Behavioral interventions

Fred doesn't like to hear the school bell ring from inside the classroom as it is extremely loud, often leading to crying. His instructors have implemented a procedure allowing him to request to leave the room 1 minute before the bell rings to avoid the intense noise. Which procedure is described above?

DNRA

Kevin uses his hands to "drum" on his desk during instructional times. His teacher finds that this behavior is distracting to other learners in the classroom. She develops an intervention in which Kevin has access to a stress ball during instructional times, and if he uses the stress ball instead of "drumming" he earns extra time in the music room at the end of the day. This is an example of

DRI

A measure of procedural integrity is used to determine:

if the intervention has been implemented correctly, whether confounding variables can be ruled out, the consistency of the application of the independent variable

Juan was working with his regular education 5th grade students on self-management skills in the classroom. Most of his students were successfully implementing self-management strategies to complete their classroom work but he noticed that his students were not using the self-management skills to complete their homework. Which is the best option Juan could choose to promote the use of self-management at home for his students?

instruct the students to generalize the behavior

The Good Behavior Game (Barrish, Saunders & Wolf, 1969) is a game that involves two teams. The teacher monitors student misbehavior and sets a criterion to lower the overall misbehavior for the class (this is a differential reinforcement of lower rates procedure). All students assigned to each team work toward meeting the criterion set by the teacher. The class will only receive a reinforcer if each player on the team meets the criterion. What type of group contingency does the Good Behavior Game employ?

interdependent contingency

A program supervisor in a community residence notices that the 3pm -11pm staff is chronically late for work. She has a meeting with the staff and announces that she will provide Chinese food for all of the staff and residence members on a particular day if all staff members arrive to work on time. This is an example of a(n):

interdependent group contingency

Presession pairing is a specific application of the pairing process that requires that the instructor engages in an activity that is highly preferred by the student when?

just before placing demands

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

loud noise present, child asks for noise to be terminated, noise terminated, verbal behavior (manding) increases

Which of the following is an example of a behavior in which a differential reinforcement of high rate behavior would be appropriate to use?

mand behavior

Which of the DR procedures is (briefly) described below? "Providing reinforcement for any behavior that is physically incompatible with the target response"

DRI

Jose was praised for every 5 math problems answered correctly. This schedule would be abbreviated as:

FR 5

Harry was working with Janice to increase the number of tacts she engaged in throughout her day. Currently, Harry provides contingent escape (she can leave the table) every time Janice tacts an average of 8 items that are presented in a messy array of picture cards. What schedule of reinforcement is Harry using?

Variable Ratio

A learner is told "No!" following an error in the context of discrete trial instruction. Over the next few trials, errors decrease. This is best described as:

punishment

An event that follows a behavior and decreases the future frequency of that behavior refers to:

punishment

A contingency contract specifies the non-contingent relationship between the completion of a specified behavior and access to a specific reinforcer. T/F?

False

Contingency contracts are used infrequently in our profession given that most learners who benefit from ABA services do not have language repertoires that lend themselves to interpreting the terms of the contract: T/F?

False

Brady, a behavior analyst, recently began working in a school system with a student diagnosed with autism. After assessing the student, Brady determined that the student has few functional skills and is a good candidate for discrete trial instruction. At a recent IEP (individual education plan) meeting, the special education director asked Brady how he intends to implement programming for this student. Given the information in this example, which of the following possible responses would be the best response from Brady in this situation:

"After assessing this student, I feel that discrete trial instruction will be the most effective."

Johnny engages in aggression whenever he wants food. His mother is having a difficult time managing his behavior, especially around meal times because she wants everyone to sit and eat together. Johnny's BCBA has recommended implementing an FCT procedure. How will the BCBA best describe how this procedure works to Johnny's mom?

"The use of FCT will teach Johnny other words to use to request food meanwhile reduce his need to hit to get the food."

Positive reinforcement is defined by: 1) operation 2) effect They are:

1) addition of a stimulus 2) increase behavior

Negative punishment is defined by: 1) operation 2) effect They are:

1) removal of a stimulus, 2) decrease behavior

Jessica is collecting data on a TPRA data sheet of one of her staff. The staff made 3 learn unit errors out of 20 learn units and took 14 minutes to implement the program. Calculate the staff member's correct rate per minute. In other words, how many correct learn units did the staff member engage in per minute?

1.2 correct per minute (17 correct/14 minutes)

Imitation training sessions should be kept active and brief. This means:

10-15 minutes, more than once per day, with brief pauses between trials

The following scenario describes which DR procedure: At their two, 15-min coffee breaks each day, one employee "gossiped" for the duration of break time to his co-workers about other (not present) workers' personal and private matters. His co-workers implemented a successful intervention: each day, one of the co-workers would turn on a timer (on his watch) each time the "gossiper" started gossiping, and would turn it off when gossiping stopped. After 3 min had accumulated on the co-worker's stopwatch, that co-worker and the others made excuses and walked away. If, however, gossip time did not exceed 3 total min of the break time, all the co-workers stayed and visited with the gossiper. DRA

DRL

The strongest interventions are supported by what type of evidence?

Evidence of efficacy and effectiveness

Janaya is overseeing a clients home programming and every week that she co-visits with the client's direct service staff, she collects some IOA data as well as treatment integrity data. Last week, when Janaya was out with the client, she got a report from one of the direct staff that the client had 'mastered' a particular program. After Janaya collected and analyzed treatment integrity data on this program, she realized that the staff was not implementing the intervention correctly and was, in fact, giving the answer away while she was running the program. This is called what?

False positive

Interventions are selected based on a combination of factors including and are directly linked to:

Functional Assessments

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction:

Intermittent

Jenny implemented an extinction procedure with her son, Joey, whenever he would continuously ask to go out to dinner at a certain fast food restaurant. Previously, Jenny would tell him no and then ask him what special thing he wanted for dinner instead but sometime caved and brought him out to the restaurant. She is going to start her extinction procedure today and it will look closest to which of the following:

Joey asks his mom to go out to dinner, Jenny will continue doing whatever she is doing and will not reply to him

The most notable behavior analysts associated with the use of discrete trial teaching methodologies are:

Lovaas and Skinner

When Midge collected some TPRA data on one of her staff members, Betty, she realized that Betty was not implementing the program correctly. This was indicated by several errors in Betty's application of the programmed antecedents and consequences for the program. What is an issue for Midge that can arise from this low treatment integrity?

Midge may not be able to interpret the results of the student's performance with confidence

Which of the following is an example of a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

Money

Mr. Smith was having difficulty managing 6 students in his reading support group. Mr. Smith decided to implement a token economy for these students. The program involved listing the students' names on the board and assigning 1 point per student for every 15 minutes that went by without any disruptions. At the end of the 60 minute instructional block, any student that earned 4 points received a homework pass for 1 assignment that day. What is wrong with Mr. Smith's use of the token economy program?

Mr. Smith is only using a token system because there is only one back-up reinforcer; in order for this to be a token economy, there needs to be several back-up reinforcers

Assuming the behavior changes in the desired direction, planned ignoring is an example of:

Negative Punishment

Brianna has verbally proposed an intervention to a client's treatment team (parents, teachers and specialists). Afterward, she asked them to fill out a Pre-Intervention Rating Form. The form has 15 statements, each followed by a Likert scale (range of points 1 - 6, per item). A rating of 1 point, indicates that the rater strongly disagrees with the acceptability statement and a rating of 6 points, indicates that the rater strongly agrees with the acceptability statement. Brianna got rating forms back from all 5 raters. The average acceptability rating score was 30. Brianna should:

Reassess the intervention proposed

A pause that occurs after reinforcement that is followed by a gradual increase in rate (prior to the next reinforcement) is termed:

Scallop effect

Scarlett has been collecting TPRA data on her staff when implementing a discrete trial program for one of the students she supervises. She has noticed that one particular staff member makes more than 50% errors on learn units every time she runs the program and has a very low rate of accuracy score. What should Scarlett's next step be, given this information?

Scarlett should model correct implementation of the program with this staff membe

Treatment Acceptability is also known as:

Social Validity

Noncontingent reinforcement is delivered on what type of schedule?

Time

_________ occurs when the application of the independent variable during later stages of the treatment differs from it's application at the outset.

Treatment Drift

Brodhead (2015) states that it is recommended that BCBA's collaborate with related services professionals, when applicable. Brodhead states this is desirable because it can not only enhance treatment outcomes, but also contribute to what?

Treatment fidelity

As a behavior analyst, sometimes we might come across situations in which we feel uncomfortable to speak up, either because we don't want to cause waves or we aren't fully sure we understand what is going on. Because our job requires us to maintain professional relationships and work collaboratively with others, we must be sure we don't speak out of turn if it may cause a rift in that relationship. T/F?

True

Ethics help behavior analysts address three basic questions: 1) What is the right thing to do? 2) What does it mean to be a good behavior analyst? 3) What is worth doing? T/F?

True

TRUE or FALSE: DR procedures often involve: The implementation of a reinforcement procedure for other/incompatible/alternative responses; The implementation of an extinction procedure for any maladaptive behaviors targeted for decrease.

True

True of False: One of the criticisms of DTI is that drill and practice are detrimental to learning.

True

Astrid is going to implement a punishment procedure with her student, Ron. Ron engages in head slaps and Astrid has tried every reinforcement procedure she can think of and the behavior persists. Ron doesn't like it when Astrid sings, so every time Ron engages in head slapping, Astrid is going to sing a verse from a song. Assuming that head slapping reduces over time, what type of punishment is Astrid using?

Type 1 Punishment

Extinction is the procedure of 1) ______ the delivery of a reinforcer contingent upon the occurrence of a specified target behavior and noting an eventual 2) _______ in the rate of the behavior.

Withholding, reduction

Out of the options listed, who serves as the best model for a 6-year-old child?

a 6-year-old peer who performs the skill without errors

What are the three main components of a behavior contract?

a description of the task, a description of the reward and the task record

The controlling variable for an imitative behavior is:

a model

Marcus is a 2nd grade student in a regular education classroom who has some difficulty following the behaviors of his peers when learning to engage in or abstain from particular behaviors. For example, if Marcus is participating in an art project with a small group of his peers, he will often simply take the art materials he needs instead of asking for something, even if someone else is using it. His teacher reports this type of behavior across many scenarios but also has reported that if she tells Marcus to ask before taking, he is very responsive. His educational team is looking to put together some supports for Marcus that will be effective in helping build his social relationships but will be relatively unobtrusive. Which intervention below would be the best choice to begin with?

a rule card stating specific social contingencies

According to the authors of the article in unit 12, titled Further Evaluations of Antecedent Interventions on Compliance (Wilder, et al, 2012), what is a rationale?

a statement that describes a reason a child should comply with the caregivers instructions

A non-example of an unconditioned reinforcer is:

a token

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of discrete trial instruction (DTI):

all accomplishments are the result of learner direction

What is a limitation of NCR?

although problem behavior can be decreased, an appropriate alternative response is not strengthened

Positive reinforcement, by definition, refers to:

an added stimulus, with an increase in future behavior

Timothy was a supervising BCBA who took quite a bit of TPRA data on his staff. He discovered that one particular student was not making progress on a program, despite the fact that the staff that implemented the program did so with 100% procedural integrity. What would Timothy's next steps be, given this information gathered from the TPRA data?

assess whether the student had the necessary prerequisite skills for the program, assess whether generalization from other skills learned played a factor in minimal progress, determine if he should go back and reteach a component of the behavior necessary for completion of this new program

A teacher is using a chaining procedure to teach a student to wash his hands. Initially, the teacher helps the student complete each of the steps on the task analysis. Once the chain is completed the teacher provides the reinforcer. Support is then systematically faded and the student is required to complete the last step accurately and independently in order to gain access to the reinforcer. Which chaining procedure is represented in this scenario?

backward chaining

Which of the following items below does NOT fall within the ethical responsibility of a behavior analyst?

become friends with the client and clients family

"Clap your hands" - mastered, "touch your head" - mastered, "stomp your feet"- mastered, "two plus two equals what?" - skill in acquisition, is an example of which of the following:

behavioral momentum

How are behavioral momentum & the premack principle similar?

both involve high-p & low-p probability sequences

How do typically developing learners acquire (some) skills?

by attending planned models, by watching other learners imitate planned and unplanned models, and by attending unplanned models

Behavior analysts design behavior-change programs that are _______________consistent with behavior analytic principles.

conceptually

According to the Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts (BACB, 2014), behavior analysts must design behavior-change programs that are:

conceptually consistent with the principles of behavior analysis

When implemented with integrity, punishment is delivered:

contingently and swiftly

Heather is looking to decrease non-compliance to work demands in one of her students. Assuming that the function of the behavior is escape, which example below would be the best procedure(s) to use given the information you currently have?

extinction for non-compliance plus token economy for appropriate responding

A group contingency as part of which the behavior of one group member affects the outcome for all participants participating in the contingency is called:

dependent

Hermonie is constantly raising her hand during each class period to answer the questions the teachers asks the group. The teachers want her to contribute but don't want her to monopolize the class discussion. Each teacher sets a limit for Hermonie's contributions at three during their period (e.g math period, english period). If Hermonie limits her contributions to three or fewer during each class period, she gets to be the teacher's assistant the next period. If she goes above three, another student is picked to be the assistant and the teacher ignores her hand raises. Which procedure is described below

differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior

A behaviorally based type of teaching that breaks functional tasks into their smallest component behaviors and teaches/shapes these behaviors by providing a clearly delineated stimulus-response-consequence contingency is known as

discrete trial instruction

Danielle was just starting work at an agency providing services to adults in a nursing home. She spent the first few weeks of employment observing her co-workers working and interacting with a few clients she would be assigned to work with after the training period. One of the instructional arrangements Danielle observed often was the client and the instructor sitting next to each other on the couch and the instructor would have a photo album with pictures of the client's family and friends. She observed the instructor most often pointing to a picture and asking the client who it was. If the client correctly labeled the person, the instructor would smile and tell a brief story about the family member pictured, which seemed to make the client happy. Which type of instructional arrangement is described here.

discrete trial instruction

Sd, response/prompt, reinforcement/correction, and a pause describes which procedure:

discrete trial training

Each response in a chaining procedure has a dual function. These are best described as a(n):

discriminative stimulus and conditioned reinforcer

The use of treatment integrity tools (e.g. TPRA) by behavior analysts when implementing programming is key to evaluating the relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables. The use of the TPRA treatment integrity tool can be a positive asset in increasing the _____________ of the intervention.

effectiveness

Brodhead (2015) summaries that the use of social validity surveys presented to colleagues in a multidisciplinary team regarding BCBA behavior can assist the behavior analyst in what way?

enhancing the professional behaviors of the analyst in the future, evaluating the effectiveness of the team, in assessing the professional behavior of the analyst

Which of the following is a component of Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI):

error correction prompting structure of trials - distributed or massed

In the article Escape as Reinforcement and Escape Extinction in the Treatment of Feeding Problems (LaRue, et al 2011), the authors stated that the children engaged in refusal behavior as a function of:

escape

When shaping behavior, once a behavior on the task analysis is reliably displayed and reinforced, we wait for the next step in the sequence to occur. Once that response is displayed, reinforcement is no longer provided for the response that preceded it. The principle referred to here is:

extinction

Timothy was working with a student, running a discrete trial procedure to teach conditional discrimination of sight words. The student scored 0 on all trials during baseline and so when Timothy implemented the intervention, he began to implement an errorless teaching procedure. This procedure began with a full-physical prompt provided simultaneously with the discriminative stimulus. After 2 days, the data showed that the student was responding with 100% accuracy at this prompt level. What would Timothy's next step be in implementing this procedure?

fade the prompt level to a partial-physical prompt

The post reinforcement pause occurs when using a(n) ________ _________schedule of reinforcement, while a "scallop effect" occurs when using a(n) _________ ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio, fixed interval

When should you be thinking about and planning for generalization as part of imitation training?

from the onset of the training phase

Jeremy worked at a group home where all the boys had their own individual token systems in place but all used poker chips as the tokens. The boys were between the ages of 8 and 10 years old and were very social with each other. One day, Jeremy noticed that one of his students seemed to have a lot of tokens in his jar, far more than he possibly could have earned in the time between when he had last been with him and now. Jeremy suddenly realized that this boy was either stealing the chips from his housemates or persuading others to give their chips to him. Jeremy realized he quickly needed to implement a programmatic change in the token system to avoid this from continuing to occur. What would be the best change for Jeremy to make first.

give everyone a different type of token

According to the Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts (BACB, 2014), Section 4.0, behavior analysts must avoid the use of what?

harmful reinforcers

Mr. N has designed a new token economy for his language group. He is very excited to implement the program and after creating a back-up menu of reinforcers, identifying tokens/exchange rate and reviewing the plan with his students, Mr. N begins to use the contingency. About 1 week in, Mr. N notices that some of the students in the language group already display many of the behaviors targeted in the program. Mr. N then realizes that he skipped a step prior to implementation. If he had completed this step, then he would identified students that already exceeded or met the expectation. What design step did Mr. N skip?

he did not conduct a field test

Dr. Ski was working with a client who engaged in loud and frequent hand clapping. This behavior occurred, on average during baseline, every 30 seconds. After conducting an FBA and discovering the function was attention, he decided to implement a noncontingent reinforcement procedure where he provided attention to the client on a FT-2m schedule. After a week of implementing this program, Dr. Ski evaluated the data that was collected and noticed that the behavior was not decreasing. What might Dr. Ski look to change in the way he implemented his program?

he should present a greater amount of reinforcement on the NCR schedule than the problem behavior

Charlie has a student, Rick, who really enjoys social attention from his peers but he struggles with completing his work in class. Charlie has decided to implement an intervention to address Rick's work completion behavior but also solicit the help of his peers. Charlie tells the class that if Rick completes all of his work by the end of class, the entire class will get 10 extra minutes of the end of the day recess. This procedure is called:

hero procedure

A dog trainer is teaching his dog Rex to complete an obstacle course in a specified order. Rex is able to complete two steps of the obstacle course independently however, he requires instruction on the other steps. What type of chain is described here?

heterogeneous chain

A child learns to emit mand responses as a replacement for self-injury (SIB) in the home. Upon the recommendation from a consultant, the child's parents make reinforcement available more often for appropriate mand responses. However, the parents express they cannot completely eliminate the reinforcement for self-injurious behavior so the consultant tells them to continue to provide reinforcement for the SIB, but to do so on a thinner schedule. As anticipated, while carrying out this intervention, the consultant noted that the rate of mand responses match the rate of reinforcement available for this behavior and the rate of self-injury match the rate of reinforcement available for this behavior. This is an example of:

matching law

Often in the field of applied behavior analysis, we refer to the 4-term contingency as:

motivating operation - stimulus - response - consequence

Mario sets up a behavior contract with his roommate to work toward decreasing Mario's cigarette smoking. As part of the contract, Mario agrees to pay $20.00 to his roommate if Mario smokes any cigarettes in a week. The program results in a decrease in Mario's cigarette smoking. What behavior principle is being used in this contract?

negative punishment

In a crowd, every time my phone rings, I quickly silence it so that people don't stare at me. What is maintaining my behavior?

negative reinforcement

Suzanne was walking her dogs while she was wearing flip flops and she tripped and fell, scraping her knee. Now, whenever Suzanne walks her dogs she wears secure sneakers to avoid tripping. This scenarios describes which principle:

negative reinforcement

When behavior is reinforced by escaping the environmental condition, what is occurring:

negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement can be used to:

negative reinforcement can be implemented to achieve all of these objectives

The Boelter et al. (2007) article, Antecedent Effects on Noncompliant Behavior, evaluated the effects of several variables on compliance when using behavioral momentum. What variables were evaluated?

one vs. three-step directions, level of presence associated with task to be completed, parent delivery of instructions

In negative punishment the removal of a stimulus to the environment is considered a(n)

operation

The process of presenting two stimuli together so that the stimulus control will transfer from one stimulus to the other is known as:

pairing

After conducting a functional behavior assessment, Charlotte determined that her client, Mason, engaged in some low levels of attention-maintained screaming behavior. Mostly, this behavior was being reinforced by the client's paraprofessional but no one else. What would be a good first-step for Charlotte.

place the screaming behavior on extinction across all individuals who interact with him

During class, your cell phone starts to ring, your professor has already told you to put your phone on silent, she now stops lecturing and in front of the whole class sternly tells you to turn the phone off immediately. You turn your phone off. This is an example of:

positive punishment

Molly develops a contingency contract for one of her students. Part of the contract specifies that if the student completes all of her homework assignments each week, then the student will receive an ice cream pass to the school cafeteria. In this example, the student engages in a desirable behavior and then receives access to a preferred item. The program is successful and the student has increased homework completion from one day a week to five days a week. What behavior principle is this contingency contract employing?

positive reinforcement

Making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent upon the completion of a lower-probability behavior is called:

premack principle

The contingency statement: "First do your homework, then you can play video games", where homework is non-preferred and video games are preferred, is an example of which of the following:

premack principle

Which answer below describes a pragmatic view of positive reinforcement:

presenting the iPad for correctly completing math problems increased the number of math problems the student correctly completed

Marianne engaged in the behavior of face slapping at rates that were high enough to leave a red mark on her face after an episode of the behavior. Her instructors decided to implement a reinforcement procedure to try to get Marianne to engage in some other behaviors and reduce the amount of time she spent engaging in face slapping. Which description below best fits the most effective way to implement a reinforcement procedure.

reinforce every response of the alternative behavior

The premack principle utilizes which basic principle of behavior?

reinforcement

Differential reinforcement procedures fundamentally utilize which two principles:

reinforcement and extinction

Which basic principles are inherent in most differential reinforcement procedures?

reinforcement and extinction

John was a night manager at a gas station in a busy city. His store closed at 1am every night but there were stores around him that remained open. He would often see employees or frequent customers of other shops come to his doors after 1am and try to open the doors. Often, these people would pull on the doors for 10-15 seconds, trying to open the locked doors, before giving up and walking away. Eventually, John stopped seeing the employees of the other shops come to his door. Which answer below describes why this occurred.

reinforcement for pulling on the doors was withheld as the doors no longer opened, therefore responding decreased

Discrete trial instructional arrangements are conceptually systematic because the use the following:

reinforcement, punishment, extinction, stimulus control

The use of rules could be enhanced through combining with which of the following:

reinforcement, punishment, showing what the consequence will be

Response cost refers to:

removal of previously earned reinforcers to reduce behavior

A group of responses that serve the same function are referred to as a:

response class

Shaping involves all of the following except

response cost

This is the extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior. Correct!

response generalization

Contingency contracts verbally specify the contingent relationship between the completion of a specified behavior and a consequence for performing or not performing that behavior. What other antecedent intervention uses this same technique?

rules

Marcus implemented an NCR procedure with a student that displayed attention motivated behavior. Early in the intervention, Marcus delivered brief social interaction every 5 minutes. Once the student's problem behavior was reduced to an acceptable level, Marcus increased the amount of time before reinforcer delivery to 10 minutes. What is this an example of?

schedule thinning

It was Skinner's philosophical understanding that behavior changes over our individual lifetime as we contact reinforcing contingencies in the natural environment. This understanding of the ebb and flow of behaviors within our repertoires is known as:

selectionism

Which of the following is a limitation of shaping?

shaping can be time consuming

When using shaping to increase the duration or magnitude of a response, one is:

shaping within a response class

Meghan was working in a rat laboratory during graduate school, running experiments evaluating the effects of different schedules on the behavior of the rats. Meghan was placing her rats under an extinction schedule and noticed that after the behavior had decreased to near zero levels, she would, all of a sudden, see behavior occur back at the previous levels of performance. This phenomenon Meghan witnessed is known as:

spontaneous recovery

When discussing time-out procedures, which of the following options best describes exclusionary time-out:

student is removed from the instructional area/ context

What is a potential side effect associated with the use of non contingent reinforcement?

superstitious behavior

Varying any non-essential features of the instructional context (according to Baer and Colleagues) is an important aspect of programming for generalization. This is called:

teaching loosely

Which of the following is an ethical consideration for using token economies (select the best answer)?

the behavior analyst should not withhold items that would be considered basic rights, such as adequate nourishment

Alan, a BCBA, is consulting with a teacher who reports that one of Alan's students is throwing spitballs at classmates. The teacher collected frequency data for a week and reported that she believes the student's behavior is motivated by peer attention. The BCBA, has a large caseload and will not be able to observe the student for 2 weeks. In the interim, the BCBA recommended a 5-minute non-exclusionary time-out with the student. He also instructs the teacher to continue taking data so that he can see if the time-out procedure is working. His supervisor reviews the and decided that it was missing a component. The missing key component is:

the concomitant use of a reinforcement procedure

Which of the following is true when shaping within a response topography?

the form of the behavior remains constant, while reinforcement is applied to a dimension of the behavior, such as duration

Formal similarity occurs when:

the model and the behavior physically resemble each other and are in the same sense mode

A disadvantage of a token economy program is:

the system can be considered intrusive

Jamie often swipes his food off of the table when he has finished eating during lunch at school. His instructors have decided that immediately following his last bite of food, they will take the tray from him and bring it up to the counter, thus they avoid the chaos of the food flying everywhere and upsetting the other students and staff. Which best explains why the instructors have chosen to intervene in this way?

this intervention produces a negative reinforcer for the instructor

A group of adolescent girls is taken to the mall security guard office under suspicion of shoplifting expensive costume jewelry. After being interviewed for an hour, none of the girls will admit if any merchandise was stolen. At her wits-end, the security guard tells the girls, "I do not care who stole the jewelry. I'm going to leave this room and when I come back, I just want the jewelry to be put on this table. If whoever took the jewelry gives it back, then you can all leave. If the jewelry is not returned, then I am calling all of your parents". What type of group contingency is the security guard using with the girls?

this is a dependent group contingency

Mr. Grey is a school teacher who often has class sizes that contain 25 or more students and classroom management is difficult for him. He has implemented a procedure where any time a child speaks out of turn, to another student during a lecture, or without raising his or her hand, he will deduct 5 points off one of their daily homework assignments. What is a potential issue Mr. Grey must be aware of before using this type of procedure?

this procedure can cause students to begin engaging in alternative behaviors such as passing notes, this procedure can produce more intense behaviors such as verbal outbursts from students, this procedure can produce strong reactions from the students against Mr. Grey

Which type of response prompt procedure inserts a specified (programmed) period of time before delivering the prompt to transfer stimulus control?

time delay

When the learner is given the opportunity to perform each step of a task analysis independently and the trainer provides prompting for each step if the learner emits an error, s/he is using:

total task chaining

Which of the following statements is true regarding selection of a chaining method?

total task chaining should be used if the learner has mastered many steps of the chain

Heddy wants to assess her staff's performance on implementation of a discrete trial training program. She is concerned that they are not delivering the consequence in the way the program sheet instructs them to. She has decided to use the TPRA to evaluate her staff. What type of evaluation procedure is the TPRA?

treatment integrity

It is thought that educational practices cannot be considered scientifically based unless there is adequate ____________.

treatment integrity

Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines for implementing a group contingency:

using the group contingency in isolation

Motivating operations have two momentary effects. These two effects are:

value-altering and behavior-altering effects

When Bonnie was a child, she would often be reprimanded for sassing her mother. Bonnie did not like being reprimanded and so she stopped sassing her mother. However, often during the reprimand, her mother would also wag her finger at her. When Bonnie was a teenager, she sassed her mother and her mother only had to wag her finger in order for the sassing to stop and not occur again. Which best describes the rationale for why Bonnie's behavior decreased when her mother only wagged her finger at her?

wagging of the finger was a conditioned punisher that became so by being paired with the reprimand

When is negative reinforcement parsimonious?

when it is the least restrictive, and most simple procedure to implement in a given setting

All of the following are things to consider when deciding to use model prompts, except:

whether the learner wants to learn

A fundamental difference between IOA and procedural fidelity data is

which variable is being assessed

Which of the following steps should be taken when designing a token economy program?

write procedures to specify when & how tokens will be dispensed & what will happen if the requirement is not met

Frida is a BCBA who has been transitioned on to a case of a client who engages in severe problem behavior. The client is a 17-year old male who resides at home with his parents and is able to adequately communicate his wants and needs (mand), can talk about his environment (tacts), and engages in conversations (intraverbals). Frida has noticed that the former therapist on the case had implemented a treatment procedure that was unsuccessful prior to his departure and when Frieda asked the family, including the client, about this intervention, they all expressed that the previous therapist, "Didn't listen to us when we told him we didn't understand. He just kept doing it and telling us to do it." First, identify if there has been an ethical violation by the previous therapist and then identify a description of the issue.

yes there has been an ethical violation of not including the client and stakeholders in treatment decisions