how Anselm understand the relationship between a word and thing it identifies? A) Words are images of things, which are identical with thoughts B) Words are images of thoughts, and thoughts are images of things. C) Things are images of thoughts, and thoughts are images of words D) Images are words of thoughts, and things are images of images

Words are images of thoughts, and thoughts are images of things.

Can human reason demonstrate that God exists? A) Yes, but only by means of demonstration quia, through which we move from the effects, which are known better to us though are less intelligible in themselves, to the cause (God) who is more knowable in himself, but less knowable to us B) Yes but only by means of demonstration propter quid, through which we move from the effects, which are known better to us though are less intelligible in themselves, to the cause (God) who is more knowable in himself, but less knowable to us C) Yes, but only by means of demonstration quia, through which we move from the cause, which are known better to us though are less intelligible in themselves, to the effects who is more knowable in himself, but less knowable to us D) Yes, but only by means of demonstration propter quid, through which we move from the cause, which are known better to us though are less intelligible in themselves, to the effects who is more knowable in himself, but less knowable to us

Yes, but only by means of demonstration quia, through which we move from the effects, which are known better to us though are less intelligible in themselves, to the cause (God) who is more knowable in himself, but less knowable to us

What does it mean to say that "religion is not simply discovered, it is invented"? A) Religion has a transhistorical and transcultural essence B) That it is a category, constructed within a certain worldview and with a certain ideology C) That is not a real thing at all D) That religion is the same for all people everywhere and in every time period

That it is a category, constructed within a certain worldview and with a certain ideology

Which of the following images best conveys the sense of reason that Anselm adopted?

A hammer, because he believed reason was like a tool used to construct the variety of mental equipment necessary for thought to function

What is the primary new development that liberalism brings into the world? A) An anthropology, that is, a new vision of the human person B) A sociology, that is, a new vision of how human beings are socially bound C) A mathematics, that is, a new vision for how mathematics speaks the depths of nature D) All of these

An anthropology, that is, a new vision of the human person

How did Anselm understand art?

As a power available to all persons, providing the conditions for human intervention into the given

How can the Catholic tradition's understanding of the world as created help to recover "our human capacity for contemplation and reverence"? A) As one of the most rational claims ever made, the doctrine of creation promises that all faith will eventually become subsumed by reason until the only real faith is rationalism B) As one of the most rational claims ever made, the doctrine of creation ensure that with enough human effort we will eventually come to realize that the God we worship is really our own sense of reason projected onto a divine screen C) As one of the most irrational claims ever made, the doctrine of creation gets beyond the problems of rationality because it informs us that the only knowledge we need is that of faith revealed by Go00d, and that reason is irrelevant D) As one of the most rational claims every made, it tells us the world is orderly and coherent, coming from a single source who speaks it into existence, establishing a home for speech and reason.

As one of the most rational claims every made, it tells us the world is orderly and coherent, coming from a single source who speaks it into existence, establishing a home for speech and reason.

Which of the following is NOT an order within the Catholic Tradition? A) Jesuits B) Franciscans C) Baptists D) Augustinians

Baptists

According to Williams's introductory remarks, why is Anselm's project of natural theology "fishy" from the start? A) Because the attempt to prove God's existence with reason alone is impossible B) Because Anselm was professor writing to convince atheists, who already rejected his ideas C) Because Anselm was a monk writing to convince atheists, who already rejected his ideas D) Because the attempt to prove God's existence using only faith is dubious

Because Anselm was a monk writing to convince atheists, who already rejected his ideas

Why is it more accurate to say that Anselm's eureka moment revealed to him a demonstration of God's presence, rather than proof that God exists? A) Because God is not some object alongside other object, and so not subject to some alleged neutrality that is alone guarantees the truth being established. B) Because demonstration is an approach that guarantees the truth being proved by assuming the necessary neutrality that allows a truth to revel itself C) Because proof is not a mathematical enough word, whereas Anselm's demonstration functions by using formulas and symbols to reveal a truth that is unquestionable D) Because God is not some object alongside other objects, and so must be mediated through sense experience in order to enter the mind

Because God is not some object alongside other object, and so not subject to some alleged neutrality that is alone guarantees the truth being established.

Why is it impossible to think about something that does not exist, whether naturally or artificially? A) Because existence is relative to the one judging it B) Because existence is a construct that can only be practiced but never thought C) Because the human mind is a mirage D) Because all language, and thus all thought, is derivative from either nature or the synthesis nature called "art"

Because all language, and thus all thought, is derivative from either nature or the synthesis nature called "art"

In what ways can the liberal tradition be understood as a (quasi) religious tradition? A) Because the Democratic party prays before all its gatherings B) Because it has originating texts, makes claim about good and evil, human nature, and how best to be saved from evil C) Because it forces people, under pain and threats, to conform to its belief system D) Because it is a privately held set of beliefs that a person practices one day each week

Because it has originating texts, makes claim about good and evil, human nature, and how best to be saved from evil

Which of the following principles best summarizes the first phase of Anselm's demonstration? A) Comparative being is infinitely continual B) Comparative being implicates superlative being C) Superlative being implicates comparative being D) Superlative being depends upon comparisons

Comparative being implicates superlative being

What are the only two objections to God's existence Aquinas believes poses a worthy challenge? A) Evil and Superfluity B) Evil and Science C) Nature and Will D) Evil and Nature

Evil and Superfluity

Within the classical theistic tradition, which of the following best explains God' s attributes?

God does not possess or 'have' his attributes; rather, God IS his attributes: God IS goodness, God IS beauty, God IS truth, God IS love

Which of the following is the best mathematical analogy for how Anselm understands God?

God is like infinity in that he is the plenitude of all numerical content.

Which of the following best characterizes the mono-polytheistic, or theistic-personalist, model of God? A) God is simply a numerically restricted version of the model of the gods found in many ancient cultures B) God is the source of all existence and so cannot be considered A being C) God is quite literally identical to all that is D) God is so transcendent, that is, beyond the world, and so immanent in things, that God cannot fit into our categories of thinking

God is simply a numerically restricted version of the model of the gods found in many ancient cultures

Which of the following is the "working" definition of God that Anselm proposes and why?

God is that than which nothing greater can be thought, a definition he acknowledges is what the tradition ("we") believed

According to Hart, what does it mean to speak of "God" properly, that is, to use the word of "God" in a way that corresponds to the teachings of the major faith traditions of the world?

God is the infinite source of all that is, perfectly transcendent of the world and for this very reason also perfectly immanent to the world

According to Hart, why is it the case that "a plurality of gods could not constitute an alternative to or contradiction of the sanity of God"?

God is the only one who identifies something real, while "gods" identify a mythology created by primitive human beings

According the Aquinas, is God's existence self-evident? A) God's existence is self-evident in itself, but not to us B) God's existence is self-evident to us, but not in itself C) God's existence is self-evidence since God is TTWNGCBT; aquinas agrees with Anselm D) God's existence in not self-evident in any way

God's existence is self-evident in itself, but not to us

How does Hart view the association between human reason and God? A) He asserts that God is totally beyond reason, unable to communicate itself to the finite categories and concepts with which reason works B) He asserts that it makes sense to believe in both, or neither, but it is contradictory to believe in one and not the other. C) He asserts that one must believe in God, but not reason because reason is, as Martin Luther once put it, a "*****" that only distorts the knowledge of faith D) He asserts that God is only knowable through reason because faith is simply too arbitrary and uncertain to offer anything important

He asserts that it makes sense to believe in both, or neither, but it is contradictory to believe in one and not the other.

Which of the following does Guanilo claim about the existence of the TTWNGCBT and thought vs. understanding?

He claims that, since false things, properly speaking, cannot be understood, Anselm ought to have said that the TTWNGCBT is such that it cannot be understood not to exist

How does Hart view the existence of many religious traditions?

He is open to the possibility that one faith might be truer than all others, but this does not and could not then mean that all other religions are simply false

How does Hart assess the relationship between reason and revelation? A) He sees them as diametrically opposed to one another, reason concerns what human beings can know, while revelation concerns a faith that cannot be known and so must be accepted B) He sees them as distinct, even though there is a point at which they are one and the same C) He sees them as only one and the same, with no distinction whatsoever D) He sees them as mere constructs of a more impressive and important mode of scientific knowledge

He sees them as only one and the same, with no distinction whatsoever

Beyond establishing THAT God exists, which of the following best characterizes how Anselm understands reason's powers with respect to the mysteries of the particular Christian faith like the Trinity? A) He thinks that at best, reason can defend them against objections by showing they involved no logical impossibility B) He thinks that reason is powerful enough to prove that even these mysteries follow necessarily from other rational principles C) He thinks that once reason is enlightened by faith, it can come to see that they mysteries are in some sense inevitable and fitting. D) He thinks that these mysteries are far too lofty to be capable of any relation to reason or rationality, which is why he invokes faith as the power to relate to these mysteries

He thinks that once reason is enlightened by faith, it can come to see that they mysteries are in some sense inevitable and fitting.

How does Hart assess the contemporary debates about God that abound in our late modern culture?

He thinks there are a great deal of such debates, yet the concept of God that occupies most of these debates is obscure and rather incoherent

How does the author assess the contemporary debates about God that abound in our late modern culture? A) He thinks they are rather infrequent and benign for the most part, focusing astutely on the classical understanding of God B) He thinks there are a great deal of such debates, yet the concept of God that occupies most of these debates is obscure and rather incoherent C) He thinks that there is ultimately no need for any such debates since God is really a matter of complete personal preference and this outside the realm of debate D) He thinks that the need for such debates is urgent since no one today has a proper understanding of what is meant by the term God

He thinks there are a great deal of such debates, yet the concept of God that occupies most of these debates is obscure and rather incoherent

Which of the following statement about critical theory is false? A) It arose as a reaction to certain notions of tradition that were judged to be restrictive B) It advanced a position that stood against the Marxist and Frankfurt schools of thought C) It takes its name from a Greek word that means 'judgement' or 'discernment' D) It tended to see tradition as an oppressive force that enslaves rather than liberates

It advanced a position that stood against the Marxist and Frankfurt schools of thought

What is the ultimate aim of Anselm's natural theology?

Knowledge in the sense of acquaintance or relationship

Which of the following is an accurate reason that the author of the Experience of God, David Hart, will restrict his analysis to the most classical definitions of God? A) Because this is the God that is discoverable by empirical sciences and the God that most common believers simply do not know B) Because this is the God that is diametrically opposed the the sciences, which are the most powerful and commonly available discourses for acquiring knowledge about reality C) Because this classical definition of God is the easiest to understand; as another being in the world, this god is subject to time and space like us, is a product of cosmic nature like us, manipulates materials like us, and who is searching for truth like us D) Not only does this God stand upon the authority of centuries of reflection, but this God is beyond the empirical sciences such that there is no opposition between science and belief in this God, and this is the God that most common believers espouse in some way as the God they worship.

Not only does this God stand upon the authority of centuries of reflection, but this God is beyond the empirical sciences such that there is no opposition between science and belief in this God, and this is the God that most common believers espouse in some way as the God they worship.

For both Goethe and Pope Francis, what is at stake in conflicting understandings of what it means to know? A) Our capacity to progress technology B) Our ability to discover new advances in medicine and health related technology C) Our capacity to understand the natural world and all its gifts D) Our very humanity

Our very humanity

Which of the following best describes the substantivist approach to religion? A) Religion is defined based upon how it functions in a given social context B) Religion is defined based upon how effective it is in a given society C) Religion is defined as an obligation to reestablish a bond that has been severed D) Religion is defined for what it is based upon its beliefs about the nature of reality

Religion is defined for what it is based upon its beliefs about the nature of reality

According to Hart, which is only subtly implied, which of the following identifies the god of Intelligent Design? A) The monotheistic God of the classical faith traditions B) YHWN C) The Trinitarian God of Christianity D) The Demiurge of Greek philosophical thought

The Demiurge of Greek philosophical thought

Which of the following most accurately identifies the god of deism?

The God who, like a watchmaker, winds creation up and lets it run without any intervention

Which of the following best characterizes Anslem' s metaphysics, or philosophy of being/existence?

There is one thing that must exist of itself, while all other things that exist do so through this one existing thing such that existence is fundamentally a unity-in-diversity.

What are the three reasons that Hart adopts the Sanskrit triad of 'sitchatananda' (being, consciousness, bliss) as his definition of the Godhead? A) They are an elegant summary of the divine nature found in many traditions; they capture the human experience and knowledge of God; they identify human phenomena that resist philosophical naturalism B) They are a uniquely Christian way of naming God, they exhaust all human experience of the divine nature; and they are 'pure' and 'self-sufficient' C) They identify God as Father, Son, and Spirit; they offer a metaphysical explanation of God; and they are three supernatural forms of the natural D) He actually posits these three identifications in order to reject them for the more robust and metaphysically savvy terms; Father, Son and Spirit

They are an elegant summary of the divine nature found in many traditions; they capture the human experience and knowledge of God; they identify human phenomena that resist philosophical naturalism

How does Anselm view the association between existence in reality and existence in the understanding. A) They are quite different things B) They are the same in every way C) There is no existence in understanding, only in reality D) There is on existence in reality, only in the understanding

They are quite different things

Which of the following statements, according to Aquinas's definition, is a self-evident proposition (either in itself or to us)? A) Human beings enjoy walking B) Bachelors are married C) Trees are big D) Wholes are greater than their parts

Wholes are greater than their parts

According to Williams, what is Anselm's view of faith with respect to his motto "Faith seeking understanding"? A) That faith is very weak and thus needs reason in order to make it effective B) Understanding does not replace faith, but rather faith provides the very conditions for ever deepening understanding by feeding or nourishing it C) Faith ought to be replaced by understanding since faith is vague and unclear while understanding is clear and distinct D) Understanding is like the initial attraction to a friend, while faith is like a full-fledged friendship

Understanding does not replace faith, but rather faith provides the very conditions for ever deepening understanding by feeding or nourishing it

Why is it important to stress that the Catholic tradition is a part of the now broader Christian tradition? A) Because first it originates as a tradition in Greek and Roman paganism and only joins the Christian tradition later B) Because the Catholic tradition does not actually worship a god who is Trinity, nor does it believe that God really became human in the person of Jesus Christ C) Because certain forms of contemporary Christianity, influenced in large measure by the liberal tradition, have become suspicious as to whether or not the Catholic tradition is Christian D) Because Catholicism espouses the belief in eating flesh and drinking blood

Because certain forms of contemporary Christianity, influenced in large measure by the liberal tradition, have become suspicious as to whether or not the Catholic tradition is Christian

How does Hart describe the grammatical and linguistic conditions of today's debates about God? A) Given the many linguistic barriers that one must overcome, the debates about God today are hopelessly caught in a confusion about grammar and language B) These debates are often sustained by an illusion that both sides are using different words to signal the same meaning, when in fact both sides are speaking always about the same thing C) Because there are no obvious linguistic barriers to be overcome, each side understands the other just well enough to be deceived into thinking that both are working within the same conceptual frame D) These debates are often sustained by the need to overcome all linguistic and grammatical differences so as to allow the participants in the debate to realize that God is little more than a social construct

Because there are no obvious linguistic barriers to be overcome, each side understands the other just well enough to be deceived into thinking that both are working within the same conceptual frame

Which of the following is an attribute unique to the Catholic tradition, rather than Christianity as a whole? A) Belief that priests are part of the Apostolic succession and that the pope is in a lineage traceable back to Peter B) Belief that God is a Trinity of 3 persons in one God C) Belief that the Some of God, the Word, became flesh in Jesus Christ D) Belief that Jesus was crucifies, dies, was buried, and on the third day rose from the dead

Belief that priests are part of the Apostolic succession and that the pope is in a lineage traceable back to Peter

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which the proper sense of tradition can be identified? A) A principle of social organization B) Beliefs justified by their response C) A gathering and critical power D) Democracy of the Dead

Beliefs justified by their response

At one point in his analysis, Gaunilo claims that it is not possible to have the TTWNGCBT in one's understanding because... A) God does not exist B) It is a nonsensical term or phrase that has no real referent in reality C) It is like a lost island; its true owner has not yet been able to locate it D) It cannot be mediated through genus or species; that is, there is nothing familiar to provide a basis for knowing it.

It cannot be mediated through genus or species; that is, there is nothing familiar to provide a basis for knowing it.

Which of the following statements MIScharacterizes the ancient view of religio? A) It sought to reestablish a bond that had been severed with the transcendent B) It identified a list of beliefs that ordered a person's individual spirituality C) It signified a powerful requirement to perform some action D) It could be equally applied to civic oaths, family bonds, and cultic observances

It identified a list of beliefs that ordered a person's individual spirituality

Which of the following best articulates the distinction between God and god, according to Hart's analysis? A) It is a distinction in numbering; 'God' identifies the one God, while 'god' identifies one of a plurality of divine beings B) It is a distinction between two words that are bound by the same conceptual order, or conceptual conditions C) It is a distinction between two kinds of being sharing the same reality D) It is a distinction between two entirely different kinds of reality, belonging to two entirely different conceptual orders.`

It is a distinction between two entirely different kinds of reality, belonging to two entirely different conceptual orders.

According to Hart, what is the primary distinction between monotheism and polytheism? A) It is a distinction in numbering: monotheism espouses the existence of 1 God, while polytheism espouses the existence of many gods B) It is a distinction in imaginary projection: monotheists project simply one god, while polytheists project many C) It is a distinction in history: polytheism arrived first, while monotheism took a bit longer for human beings to conjure D) It is a distinction between two qualitatively immeasurable kinds of reality: monotheism espouses God who is the ground of being itself, while polytheism espouses gods as an agent who has being.

It is a distinction between two qualitatively immeasurable kinds of reality: monotheism espouses God who is the ground of being itself, while polytheism espouses gods as an agent who has being.

Which of the following is an accurate articulation of Hart's view of fundamentalism?

It is a particular pathology of our late modern Western culture, deriving from the power of abstract ideas, and infecting everything from religion to economics, to politics, social theory and other discourses

Which of the following is the MacIntyrean understanding of Tradition? A) It is that which opposes progressive by offering a stable and permanent set of norms B) It identifies a set or range of practices whose justification is embodied in the perpetuity of their performance C) It is that habit of mind that seeks to reject what has been passed down in favor of a more liberating act of judgement and discernment D) It is an argument extended through time in which certain fundamental agreements are defined and redefined.

It is an argument extended through time in which certain fundamental agreements are defined and redefined.

When it comes to the way that things exist in the mind and the way things exist in reality, which of the following expresses Anselm's belief? A) It is better for something to exist in the mind rather than in reality since reality is what enables evil to come about B) It is better for something to exist both in the mind and in reality C) It is better for something to exist in reality than in the mind, since only what exists naturally is real D) It is better for something to exist neither in the mind not in reality, since existence is suffering

It is better for something to exist both in the mind and in reality.

Which of the following best characterizes Anselm's use and belief about language?

It is more than semantics because it is always in the service of a better understanding of God that leads to closer intimacy with God

In which of the following ways is God's presence like beauty itself? A) It is entirely in the 'eye of the beholder,' that is, God's presence is whatever a person thinks it is B) It is something that can only properly be conceived by the senses C) It is really a presence that must be delightful to look at D) It is so close that it often goes unnoticed

It is so close that it often goes unnoticed

Which of the following best summarizes Gaunilo's argument of self-existence? A) since I know with equal certainty my own existence and the existence of TTWNGCBT, IF I can think my own non-existence (which I can) then I should be able to also think the non-existence of the TTWNGCBT since it has the same certainty of existence; if I cannot think my own non-existence, then God (TTWNGCBT) is not the only one whose existence cannot be thought not to exist B) Since I know with different degrees of certainty my own existence and the existence of TTWNGCBT, IF I can think my own non-existence (which I can) then I cannot think the non-existence of the TTWNGCBT since it has a different certainty of existence; if I cannot think my own non-existence, then God (TTWNGCBT) must exist C) Since I know with equally certainty my own existence and the existence of TTWNGCBT, I can think my own non-existence and the non-existence

Since I know with different degrees of certainty my own existence and the existence of TTWNGCBT, IF I can think my own non-existence (which I can) then I cannot think the non-existence of the TTWNGCBT since it has a different certainty of existence; if I cannot think my own non-existence, then God (TTWNGCBT) must exist

In what way can atheism be said to be a companion in the human experience of beauty? A) Since beauty is only in the eye on the beholder, anything can be beautiful to anyone, even atheism B) Since beauty involves whatever is pleasing to a person, since atheism is pleasing to some it is therefore beautiful C) Since beauty involves a plenitude of intelligibility that, as a unity-in-plurality, requires a destabilizing power to open one to transcendence, atheism can be said to communicate these D) It cannot be a companion to beauty because it is wrong

Since beauty involves a plenitude of intelligibility that, as a unity-in-plurality, requires a destabilizing power to open one to transcendence, atheism can be said to communicate these

How does Anselm understand the relation between an essence and existence?

Since one is able to understand the essence of something without knowing whether or not to what extent a thing exists, it means that in all creatures, essence and existence are separate

What justifies the claim that the liberal tradition exercises an authoritative power unrivaled even by the Medieval Church? A) The Medieval Church always saw itself under the authority of God, while the liberal tradition espouses no such external authority over itself. B) The liberal tradition espouses a firm obedience to the One, Divine authority of God in order to sustain its practices and beliefs C) The liberal tradition espouses no particular beliefs nor subscribes any particular practices, making it empty and therefor dangerous D) The Medieval Church did not possess much authority since it sold indulgences, executed Galileo, and rejected scientific advancement

The Medieval Church always saw itself under the authority of God, while the liberal tradition espouses no such external authority over itself.

According to Hart, what is intended by the word God by classical theistic faith traditions? A) A particular agent of divine power, though as one discrete being who dwells in existence B) The One who is the very ground of all existence, in whom we live and move and have our being. C) He is "being" itself in that there is no distinction whatsoever between God and that which God creates; God IS every existing thing without distinction D) A higher, or more powerful or more splendid dimension of immanent reality

The One who is the very ground of all existence, in whom we live and move and have our being.

Which of the following best characterizes the habit of mind that is favored by the scholastic method? A) The mathematical mind because it is undertaken to arrive at a final, definitive, determinate solution B) The either/or mind because it clearly separates the objections from the position being examined C) The aesthetic mind, because it is formulated according to an open dialectic and thus orders both the mathematical and the either/or mind D) The aesthetic mind, because it is primarily open to whatever the inquirer wants the truth to be

The aesthetic mind, because it is formulated according to an open dialectic and thus orders both the mathematical and the either/or mind

What does Hart say is the truly interesting question about modern philosophical reflection on God?

The assumptions that all sides tend to share and how they have been shaped by larger currents of cultural history

According to Anselm, what is the relationship between the diverse goods of the world and the good itself?

The diversity of goods in the world, when compared to each other, demonstrate that there must be some one good that they all share and in which they all participate

Which of the following anthropological principles provides evidence for one's transcendental relativity? A) The fact that every human has a different perspective, which means everything is relative B) The fact that human nature, the essence of a person, is self-transcending C) The fact that a person is totally alone in occupying time and space D) The fact that a human person is an independent, autonomous bearer of rights

The fact that human nature, the essence of a person, is self-transcending

Under the new scientific paradigm of knowledge as scientific abstraction and mastery/manipulation, why does something like beauty get overlooked? A) Because beauty is in the eye of the beholder and science only measures what is objectively out in the world B) Because science investigates only empirical phenomena, and because beauty is spiritual, science must overlook it C) The new scientific paradigm stands upon a reductive methodology, which often results in overlooking whatever we cannot measure. D) He does not say that it overlooks beauty

The new scientific paradigm stands upon a reductive methodology, which often results in overlooking whatever we cannot measure.

Which Gospel parable is put forward as a helpful allegory for liberalism as a tradition? A) The parable of the mustard seed B) The parable of the talents C) The parable of the prodigal son D) The parable of drunk cow

The parable of the prodigal son