Bichem Exam III (Ch 14, 15, 16 )
1 ____ > 1 Joule 1 Kcal = 1 _____
1 calorie > 1 Joule 1 Kcal = 1 calorie
Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible? __, ___, ___
1, 3, 10
ATP becomes ADP and an individual Phosphate --> which has a Delta G of _____ kj/mol. meaning _____ energy of -30.5 kj/mol
ATP becomes ADP and an individual Phosphate --> which has a Delta G of -30.5 kj/mol. meaning released energy of -30.5 kj/mol
ATP's true substrate is MgATP^2 Mg2+ shields the negative charge of terminal phosphate AND allows for nucleophilic attack by enzyme/substrate Enzymes that bind ATP require Mg2+
ATP's true substrate is MgATP^2 Mg2+ ______ the negative charge of terminal ______ AND allows for ______ attack by enzyme/substrate Enzymes that bind ATP _____ Mg2+
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a compound present in all living ____. breakage of 1 ______ linkage provides energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a compound present in all living tissue. breakage of 1 phosphate linkage provides energy.
Aerobic organisms are organisms that need ______ to make energy. All aerobic organisms use ______ _______ to make energy
Aerobic organisms are organisms that need oxygen to make energy. All aerobic organisms use cellular respiration to make energy
After glucose, ___ products and reactants are ___. Phosphorylated molecules change the charge and structure of glucose. A new charge ___ glucose from transporting out of the cell via the carrier protein ___
After glucose, ALL products and reactants are phosphorated. Phosphorylated molecules change the charge and structure of glucose. A new charge inhibits glucose from transporting out of the cell via the carrier protein GLUT
After glucose, ALL products and reactants are phosphorylated bc The ______ released in the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond of ATP is partially retained in the phosphodiester bond of a ____/____ Higher energy intermediated ___ and ___ can then transfer phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
After glucose, ALL products and reactants are phosphorylated bc The energy released in the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond of ATP is partially retained in the phosphodiester bond of a product/reactant Higher energy intermediated BPG and PEP can then transfer phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
All products and reactants after glucose are phosphorylated bc ____ energy of phosphate intermediates to enzymes is ___ bc of phosphate. This helps ____ catalysis.
All products and reactants after glucose are phosphorylated bc binding energy of phosphate intermediates to enzymes is increased bc of phosphate. This helps drive catalysis.
(Ch 14) Bioenergetics is the study of how cell ______ energy. Storage of ______ is often done by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ex of Bioenergetics: _______ Respiration and ________
Bioenergetics is the study of how cell transfer energy. Storage of energy is often done by producing, storing or consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ex of Bioenergetics: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Carbohydrates (____ and ____) are catabolized through glycolysis. Some carbohydrates are converted to __-____, and others are catabolized to _____ of glycolysis.
Carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are catabolized through glycolysis. Some carbohydrates are converted to D-glucose, and others are catabolized to intermediates of glycolysis.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all _____ organisms to release stored energy through the ____ of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into ____ and _____.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into ATP and carbon dioxide.
Details of Reaction 2 of glycolysis: * _______ 6-phosphate ring opens * active site Glu acts as general ____ and later as general ___.
Details of Reaction 2 of glycolysis: * glucose 6-phosphate ring opens * active site Glu acts as general base and later as general acid.
Details of Reaction 6 of glycolysis: * Reactive site ___ * covalent intermediate between enzyme and ___ * covalent intermediate gets oxidized by NAD+ which gets _____ to NADH * phosphate attacks and releases the product
Details of Reaction 6 of glycolysis: * Reactive site Cys * covalent intermediate between enzyme and G3P * covalent intermediate gets oxidized by NAD+ which gets reduced to NADH * phosphate attacks and releases the product
Details of reaction 4 of glycolysis: * fructose 1,6 biphosphate ring opens first * ____ released as first product upon cleavage of C3 and C4 * ____ released later as 2nd product * general acid and bases in the active site
Details of reaction 4 of glycolysis: * fructose 1,6 biphosphate ring opens first * G3P released as first product upon cleavage of C3 and C4 * DHAP released later as 2nd product * general acid and bases in the active site
Facilitated Passive Diffusion: -facilitates the diffusion of ___, water-soluble particles (___, ions, and water. -sometimes involve carrier proteins (EX: ___) - ___ ATP is used
Facilitated Passive Diffusion: -facilitates the diffusion of charged, water-soluble particles (glucose, ions, and water. -sometimes involve carrier proteins (EX: GLUT) - no ATP is used
Feeder pathway for glycolysis - describes the method in which glucose or another starter material like a polysaccharide (Ex: _____ or _____) are feed into the pathway. ______ and ________ are both storage forms of glucose.
Feeder pathway for glycolysis - describes the method in which glucose or another starter material like a polysaccharide (Ex: glycogen or starch) are feed into the pathway. Glycogen and starch are both storage forms of glucose.
CH 15: Metabolic Regulation of Glucose and Glycogen Glucagon: A peptide hormone released by the ______- to signal low [______] in blood, and tells liver to release ____- into the blood from _______ (glucose storage)or ________ (making more glucose) Glucose is gone and we need more of it
Glucagon: A peptide hormone released by pancreas to signal low [glucose] in blood, and tells liver to release glucose into blood from glycogen or gluconeogenesis
Glucose is transported into the cell via _____ ____ diffusion by a carrier GLUT. this carrier is _____.
Glucose is transported into the cell via facilitated passive diffusion by a carrier GLUT. this carrier is reversible.
Glycogen (the storage form of ____) typically found in the ___ and _____ of animals; the animal equivalent of _____.
Glycogen (the storage form of glucose) typically found in the liver and skeletal muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Glycogen Phosphorylase removes a single glucose _____-phosphate molecules by breaking alpha-___,___ glycosidic links; in the _____, it is activated by glucagon to prevent low blood sugar; in an exercising ____ muscle, it is activated by epinephrine and AMP to provide glucose for the muscle itself
Glycogen Phosphorylase removes a single glucose 1-phosphate molecules by breaking alpha-1,4 glycosidic links; in the liver, it is activated by glucagon to prevent low blood sugar; in an exercising skeletal muscle, it is activated by epinephrine and AMP to provide glucose for the muscle itself
In Gluconeogenesis pyruvate gets shuttled from ___ into ____ of eukaryotic cells. In the mitochondria, the pyruvate gets converted to ____ by the ___________.
In Gluconeogenesis pyruvate gets shuttled from the cytosol into mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. In the mitochondria, the pyruvate gets converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
In aerobic organisms the ultimate electron _______ in the oxidation of _____ is ____.
In aerobic organisms the ultimate electron acceptor in the oxidation of carbon is O2.
In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle takes place in the ______ of the _______, just like the conversion of _______ to acetyl CoA
In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria, just like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
In prokaryotes, the steps of the ___________ and the conversion of pyruvate to _______ (pyruvate oxidation) both take place in the cytoplasm.
In prokaryotes, the steps of the citric acid cycle and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (pyruvate oxidation) both take place in the cytoplasm.
In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to _____ and _____. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex requires __ coenzymes. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consists of ___ distinct enzymes.
In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex requires 5 coenzymes. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consists of 3 distinct enzymes.
??????? RECHECK THIS ONE Lipoate name of the molecular _______ of Enzyme___ that can extend from the active site of Enzyme___ to Enzyme ___ and Enzyme ___
Lipoate name of the molecular attachment of Enzyme 1 that can extend from the active site of Enzyme 1 to Enzyme 2 and Enzyme 3
Oxidized means Increase in positive charge of an element by ______ electron(s); formation of oxide by adding ______.
Oxidized means Increase in positive charge of an element by removing electron(s); formation of oxide by adding oxygen.
Payoff Phase Reaction 10 of glycolysis: The transfer of the ___ group to ADP forms ATP and completes glycolysis This is another ___-___ phosphorylation like step 7 The product pyruvate ___ rapidly to its preferred Keto Form. this tautomerization also drives the rxn ____ since it removes the product.
Payoff Phase Reaction 10 of glycolysis: The transfer of the phosphoryl group to ADP forms ATP and completes glycolysis This is another substrate-level phosphorylation like step 7 The product pyruvate tautomerizes rapidly to its preferred Keto Form. this tautomerization also drives the rxn forward since it removes the product.
Payoff Phase Reaction 7 of glycolysis: Enzyme - __________ kinase transfers the high energy acyl _________ group to ADP, forming ATP
Payoff Phase Reaction 7 of glycolysis: Enzyme - phosphoglycerate KINASE transfers the high energy acyl phosphoryl group to ADP, forming ATP
Payoff Phase Reaction 8 of glycolysis: Enzyme - Phosphoglycerate _______ catalyzes the moving phosphate group in ___-phosphoglycerate to make ___-phosphoglycerate
Payoff Phase Reaction 8 of glycolysis: Enzyme - Phosphoglycerate MUTASE catalyzes the moving phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate to make 2-phosphoglycerate
Payoff Phase Reaction 9 of glycolysis: The enzyme ____ generates a high energy compound, Phospho_______, that will spontaneously release its phosphate
Payoff Phase Reaction 9 of glycolysis: The enzyme enolase generates a high energy compound, Phosphoenolpyruvate, that will spontaneously release its phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-______-phosphate to glucose-____-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate
Preparatory phase of glycolysis is the _____ of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (____)
Preparatory phase of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex converts _____ to ______. The complex uses substrate channeling to maintain _____ on its _______. Substrate shuttling: swinging ____ arms attach _____ to the enzyme, keeping intermediates within the complex
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA The complex uses substrate channeling to maintain substrates on its surface. Substrate shuttling: swinging lipoyl arms attach intermediates to the enzyme, keeping intermediates within the complex
Reaction 1 of Glycolysis is __________. what occurs is the phosphorylation of ____. ________: transfers gamma phosphate from ATP to a C6. Catalyzed rxn has a delta G prime knot of -16.7 kj/mol which is negative and ______ reaction.
Reaction 1 of Glycolysis is Irreversible. what occurs is the phosphorylation of C6. Hexokinase: transfers gamma phosphate from ATP to a C6. Catalyzed rxn has a delta G prime knot of -16.7 kj/mol which is negative and favorable reaction.
Reaction 2 of glycolysis is _____ isomerization of glucose _-___ (aldose) to fructose _-_____ (ketose) Glucose 6-phosphate is favorable bc _______. ________ enzyme facilitates intramolecular _______.
Reaction 2 of glycolysis is irreversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate (aldose) to fructose 6-phosphate (ketose) Glucose 6-phosphate is favorable bc _______. Isomerase enzyme facilitates intramolecular rearrangement.
Reaction 3 of glycolysis is ______ and catalyzed by _____ 1 which results in the phosphorylation of ____- 6-phosphate into ______ 1,6 -diphosphate. Rxn 3 is the first _____ step of glycolysis bc fructose 1,6 - diphosphate is only used for glycolysis. the other products can be used for other stuff.
Reaction 3 of glycolysis is irreversible and catalyzed by PFK 1 which results in the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate into Fructose 1,6 -diphosphate. Rxn 3 is the first committed step of glycolysis bc fructose 1,6 - diphosphate is only used for glycolysis. the other products can be used for other stuff.
Reaction 4 of glycolysis is ________. catalyzed by _____ in which a ___ compound is converted into 2 different ___ compounds. Delta G prime knot is positive and high but still occurs bc of ________
Reaction 4 of glycolysis is reversible. catalyzed by aldolase in which a 6C compound is converted into 2 different 3C compounds. Delta G prime knot is positive an high but still occurs bc of cellular concentration.
Reaction 5 of glycolysis is _____. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (___) is directly degraded in the next steps. There is a rapid conversion between G3P and ____.
Reaction 5 of glycolysis is reversible. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is directly degraded in the next steps. There is a rapid conversion between G3P and DHAP.
Reaction 6 of glycolysis - oxidation rxn that leads to the formation of a high energy ___ phosphate (and eventually formation) of ATP. Acyl phosphate is highly _____ with a positive delta G knot prime. reaction 6 is the addition of _____ to C1 of G3P to form 1,3-_____-
Reaction 6 of glycolysis - oxidation rxn that leads to the formation of a high energy acyl phosphate (and eventually formation) of ATP. Acyl phosphate is highly reactive with a positive delta G knot prime. reaction 6 is the addition of phosphate to C1 of G3P to form 1,3-BPG
Which steps in glycolysis use ATP? ___ and ____
Steps 1 and 3
Which steps in glycolysis produce ATP? ___ and ___
Steps 7 and 10
The citric acid cycle is a ______-loop; the last part of the pathway reforms the molecule used in the first step. The cycle includes _____ major steps.
The citric acid cycle is a closed-loop; the last part of the pathway reforms the molecule used in the first step. The cycle includes eight major steps.
The complete _______ (loss of e-) of glucose to CO2 and H2O proceeds with a delta G or standard free energy change of -________ kj/mol.
The complete oxidation (loss of e-) of glucose to CO2 and H2O proceeds with a delta G or standard free energy change of -2,840 kj/mol.
The five coenzymes in pyruvate oxidation are: 1) ______ 2) _____ 3) _____ 4) _____ 5) _____ The coenzymes _____ the substrate _____ similarly to how _____ activates glucose
The five coenzymes in pyruvate oxidation are: 1) TPP 2) Coenzyme A 3) Lipoate 4) NAD 5) FAD The coenzymes activate the substrate pyruvate similarly to how UDP activates glucose
The more reduced carbon is the more _______ (energy _______) its oxidation will be.
The more reduced carbon is the more exergonic (energy releasing) its oxidation will be.
The most significant ______- of glycolysis are the monosaccharides and the disaccharides. Monosaccharides are ___, ___, and ___ Disaccharides are ___, ___, ___, and ____
The most significant intermediates of glycolysis are the monosaccharides and the disaccharides. Monosaccharides are fructose, mannose, and galactose Disaccharides are maltose, lactose, trehalose, and sucrose
The stage of cellular respiration which yields the most ATP is the ___ ___ ___. Which produces approximately__ to __ molecules of ATP per pair of e-.
The stage of cellular respiration which yields the most ATP is the electron transport chain. Which produces approximately 1.5 to 2.5 molecules of ATP per pair of e-
When glucagon released bc of low [glucose blood] 1) This signals/activates PKA (a.k.a. cAMP-dependent protein kinase) 2) SO glycogen phosphorylase _______ 3) glycogen synthase _________ 4) pyruvate kinase L (liver) from glycolysis __________ 5) [F2,6BP] diminished (remember that F2,6BP activates PFK-1 in glycolysis and inhibits FBPase-1 in gluconeogenesis) •overall: ________ glycogen breakdown, and disfavors glycolysis
When glucagon released bc of low [glucose blood] 1) This signals/activates PKA (a.k.a. cAMP-dependent protein kinase) 2) SO glycogen phosphorylase activated 3) glycogen synthase inactivated 4) pyruvate kinase L (liver) from glycolysis inactivated 5) [F2,6BP] diminished (remember that F2,6BP activates PFK-1 in glycolysis and inhibits FBPase-1 in gluconeogenesis) •overall: promotes glycogen breakdown, and disfavors glycolysis
aerobic respiration is the process of ________ of organic compounds to CO2 and H2O and yields energy for biological work. ______ is the final electron acceptor. CO2 = ______ product H2O = _______ product
aerobic respiration is the process of oxidation of organic compounds to CO2 and H2O and yields energy for biological work. O2 is the final electron acceptor. CO2 = oxidation product H2O = reduction product
after 1 round of the citric acid cycle how many of the carbon atoms or one input of acetyl-CoA molecules have been lost as CO2? Answer: _____ After 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle how many of the carbon atoms or two inputs of acetyl-CoA molecules have been lost as CO2? Answer: _____
after 1 round of the citric acid cycle how many of the carbon atoms or one input of acetyl-CoA molecules have been lost as CO2? Answer: 0 After 2 rounds of the citric acid cycle how many of the carbon atoms or two inputs of acetyl-CoA molecules have been lost as CO2? Answer: 1
___, ____, and _____ are degraded to acetate and fed into the citric acid cycle Also possible to directly enter the cycle as a citric acid _____.
amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars are degraded to acetate and fed into the citric acid cycle Also possible to directly enter the cycle as a citric acid intermediate.
catabolism of di and polysaccharides: 1) catabolism (digestion) begins in the mouth where salivary α-____ (digest α1→4) hydrolyzes (break down a compound by chemical rxn w/ water) the _______ linkages of starch 2) salivary α-amylase inactive in low pH of the stomach, but pancreatic α-amylase secreted into the small intestine is active and continues the digestion to produce _____ and _______ (di- and trisaccharides of glucose); these are converted to _-glucose by maltase
catabolism of di and polysaccharides: 1) catabolism (digestion) begins in the mouth where salivary α-amylase (digest α1→4) hydrolyzes (break down a compound by chemical rxn w/ water) the glycosidic linkages of starch 2) salivary α-amylase inactive in low pH of the stomach, but pancreatic α-amylase secreted into the small intestine is active and continues the digestion to produce maltose and maltotriose (di- and trisaccharides of glucose); these are converted to D-glucose by maltase
catabolism of glycogen (glycogenolysis): 1) glycogen ___- add P to the non-reducing end of glycogen 2) ___1-____ is released 3) ___ is converted to ___ by phosphoglucomutase- then fed into glycolysis.
catabolism of glycogen (glycogenolysis): 1) glycogen phosphorylase- add P to the non-reducing end of glycogen 2) glucose 1-phosphate is released 3) G1P is converted to G6P by phosphoglucomutase- then fed into glycolysis.
cellular respiration occurs in the _______ - with 3 stages: 1) Acetyl-CoA _____ 2) Acetyl-CoA _____ (Citric Acid Cycle) 3) Electron ___ and ______ phosphorylation
cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria - with 3 stages: 1) Acetyl-CoA production 2) Acetyl-CoA oxidation (Citric Acid Cycle) 3) Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
CH 16 Citric Acid Cycle cellular respiration the process by which cells use _____ to produce ______ from _____ Cellular respiration is the consumption of nutrients by cells to produce ___ and ___.
cellular respiration the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. Cellular respiration is the consumption of nutrients by cells to produce CO2 and H2O.
delta G prime knot tells you which ________ a rxn will spontaneously proceed in, and how far this is from ________, when at standard conditions.
delta G prime knot tells you which direction a rxn will spontaneously proceed in, and how far this is from equilibrium, when at standard conditions.
glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes attack by _____ on the terminal glucosyl residue at _________ end of a glycogen.
glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes attack by phosphate on the terminal glucosyl residue at nonreducing end of a glycogen.
glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that produces Glucose- 1 -Phosphate the enzyme does so by phosphorylating the non-reducing end of a glycogen branch
glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that produces _____ - ___ _________ the enzyme does so by ______ the non-reducing end of a glycogen branch
glycolysis occurs in the ______ where glucose gets broken down into ____; nets 2 _____. Glycolysis AKA the ______ (loss of e-) of glucose to pyruvate.
glycolysis occurs in the cytosol where glucose gets broken down into pyruvate; nets 2 ATP. Glycolysis AKA the oxidation (loss of e-) of glucose to pyruvate.
glycolysis products ___, ___, ___ Glycolysis is an ______ process. Oxidation of glucose to produce ___ and ___ proceeds with standard free energy of ____ Kj/mol
glycolysis products 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Glycolysis is an irreversible process. Oxidation of glucose to produce CO2 and H2O proceeds with standard free energy of -2,840 Kj/mol
oxidative decarboxylation is ___ production through the removal of a ____ as a result of ____ rxns. One way and irreversible.
oxidative decarboxylation is CO2 production through the removal of a carbon as a result of oxidative rxns. One way and irreversible.
payoff phase of glycolysis: Oxidative conversion of ___ 3-phosphate (G3P) to ___ and the coupled formation of __ and ___
payoff phase of glycolysis: Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is located in the ______ of ______ cells. Is a cluster of three ____ Has five ______ derived from vitamins is regulated by ______ and _______ modification
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is located in the mitochondria of Eukaryotic cells. Is a cluster of three enzymes Has five cofactors derived from vitamins is regulated by allosteric and covalent modification
pyruvate oxidation occurs when ______ is oxidized to ______ and _____. Pyruvate oxidation uses ________ (PDC). Pyruvate oxidation produces ____ and ___ and releases one _____ molecule in the process. Acetyl CoA acts as fuel for the ____ in the next stage of cellular respiration.
pyruvate oxidation occurs when pyruvate (3C) is oxidized to acetyl-CoA (2C) and CO2. Pyruvate oxidation uses pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) Pyruvate oxidation produces Acetyl-CoA and NADH and releases one carbon dioxide molecule in the process. Acetyl CoA acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration.
•Glucagon signaling cascade allows for points of ___, one molecule of epinephrine/glucagon releases ~______ molecules of _____
•Glucagon signaling cascade allows for points of control, one molecule of epinephrine/glucagon releases ~10,000 molecules of glucose
•glucagon is released into the blood at low [glucose]; activates ________-dependent protein kinase A (_____), which phosphorylates and _____ the liver L isozyme •this slows the use of glucose for fuel in the liver, _______ glucose for the brain and other organs
•glucagon is released into the blood at low [glucose]; activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates and inactivates the liver L isozyme •this slows the use of glucose for fuel in the liver, sparing glucose for the brain and other organs
•low blood [glucose] results in _________ (hormone) being released to signal the ______ to stop glucose consumption and increase glucose release — i.e. turn off ______, turn on _________
•low blood [glucose] results in glucagon (hormone) being released to signal liver to stop glucose consumption and increase glucose release — i.e. turn off glycolysis, turn on gluconeogenesis
