Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of a bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following?

A conditioned stimulus

Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement?

A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions.

Which of the following individuals is the main architect of social cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Physical punishment can lead to negative student behaviors such as which of the following?

All of the answers are correct. -Fear, rage, and avoidance of school or particular teachers -Inability to focus attention -Increased misbehavior to get attention from teachers and classmates

What is applied behavior analysis?

Applied behavior analysis is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior. There are three promary aspects of applied behavior analysis that are important in education. The first is increasing desirable behavior, as well as using prompts and shaping, and lastly decreasing undesirable behavior. Typically applied behavior analysis begins with observation of students to help determine a specific behavior that needs to be changed.

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits?

Are high achieving

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Discuss how one can explain the emotional responses that students have to classroom events using Pavlov's classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning can be involved in both positive and negative experiences of children in the classroom. One example of this could be the conditioning of a child to have a favorite song. A song could be a neutral stimulus for a child until they have fun singing and or dancing with their classmates and eventually learn to accompany the song with positive feelings.

Everything we know is learned.

False

Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control a student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

False

Which of the following best reflects the social cognitive approach to learning?

How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning

Mr. Treght, a teacher who is his first year of employment, is at times unsure of himself and his ability. He fears some of the questions that his students Justin, Mady, Tyler, and Yi ask him in his class. These students are very bright, and he does not want them to know that he does not possess much knowledge on some of the topics they discuss. Mr. Treght opts for using remarks that ridicule these students when they ask questions, implying that they try to show off their knowledge. As a result, these students no longer participate in class discussions; rather, they just quietly take notes. In this scenario, what has Mr. Treght used to discourage his students from asking questions in the class?

In this example, Mr. Treght is using operant conditioning. Specifically, he is punishing students to decrease the probability that they will continue to ask questions in class. This can be seen by the students quietly taking notes instead of asking questions, because they want to avoid being yelled at.

Which of the following statements best describes a prompt?

It is a cue given just before a desired response to increase the likelihood of the desired response.

Under which of the following conditions is physical punishment of students recommended?

It is not recommended in any circumstance.

Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the consequences of ones behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur. Operant conditioning uses both reinforcement and punishment to help shape the probability that a behavior will occur. Classical conditioning on the other hand is when an orgnism learns to associate stimuli. Typically this involves a process of taking a neutral stimulus and pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus often enough so that the normal unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response. This makes the unconditioned stimulus eventually a conditioned stimulus that can lead right to the now conditioned response.

In the context of the strategies that decrease undesirable behaviors, which of the following should be the last resort for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

Present aversive stimuli (punishment)

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seat belt. Now, he always buckles his seat belt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus?

Sitting in the car

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seat belt. Now, he always buckles his seat belt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?

The buzzer

Mr. Rojas said, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class were standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what happened to the class?

They imitated Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.

The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways?

Through observation

As children grow, their capacity for self-regulation increases.

True

According to a 2004 research, which of the following statements about U.S. parents' attitudes about spanking is true?

Twenty-six percent of parents with 3- and 4-year-olds spank their children frequently.

Which of the following is the best example of an associative learning?

Vincent consistently talks out of turn because his teacher pays attention to him whenever he does so.

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of associative learning?

When Douglas asks a good question, the teacher smiles.

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions?

When the teacher makes eye contact with a student and speaks in a regular tone

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is known as _____.

self-efficacy