BEH5043 - CH.5

The "1" line running through the middle of the SCC chart indicates how much time? - Less than 1 minute - 0 minutes - 1 minute - 10 minutes

- 1 minute The "1" line is our point of reference in the center of the chart; it indicates times (durations, latencies, observation periods, etc.) that last 1 minute.

What does an equal distance between 1 and 10 reflect on the SCC? - An increase in an addition of 10 - An increase in a multiplicative factor of 10

- An increase in a multiplicative factor of 10 Due to logarithmic nature of the y-axis, we move between the six counting cycles by multiplication and division (not addition and subtraction).

The Standard Celeration Chart is a variation on the cumulative record that is designed to be used in which setting? - Laboratory - Applied

- Applied The Standard Celeration Chart was intended to put the same analytic tools used by Skinner and other experimental scientists into the hands of applied practitioners.

Cora is polling BCBAs to determine their preference in methods when delivering caregiver trainings. The methods being compared are group workshops, telehealth, in-person at a clinic, or in-person at the client's home. Given this information, which graphic display would be the best for Cora to use? - Equal-interval line graph - Cumulative record - Standard Celeration Chart - Bar graph

- Bar graph The equal-interval, cumulative record, and SCC are all ideal for data that are collected and displayed across the passage of time. The data that Cora is collecting is not time-series data, but on the preference for different categories (types of caregiver trainings), which is the ideal use for the bar graph.

Where should zero (no) responses be charted on the SCC? - Above the counting time floor - On the counting time floor - Below the counting time floor

- Below the counting time floor Drawing the symbol just below the counting time floor indicates that no responses were observed during the observation period.

The SCC can allow for ease of comparison: - Across behaviors and settings - Between deceleration and acceleration targets - Both of these - Neither of these

- Both of these Because the SCC can display behaviors that occur as infrequently as one time per day and as frequently as 1,000 times per minute, and because the SCC can display all the dimensional quantities of behavior, it allows for measures of multiple behaviors (both deceleration and acceleration targets) across different settings.

The SCC is designed to capture and measure behavior that occurs as: Infrequently as one time a day Frequently as a thousand times a minute Both of these Neither of these

- Both of these The SCC allows for practitioners to display the entire range of behavioral frequencies on a single graph.

It is essential to include which of the following on a complete daily record? (check all that apply) - Counting time floor - Celeration lines - Frequency/rate of correct responses or replacement behavior - Frequency/rate of incorrect responses or problem behavior

- Counting time floor - Frequency/rate of correct responses or replacement behavior - Frequency/rate of incorrect responses or problem behavior The daily record will include information on the amount of time spent observing and recording (the counting time floor) and the rate of both correct and incorrect (or appropriate and problem) responses. The celeration line is drawn through data points collected over several days.

The amount of time spent observing and recording (the recording period) on the SCC refers to the: - Counting time floor - Celeration line - Celeration fan

- Counting time floor Sometimes called the "behavior floor," the counting time floor is the amount of time spent observing and recording the behavior of interest.

Yolanda is working with an adolescent named Ben who is having trouble making friends at school. His peers often tease him during the school day for smelling bad. Yolanda designs a program to teach Ben to shower each morning before going to school. Given this information, which graphic display would be the best for Yolanda to use when analyzing these data? - Semilogarithmic graph - Bar graph - Equal-interval line graph - Cumulative record

- Cumulative record Showering is a behavior that is likely to be targeted to occur just once per day, so in this case the cumulative record would be the clearest for demonstrating the effectiveness of the intervention on behavior.

Becky is consulting with a large company to improve employee wellness. The initiative is the total number of miles that each individual employee walks a day, for several months. If individual employees are to report their total number of miles walked each day, which graphic display would be best for measuring progress towards this specific goal? - Equal-interval line graph - Cumulative record - Semilogarithmic graph -Bar graph

- Cumulative record While an equal-interval line graph, or a semilogarithmic graph could be used to display these data, since the target behavior of walking has a terminal goal and employees will receive feedback on their performance, the best choice from the list is the cumulative record.

The features of the SCC mimic features of which graphic display? - Equal-interval line graph - Cumulative record - Bar graph

- Cumulative record Just like the cumulative record produced by the cumulative recorder, the SCC produces standard slopes which allow for more efficient data analysis.

Which celeration chart is most commonly used in applied settings? - Daily per minute chart - Weekly per minute chart - Monthly behavior chart - Yearly behavior chart

- Daily per minute chart The daily per minute chart allows for the analysis changes in behavior during a treatment or intervention, while the other charts in the family are designed for looking at changes in performance across a longer time scale.

What should be included when calibrating the start date on the SCC? (check all that apply) - Day - Month - Year - Time - Location

- Day - Month - Year

Select all that are benefits of a bar graph: (check all that apply) - Efficient for summarizing and comparing large data sets - Easy to interpret and analyze data - Indicates variability and trends in data - Helps to simplify communication with stakeholders - Shows changes in continuous data over time

- Efficient for summarizing and comparing large data sets - Easy to interpret and analyze data - Helps to simplify communication with stakeholders While the bar graph does help to simplify communication with stakeholders because they are easy to interpret and efficient for summarizing large data sets, the bar graph does not show changes in continuous data over time nor indicate variability in trends of data (like equal-interval graphs and the SCC).

The cumulative recorder was designed to collect data on _____ operant responding. - Free -Restricted

- Free While in the operant chamber, the organism was free to engage in any response including the response of interest (like press a lever or peck a key). These responses did not require any specific opportunity to respond.

Marleen recites the lines of her character in the school play throughout the day. This is an example of a: - Free operant response - Restricted operant response

- Free operant response

Juliette reads several chapters in her book each night. This is an example of a: - Free operant response - Restricted operant response

- Free operant response Juliette could read as much or as little of her book as she wants at any point in time; this response is not restricted by a specific opportunity to respond.

What is the first step in analyzing the celeration of a set of data? - Estimate the slope of the line - Identify the general direction of the line - Draw a best fit line through the data series

- Identify the general direction of the line Before analyzing the celeration for the data set, it helps to look at the general direction, and determine if it is increasing, decreasing, or flat.

Natural science is a(n) _____ science. - Deductive - Inductive

- Inductive Natural science is inductive in that it requires ongoing contact with a phenomenon of interest and engaging in continuous measurement of it prior to developing any kind of interpretive language around the phenomenon. Whereas social sciences are more a deductive science in that a hypothesis is developed about a phenomenon and then that hypothesis is tested. With natural sciences like behavior analysis, we are engaging in ongoing observations and measurement of our phenomenon of interest, which is behavior.

Moving up and down on the vertical axis of the SCC is done by means of: - Addition and subtraction - Multiplication and division

- Multiplication and division When moving up and down an equal-interval scale, we use addition and subtraction, but when moving up and down on a logarithmic scale (which the vertical axis of the SCC is), we move via multiplication and division.

A flat, horizontal line on a cumulative record indicates ____ during that time period. - A high rate of responding - No responding - Consistent responding - Variable responding

- No responding

What does it mean if there is a question mark drawn below the dash line indicating the counting time floor? - No responses were observed - Several responses were observed - Data were not collected on those days

- No responses were observed In the tradition of Ogden Lindsley, a question mark drawn below the counting time floor means that no responses were observed during the time period.

Select all that are characteristics of a natural science of behavior: (check all that apply) - Hypothesis testing - Objective definitions of behavior - Experimental analysis - Observable behavior - Statistical analysis - Standard and absolute measurement

- Objective definitions of behavior - Experimental analysis - Observable behavior - Standard and absolute measurement All natural sciences, including behavior analysis as a natural science, focus on objective and observable natural phenomena that can be quantified, measured, and experimentally analyzed. Social sciences (not natural sciences) utilize hypothesis testing and statistical analyses.

Ogden Lindsley is known for which of the following? (check all that apply) - Pioneer of precision teaching - Student of B. F. Skinner - Creator of the cumulative recorder - Designer of the Standard Celeration Chart - Developing tools for use in laboratory settings

- Pioneer of precision teaching - Student of B. F. Skinner - Designer of the Standard Celeration Chart Lindsley pioneered Precision Teaching and designed the standard celeration chart. But it was his teacher, B. F. Skinner who invented the cumulative recorder and other tools for use in laboratory settings. In fact, it was Lindsley's goal to provide the same tools used in laboratory settings to scientists and practitioners working in applied settings.

Jugo selects an answer to a poll that appears on his computer screen while he is filling out an online survey. This is an example of a: - Restricted operant response - Free operant response

- Restricted operant response Jugo's response (answering the poll) is restricted in that Jugo can't answer a poll question until a question has been provided.

The Standard Celeration Chart is an example of which type of graph? - Equal-interval line graph - Cumulative record - Semilogarithmic graph - Bar graph

- Semilogarithmic graph The y-axis of the standard celeration chart uses a logarithmic scale, while the x-axis uses a linear scale, making this a type of semilogarithmic graph.

Tyson collected data on three students to compare their test scores after a peer group study and their test scores after individual study with SAFMEDS. Tyson plans to present these data to a group of teachers using a bar graph in a meeting about each student's progress. Tyson most likely selected a bar graph to display these data in order to: - Identify variability and trends in data - Show changes in continuous data over time - Simplify communication with stakeholders when displaying data

- Simplify communication with stakeholders when displaying data The bar graph will not identify variability and trends in data nor will it show changes in continuous data over time, but the bar graph is ideal for simplifying communication with stakeholders including other professionals (like teachers).

When analyzing a cumulative record created by a cumulative recorder, the ___ indicates the rate of responding. - Data point - Slope of the line - Stylus pen reset

- Slope of the line The cumulative recorder does not draw individual data points; scientists determine changes in rates of responding by inspecting the slope of the line.

Where is the calibration date written on the SCC? - The middle horizontal line on the chart - The bottom horizontal line on the chart - The first vertical line on the left side of the chart - The first vertical line on the right side of the chart

- The first vertical line on the left side of the chart The start date for a chart is written on the slash line above the first vertical line on the left side of the chart and all charts within an organization are calibrated to the same start date.

Within each of the counting cycles, how do we know what to count by when moving up the y-axis? - The value of time displayed on the right side of the chart - The number on the left that starts with 1 - The number on the left that starts with 5

- The number on the left that starts with 1 Remember the jingle, "The big number on the left that starts with 1 tells you what to count by and where to count from."

Percent correct is extremely insensitive to environmental variables. - True - False

- True As a dimensionless quantity, percent correct is not a direct measure of behavior but instead is a mathematical abstraction.

The cumulative record produces standard slopes across organisms, which allows for ease of interpretation and comparison. - True - False

- True Due to the design of the cumulative recorder, the cumulative records created standard displays, meaning they could be used by different scientists across different labs, but would always produce similar graphs. This allowed for these scientists to spend more time in interpretation of the information since time would not need to be spent on orientation to the display.

The amount of behavior change between 1 and 10 and between 10 and 100 is the same x10 on the SCC. True False

- True The SCC preserves and displays proportional amounts of behavior change, and the difference between 1 and 10 is the same ratio of change as the difference between 10 and 100 (a multiplicative factor of 10).

A clinical and statistically significant impact on behavior is established when a times ___ celeration is produced on the SCC. - One - Two - Five - Ten

- Two Ogden Lindsley demonstrated that a times two or greater (or divide two or greater) celeration value indicate both a clinical and statistical significance. These impacts would be visible by caregivers and the probability that the celerations of this magnitude are produced by chance is extremely low.

Which part of the SCC reflects a measure of frequency/rate (count per minute)? - Celeration fan - Celeration line - Vertical or y-axis - Horizontal or x-axis

- Vertical or y-axis The celeration fan is used as a quick comparison for celeration lines drawn through a data path and will indicate a change in rate across a period of time. The horizontal x-axis tracks the passage of time while the vertical y-axis displays the measure of behavior, converted to rate per minute.

Which celeration chart allows for the ability to track weekly performance throughout the course of a month and is often used for assessment? - Daily per minute chart - Weekly per minute chart - Monthly behavior chart - Yearly behavior chart

- Weekly per minute chart In the same way the daily per minute chart displays the occurrence of behavior on individual days so that comparisons can be made across days within a week, the weekly per minute chart displays the occurrence of behavior in individual weeks so that comparisons can be made across weeks within a month.

On every SCC, an increase in behavior of 1 on Monday to 2 on Friday and an increase in behavior of 10 on Monday to 20 on Friday both result in: - +1 celeration - +10 celeration - x2 celeration /2 celeration

- x2 celeration Going from one response per minute to two responses per minute in a week is a doubling of rate the same as if going from ten responses per minute to 20 responses per minute in a week. A doubling of a rate is described as a x2 ("times two") celeration.

The Standard Celeration Chart is an exact descendant of which graphic display? - Cumulative record - Equal-interval line graph - Bar graph

-Cumulative record The Standard Celeration Chart directly stems from the traditions of B. F. Skinner in his basic operant laboratory.

What is the standard absolute unit of measurement used on the daily per minute SCC? - Rate per day - Rate per hour -Rate per minute - Rate per session

-Rate per minute All frequencies on the daily per minute SCC are converted from a raw count to a rate per minute.

There is not a specific line for which a frequency dot of 150 can be charted on the SCC. - True - False

-True Starting at the 100 line, each subsequent horizontal line increases by 100, so the lines are 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and so on (until 1000). This means that there isn't a specific horizontal line on the chart that indicates 150; if the rate of responses observed were 150 per minute, the behavior analyst would draw the dot between the 100 and the 200 lines.

The distances on the SCC between 1 and 10, 10 and 100, and 100 and 1000 are all equal. - True - False

-True Due to the logarithmic nature of the y-axis, proportional amounts of change are preserved so that changes of a factor of 10 (as is described in this example) are equivalent distances on the scale.

In the SCC, there are ___________________ counting cycles of 10.

6 It is for this reason that the Standard Celeration Chart is sometimes called the six-cycle chart.

Why would a cumulative record be used as a preferred graphic display when delivering feedback?

A cumulative record never shows a decreasing trend, and therefore, may be less likely to evoke avoidance behavior or other negative effects as opposed to presenting feedback using a line graph that shows deceleration

Any amount of time that falls ____ the "1" line on the SCC reflects time periods less than 1 minute.

Above Shorter amounts of time are displayed higher on the chart and longer amounts of time are displayed lower on the chart.

Part of bar graph that lists the categories being summarized = ____

Abscissa/x-axis

The actual amount of difference between data at one point in time and another = ______ change

Absolute Absolute change between one data point and another is calculated by subtracting the first data point from the second; this tells us how much actual change there was from one point to another. Relative change between one data point and another is calculated by dividing the second data point by the first; this tells us how much proportional change there was from one data point to another.

Which dimensional units of behavior can be shown on the SCC? (check all that apply) - Frequency/rate - Duration - Latency

All Any dimensional unit of behavior is chartable on the Standard Celeration Chart, and the standard visual display enables ease of interpretation.

How did the cumulative recorder automatically collect data on rate of responding in an operant chamber?

As a roll of paper moved through the machine at a constant rate, the stylus pen attached to the machine would move along with the paper and draw a constant line. The stylus pen would then click upwards on the page each time the organism engaged in a response.

Graph better suited for display of outcome data after treatment = _____

Bar graph

What does "0.001" refer to on the vertical axis of the SCC?

Behavior that occurs one time per 1,000 minutes

Any amount of time that falls ____ the "1" line on the SCC reflects time periods longer than 1 minute.

Below Shorter amounts of time are displayed higher on the chart and longer amounts of time are displayed lower on the chart.

Explain how to calculate and chart the latency of behavior on the SCC:

Calculate 1 divided by the number of minutes it takes for the behavior to occur and use a forward slash (/) to mark the SCC (look up a graph)

Explain how to chart the duration of behavior on the SCC:

Calculate 1 divided by the number of minutes the behavior occurred and use a backward slash (\) to mark the SCC (look up a graph)

How are rate and celeration related?

Celeration is the change in rate across an amount of time.

Which feature of data displayed on the SCC (Standard celeration chart) indicates the count per minute per day per week? Celeration line Vertical or y-axis Horizontal or x-axis

Celeration line The vertical y-axis displays the range of behavioral frequencies that can be displayed on the SCC and the horizontal x-axis displays the passage of time, but if we are looking for the change in rate of behavior across a period of time, we would analyze the celeration line.

what are each of these symbols used for? - ● - / - X - \

Correct and replacement behaviors are charted using a dot while incorrect or problem behavior are charted using an x. A dash is used for the amount of time spent recording (counting time floor), and the slash is used for latency (forward slash, /) and duration (backward slash, \).

List four situations in which a cumulative record may be preferable to use over other noncumulative graphic displays:

Cumulative graphs may be preferable when 1) progress towards a goal can be measured in cumulative units, 2) delivering feedback, 3) behavior occurs or does not occur just once per session, and 4) comparing environmental variables

A timing floor on the bottom of the daily per minute SCC reflects an observation period of one whole: - Minute - Hour - Day - Week

Day The longest amount of time that can be charted on the daily per minute SCC is one full day, so if the counting time floor is on the bottom line, it indicates that the behaver was observed for the entire day.

Explain how to chart the frequency/rate of behavior on the SCC:

Determine the frequency by calculating the count divided by (/) the number of minutes spent recording or calculating the count times (x) the counting time floor. Next, find the day of recording on the vertical lines of the chart and the frequency line on the horizontal lines of the chart. Then, mark the chart where the frequency of behavior line intersects with the recording day line.

Abstractions of the behavior of interest are _____________________ quantities of behavior.

Dimensionless Dimensionless quantities of behavior are abstracts or snapshots of the behavior of interest because there is no direct observation of the behavior as it occurs in real time.

Explain how to chart a counting time floor on the SCC:

Divide 1 minute by the number of minutes spent recording

Behavior that is taking longer to occur and lasting longer is indicated on the SCC by latency and duration slashes that are increasing on the chart. True False

False Longer amounts of time are found lower on the SCC, so behavior that is taking longer to occur (increasing latency) or lasting longer (increasing duration) would be indicated by slashes that are decreasing down the chart.

Behavior that is able to occur at any point in time = _________

Free operant

The term ______________ can sometimes refer to a count or a rate of response.

Frequency

If the y-axis scale is too ____ on an equal-interval line graph, features of the data path may be lost.

Large The range of the y-axis needs to be designed in such a way that relevant features of the data path can be effectively analyzed. If the scale goes too high, it may be difficult to analyze for trend and variability of the data path. If the scale is not high enough, there may be data points that exceed the maximum values, and therefore are not displayed at all.

Rate of response during shorter periods of time than the time for which the average response rate was calculated = ____ response rate

Local

Dropping counting time floors on the SCC indicate _______________ observation times.

Longer Remember that shorter amounts of time are charted higher on the SCC and longer amounts of time are charted lower on the SCC. If consecutive counting time floors are drawn lower and lower on the chart (in other words "dropping"), this indicates that the observation and recording periods are getting longer.

What was Ogden Lindsley's commitment to Skinner's laboratory findings?

Ogden Lindsley's commitment was to put the same analytic tools that Skinner used in the laboratory into the hands of teachers and practitioners (analytic).

What is meant by the term "standard" in reference to the SCC?

On the celeration chart, both axes are standard, the slopes are standard, and the unit of measurement used on the chart is also standard

How does the y-axis scale on an equal-interval line graph impact the analysis of data?

One must always orient themselves to each different y-axis before analyzing an equal-interval line graph since the y-axis scale will likely change depending on the type of behavior being measured and the baseline dimensions of the behavior

What is the range of behavior frequencies on the SCC?

One time per day to 1,000 times per minute

Part of bar graph that measures the categories in numbers or percentages = ____

Ordinate/y-axis

Average rate of response during a specific period = ____ response rate

Overall

Write an example of a measure that is standard, absolute, and universal:

Rate/frequency, time (i.e., minute, hour, second), distance (i.e., inch, centimeter, mile), etc.

The proportional amount of difference between data at one point in time and another = ______ change

Relative Absolute change between one data point and another is calculated by subtracting the first data point from the second; this tells us how much actual change there was from one point to another. Relative change between one data point and another is calculated by dividing the second data point by the first; this tells us how much proportional change there was from one data point to another.

Behavior that requires an opportunity to respond = _______

Restricted operant

Review 5.15/5.18

Review 5.15/5.18

Review 5.19

Review 5.19

Review 5.20

Review 5.20

Review 5.21

Review 5.21

Graph better used for analysis of individual data during treatment = _____

SCC

If the y-axis scale is too ____ on an equal-interval line graph, data points may be missed.

Small The range of the y-axis needs to be designed in such a way that relevant features of the data path can be effectively analyzed. If the scale goes too high, it may be difficult to analyze for trend and variability of the data path. If the scale is not high enough, there may be data points that exceed the maximum values, and therefore are not displayed at all.

On the SCC, the thicker vertical lines indicate ____ and the thinner vertical lines in each column indicate ____.

Sundays, Weekdays To ease the visual analysis, Sundays are indicated with a vertical blue line that is comparatively thicker than the lines drawn for the other days of the week.

Duration measures which fundamental property or properties?

Temporal extent

List some applications where the SCC can be used as a system of measurement:

The SCC can be used as a system of measurement for early intervention targets with kids with autism, maladaptive behaviors, within precision teaching in organizations, and anything else applicable to human behavior

Explain how Standard Celeration Charts allow practitioners to analyze behavior:

The charts allow practitioners to analyze behavior in an ongoing manner such that they can evaluate their practices and ensure that they're making the biggest impact they can make

Who developed the cumulative recorder? - E. L. Thorndike - B. F. Skinner

The cumulative recorder was one of B. F. Skinner's many inventions.

How were standard slopes produced on different cumulative records?

The roll of paper and stylus pen moved the same distance for each response across time

What allows for the SCC to be easily interpreted?

The standard visual display

Label the terms listed below as either a fundamental property or dimensional quantity: Repeatability = _____ Rate = _____ Celeration = _____ IRT = _____ Temporal extent = _____ Latency = _____ Duration = _____ Temporal locus = _____

The three fundamental properties of behavior are repeatability, temporal locus, and temporal extent. From these fundamental properties we can derive the dimensional quantities of rate, celeration, inter-response time, latency, and duration.

What does each data point indicate on a cumulative record?

The total number of responses up to that point in time

What factors influence the range of the y-axis scale on an equal-interval line graph?

The y-axis scale is based on whether the behavior is being targeted for increase or decrease and levels of responding in baseline

The response rate per session and changes in slope from one rate to another can often be difficult to detect on a cumulative record. - True - False

True The cumulative record displays the total number of responses up to a point in time, not the number of responses at a particular time. To calculate the rate of response during an individual day or session, the total number of responses up to the prior day or session must be subtracted from the total number of responses up to that day or session.

What symbol can be used to mark zero responses on the SCC?

a dot, x, or question mark

When given a counting time floor, what is the formula to calculate where it should be located on the chart. (review 5.16)

convert to seconds, divide by 60 i.e. A 17s counting time floor would be charted on the (60/17 =3.529) 3.529 line.

On the standard celeration chart, dots indicate?

corrects

The steeper the slope on the cumulative record, the ________________ the rate of responding.

higher

If the amount of time is 10 seconds, what line should be marked on the SCC?

line 6

An equal-interval line graph uses a _________________ scale on both axes.

linear The linear scale on equal-interval line graphs uses equivalent distances to display equivalent amounts of change.

In a semilogarithmic graph, the y-axis uses a ______________ scale.

logarithmic The logarithmic scale on semilogarithmic graphs uses equivalent distances to display proportional amounts of change.

review 5.10

review 5.10

Which type of chart is blue

standard celeration