BIL 150 Exam 3
ΔG0' = -RT ln(Keq) (at ____ºC) or ΔG0' = - [1372] ln(Keq) @ __________ ΔG = 0 so ΔG0' = - RT ln(Keq)
25; equilibrium
_____ - enthalpy is internal heat, often measured as heat released in a reaction. - but, cells are ____________: (-2º to 8ºC many @ 37oC) - thus ΔH above ≈ 0 - Enthalpy may be thought of as _________ content of a system. - Cells function within a very narrow temp range [23o-37oC], and thus, biologically ΔH is negligible in the equation; - so, ΔG in cells then is Tx ΔS the entropy of the system; its degree of disorder.
ΔH; ISOTHERMAL; heat
ATP synthase converts mechanical energy into chemical bond energy? A. True B. False
A. True
Which of the following occurs in cotransport of solutes across a cell membrane? A. active transport drives passive transport B. passive transport drive active transport C. solute molecules are encapsulated into membrane vesicles D. water and glucose move actively through aquaporin proteins E. the diffusion constants (Km's) of the two solutes being moved must be of identical values
A. active transport drives passive transport
___________ _____________ - cells expend energy (often via... hydrolysis of ATP) to move a solute ____________ a concentration gradient ex: - animals- NaK-ATPase ---> Na-Pump* - lysosomes- a Proton Pump ---> H+-ATPase* both are _____________... move charge one way = _____________
ACTIVE TRANSPORT; against; ELECTROGENIC; voltage
Cellular Metabolic Reactions ___________... - Biosynthetic reactions: often visualized in... ________________* - _____________ reactions - energetically un-favored coupled with favored reactions 1) _____________ - synthesis of ATP & NADPH & reduction of CO2 to CH2O __________... Chemical oxidation of food stuffs via Cell Respiration* 1) Digestion of polymers (carbs often to glucose) via _____________ reactions, 2) _________-_______ glucose ---> pyruvate [anaerobic splitting of glucose] 3) __________ __________ aerobic oxidation of Acetyl-CoA ---> CO2 + H2O ---> NADH 4) ____________ ___________ ---> NADH + O2 ----> H2O + H+gradient 5) ____________ _____________ ---> uses H+ gradient to phosphorylate P + ADP ---> ATP
ANABOLIC; photosynthesis; Coupled; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CATABOLIC; hydrolysis; GLYCO-LYSIS; KREBS CYCLEELECTRON TRANSFER; ATP SYNTHASE
Why is ATP the "molecular currency" of cell energy transfers? ... the ENERGY MOLECULE of CELLS is _______ over the period of evolution, cells ___________ enzymes that bound _________ & used its hydrolysis to drive endergonic rxs? adenosine triphosphate* - its ____________* is its source of energy... 1. electrostatic repulsion 2. resonance 3. sphere of hydration... HYDROLYSIS of ATP ΔG0' = -7.3 Kc/m (exergonic)
ATP; favored; ATP; structure
SUMMARY of GLYCOLYSIS - 2 _______ to initiate - 2 __________ ________ ________ steps = 4 ATP gross (2 ATP net) and - 1 __________ ________ making NADH thus Glycolysis makes: 2 _________ (net), 2 _________, and 2 _____________ remember the role of the ... Fermentations & Shuttles
ATP; substrate level phosphorylation; redox step; ATP; NADH; PYRUVATES
Heterotrophic Metabolism in _________ __________. .. if _________ then the Fate of Pyruvate* is oxidation in mitochondria
Aerobic Organisms; aerobic
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction? A. gains electrons and gains potential energy B. loses electrons and loses potential energy C. gains electrons and loses potential energy D. loses electrons and gains potential energy E. neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy
B. loses electrons and loses potential energy
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by? A. electron transport B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. photophosphorylation D. chemiosmosis E. oxidation of NADH to NAD+
B. substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following membrane systems is found in green plant chloroplasts? A. cristae membranes B. thylakoids disks C. cis Golgi membranes D. smooth endoplasmic membranes E. rough endoplasmic membranes
B. thylakoids disks
_____________ -is study of energy transformations (changes) in Biological Systems & is based upon... ____________ ______________...
BIOENERGETICS; EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS
_________ _________... hydrodynamics or mass flow of water is due to potential energy of water (as in rivers & rapids via gravity).... - _________ _________ is the chemical/energy potential of water & is a measure of energy available for reactions or movement. - _________ _________ measures the ability of water to "move" in a system. - "Water always moves from areas of _________ Water Potential (________ water) to an area of _______ Water Potential (________ water)".
Bulk flow; Water potential; Water potential; High; pure; Low; diluted
A G-protein is activated when ____ is bound to it? A. a G-protein coupled receptor (GPRC) B. GDP C. GTP D. ATP E. alpha factor
C. GTP
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A. CO2 and H2O B. CO2 and pyruvate C. NADH and pyruvate D. CO2 and NADH E. H2O, FADH2, and citrate
C. NADH and pyruvate
During transport of electrons from NADH to oxygen in the electron transfer chain protons accumulate where? A. in the matrix (mitoplasm) of the mitochondria B. inside the thylakoid membranes C. in the perimitochondrial space D. in the cytosol of the cell E. choose this choice if all of teh above are correct
C. in the perimitochondrial space
Epithelial cellular protusions of the cell's membrane that increase the cell's absorption area that are made by elaboration of actin protein filaments form which of the following cell structures? A. lysosomes B. filopodia C. microvilli D. steriocilia E. muscle fibers
C. microvilli
____________... develops in the light from proplastids, - site of ___________ metabolism = ________, O2 evolution, CO2 reduction to glucose - shape - oblate spheroid in higher plants, but shape is variable (stellate, reticulate) - size: 2-3 um diameter by 5-10 um long & numbering 15/20 - 100's/cell
CHLOROPLAST; autotrophic; PHTS
Golgi Apparatus: Structure & function - three parts (or sides)... 1) ______ ________ [entry side]... faces R.E.R - proteins made on R.E.R. - pass from E.R. lumen --> vesicles --> cis Golgi 2) ________ ___________ elements... - proteins are modified with sulfates, carbohydrates & lipids - modifications --> "___________" vesicles to a destination 3) _________ _________[exit]... Golgi side modified vesicles leave as... - export vesicles, lysosomes, other membrane bound vesicles
CIS side; MEDIAL cisternae; address; TRANS side
______-___________.. movement of 2 solutes together - often moves 1 solute ____________ (down) & other ____________ (up gradient) ex: 1) H+pump coupled to ____________ transport via a H+symport* system 2) epithelial ____________ model of Na+/glucose* transport - definitions: - _____________ - single solute in one direction - _____________ - 2 solutes simultaneously in same direction - _____________* - 1 solute in & 1 solute out -opposite directions
CO-TRANSPORT; passively; actively; sucrose; cotransport; uniport; symport; antiport
_________________ : Microtubule Organizing Center found in most eukaryotic cells from which MTs emerge: site of MT nucleation; organizes _________ & _________ and the mitotic spindle. Animal cell centrosomes contain centrioles - plant cells DO NOT.
Centrosome; Cilia; Flagella
1st LAW of Equilibrium Thermodynamics = ____________ of Energy... energy is a constant; Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transformed. - experimental CALORIC DATA says this LAW is a true hypothesis ► ____________* of glucose releases heat = -686 Kilocalories/mole. In cells oxidation of glucose yields free energy: ΔG°′= -_____ Kcal/mol. To capture this free energy in a usable form cells employ a series of metabolic steps coupled to the synthesis of ATP.
Conservation; Combustion; 686
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A. ER → Golgi → nucleus B. Golgi → ER → lysosome C. nucleus → Golgi → ER D. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane E. ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with nucleus
D. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Which of the following molecules could function as a 2nd-messenger in signal transduction pathways? A. cAMP (cyclic AMP) B. IP3 (inositol triphosphate) C. Ca+2 ions D. choose this choice if all of these can function as 2nd messenger molecules
D. choose this choice if all of these can function as 2nd messenger molecules
The process of adding carbohydrate groups to proteins involvedin the endocytotic pathway is referred to as? A. proteination B. signal sequencing C. endocytosis D. glycosylation E. proteolysis
D. glycosylation
Membrane Solute Transport... __________ A. net thermal motion of solute down a _____________ and/or _____________ gradient- solutes move from area of _________ to area of lower concentration - thus, diffusion requires no expenditure of cellular energy B. C_________ M__________ T____________... - Facilitated Diffusion may be thru a channel or carrier protein... ex: Glucose Transport - defined as protein mediated p__________ t__________ facilitated either by channel proteins or carrier proteins. - the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the concentration gradient: simple diffusion = (Δn/Δt) = [C] & facilitated diffusion C. Diffusion is _____________ transport.
DIFFUSION; concentration; electrical; higher; Carrier Mediated Transport; passive transport; PASSIVE
Which structure-function pair is mismatched? A. nucleolus : production of ribosomal subunits B. lysosome : intracellular digestion C. ribosome : protein synthesis D. Golgi : protein trafficking E. *proteasome : protein synthesis
E. *proteasome : protein synthesis
Where is ATP made in cells during cellular respiration? A. in the glycolytic pathway B. during substrate level phosphorylation C. by ATP synthase D. in the matrix (mitoplasm) of the mitochondria E. choose this choice if ATP is made in all of the above
E. choose this choice if ATP is made in all of the above
Which of the following is/are not produced by the aerobic oxidation of glucose? A. NADH B. CO2 C. ATP D. GTP E. choose this choice if all of the above are produced
E. choose this choice if all of the above are produced
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? A. mitochondrial matrix B. mitochondrial outer membrane C. mitochondrial inner membrane D. mitochondrial intermembrane space E. cytosol of the cell
E. cytosol of the cell
Golgi Apparatus... is part of the ____________ ___________.. the cell's internal membrane system for 1. _____________ - packaging of extracellular molecules for internal distribution 2. _____________ (____________) - packaging & delivery of newly synthesized proteins/carbo's for extra-cellular secretion - Number & image - up to 100 per cell - Size - 1 to 3 µm diameter by 4 to 7 membranes stacks high
ENDOCYTOTIC Pathway; endocytosis; exocytosis; secretion
___________ ___________.. a set of membraneous tubules contiguous with nuclear membrane and found in ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS with a nucleus, making up 50% of all internal membranes in eukaryotic cells.The ER is involved in _______ and _______ synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Consists of flattened ______, _____ & ________ of membranes making a convoluted 3-D membrane network enclosing internal spaces _________ - is internal compartment of cisternae [makes up to 10% of cell's volume]
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; protein; lipid; sheets; sacs; tubes; Lumen
_____________ _____________... is the change from one type of energy to another type while making something happen, which often releases useless energy as heat. - __________ concept:* often defined as capacity or ability to do work and work is a measurement of change in a system over time. - Kinds: - ___________ - energy of motion - ___________ - stored energy; capacity to do work (eventually); - ___________ - assoc with movement of molecules in a body of matter; most random form of energy (wasted). Examples of ENERGY: - general: heat, light, sound, mechanical - biological: synthetic, osmotic, mechanical.
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION; Energy; KINETIC; POTENTIAL; HEAT
____________ REACTION - is one which releases free energy [ ___ΔG ] Product (B) <<< energy REACTANT (A) [energy stored in covalent bonds is lost] ex: - burning wood (cellulose) releases heat & light - cell respiration - cellular burning of glucose molecules. conserves some energy... as _______ __________ REACTION - requires input of energy for A --> B Product (B) >>> energy than REACTANT (A) [ ____ΔG ] ex: photosynthesis (autotrophy) glucose is made from CO2 + H2O (energy poor) --light--> C6H12O6 (energy rich) - exergonic reactions are ________ than endergonic reactions
EXERGONIC; -; ATP; ENDERGONIC; +; slower
___________ __________... is a migration path through the vesicular transport of - was first proposed by George Palade in 1940's and is part of a cell's compartmentation with the outer nuclear envelope connecting to the _________ __ & _______ ________. - Vesicles made in ER flow, as transport vesicles, to the Golgi for modifications, & from the Golgi to an intracellular location or extracellular release
Endomembrane System; rough ER; smooth ER
in a BIOCHEMICAL REACTION A <---> B Which Way is toward more Disorder? We need to be able to measure the change in _________ [ΔS] of a reaction... A derivation of Gibbs Free Energy [ ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS ] equation can help here: ΔG = ΔG^0' + RT ln [p]/[r]
Entropy
________________: Golgi modifies the molecular composition and metabolic function of the endomembranes vesicles as they flow from _____ through the Golgi, & in turn, pinches off vesicles that give rise to ___________ & ___________, or the plasma membrane can fuse with vesicles born in the ER and Golgi. the result is the release of proteins via a Secretory protein pathway & other products to the outside of the cell in exocytosis. ________________: external material is captured into a membrane vesicular ____________, which can fuse with a lysosome for intracellular digestion.
Exocytosis; ER; lysosomes; vacuoles; Endocytosis; endosome
_________________ - releases (OUT) bulk material to outside... secretory vesicles* __________________ - takes IN solutes/particles by vesicles; - ________________* - solid particle uptake into phagosome vesicle - _________________* - liquid uptake into pinocytotic vesicle - ____________-__________ _____________ - uptake via membrane receptors - coated pits with protein clathrin
Exocytosis; Endocytosis; phagocytosis; pinocytosis; receptor-mediated* endocytosis
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy A. O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced B. CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized C. C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized E. O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized F. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced
F. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Which of the following chemical reactions occurs during cellular respiration? A. redox reactions B. decarboxylations C. substrate level phosphorylations E. acylations F. choose this choice if all of the above reactions do occur
F. choose this choice if all of the above reactions do occur
ENERGY IN ----> CELL STRUCTURE ----> ENERGY OUT How do we measure the energy changes of metabolism and reactions in cells... Josiah Gibbs (Yale 1880's) _______ ________ Equation ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS ΔG: _________ _______ ΔH: __________ T ΔS: __________ ΔG can PREDICT... the Direction of Cellular Reactions... __________ EQUILIBRIUM... Toward ____________ ENTROPY & Toward a _________ of Free Energy.
FREE ENERGY; free energy; enthalpy; entropy; TOWARD; Maximum; Release
Nuclear Transport Experiments to Determine functional Pore Sizes & Transport Mechanisms 1960's - Carl __________ injects _________ particles in unicellular amoeba's - TEM's showed particles congregating at nuclear pores within a minute; within 10 min, gold particles were in nucleoplasm 1970's - used ___________ __________ proteins - showed proteins of less than __________ MW passed 1980's - How do proteins get in/out? (including ribosomal proteins & rRNA of ribosome) Ron ___________ - studied a nuclear transport protein... ______________ (nucleosome assembly) he radioactively tagged nucleoplasmin & used autoradiography to follow its movement
Feldherr; gold; fluorescent tagged; 60,000; Laskey; nucleoplasmin
Cilia and Flagella and Cell movements: - ___________ are microtubule (MT) extensions (100-200um singly or in pairs) projecting from cells that can push or pull a cell through an aqueous media (ex: bacterial flagella) - ___________ are MT extensions (0.25 um in length with hundreds on individual cells) that move stiffly like oars, to propel a cell or move fluid over stationary cell. - structure: both have same structure - 9 MT __________ surrounding 2 singlet MT's in center, collectively called an ___________; covered by plasma membrane, & often held by cross-linking proteins (blue) - __________ _________ is a centriole found at the base of flagella or cilia (anchor of cilia & flagella)
Flagella; Cilia; doublets; axoneme; Basal Body
a Generic Example of a Receptor Protein & Signal Transduction System: ___-________ ___________ ____________... _ _ _ _'s membrane receptor proteins that bind GTP/GDP & switch between active & inactive forms. Some 38,000 GTP binding G-protein are estimated.
G-Protein Coupled Receptors; GPCR's
- ____-________ __________ structure... has 7 transmembrane α-helicies & has site for signal molecule and G-protein to bind - a __________ ___________ binds to a receptor -&-> conformational change occur --> - an inactive G-(______)-protein now binds ______ (replacing GDP)... - and active G-(______)-protein stimulates other inactive enzymes... - if G-Protein has its _______ hydrolyzed --> it inactivates G-protein... - cholera and botulin toxins... bind to G-protein keeping it active --> diarrhea. - a Specific Example of G-protein cellular responses involving a 2nd messenger molecule: "Fight or Flight Response"... is due to a phosphorylation cascade magnificationt... 1 signal molecule gives multiple-enhanced response
G-protein receptor; signal molecule; GDP; GTP; GTP; GTP
___________________... e- of light energy, instead of food covalent bonds, are captured by chlorophylls to make a ________ __________ across the chloroplast membranes... protons move through a chloroplast ATP synthase enzyme to make _______
Photophosphorylation; proton gradient; ATP
proteins - a) ____________ (intrinsic) proteins - part of... & denatured upon release from... b) ____________ (extrinsic) - easily extractable from membrane
Integral; Peripheral
___________ _________... - Cell surface regions specialized for intercellular contact = ____________ - especially prominent in _________ Cells of animals - 3 Major Functions: 1. i_______ areas 2. a_________ junctions 3. communication
Intercellular junctions; MULTICELLULARITY; Epithelial; impermeabilize; adhering
___________ __________ is the movement of ions across a membrane by a tranporter, a transmembrane protein, either passively through ________ ________* or actively through ion pumps such as symporters and antiporters.
Ion transport; ion channels
Cell Signaling can be ___________ or ___________... - _____________ (local) SIGNALING: - local regulator chemical messengers are targeted to specific receptors - often includes: __________ ________ proteins that promote cell division & growth & _________________ that move across synapses to other neurons - ______________ (distant) SIGNALING - specialized cells release molecules (often _____________) into blood vessels of circulatory system, hormones move to distant target cells... elicit response
LOCAL; DISTANT; PARACRINE; growth factor; neurotransmitters; ENDOCRINE; hormones
_____________... a cytoplasmic single membrane bound vesicle, derived via the ER and Golgi body by ______________ changes, & containing __________ enzymes with acid pH optima (pH 5.0); - functions in intracellular digestion (______________ & autophagy) - may have diverse shapes, but mostly spherical, with acidic interior due to lysosomal membrane having ATP driven membrane ______ pump (faces inward) - a sample of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes ENZYME acid phosphatase SUBSTRATE removes phosphates
LYSOSOME; glycosylation; hydrolytic; phagocytosis; H+
Cell Signaling can work as ____________ ___________ - signaling by protein phosphorylation - ACTIVE GTPase
MOLECULAR SWITCHES
a ______________ are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy.
Mesosome
_________________... - site of : cellular __________ - aerobic [redox rx's] oxidation of CH2O --> CO2 + H2O - gas exchange in cell - _______ is released & ____ is taken up & reduced to H2O - _________ cycle - an aerobic pathway that oxidizes PYRUVATE ---> CO2 + H2O - ETC chain, ATP synthase & Oxidative Phosphorylation which makes ______ - role of : conversion of covalent bond energy in food molecules --> into cellular ______ _________ - couples redox transfers of _____ & H+ protons... via ATP-__________ --> to make ATP
Mitochondria; respiration; CO2; O2; KREBS; ATP; ATP energy; e-; synthase
KREBS CYCLE [Sir Hans Krebs] - Key Reactions 1. NAD+ is reduced (6 ________) and FAD is also reduced (2 ________) 2. substrate level phosphorylation occurs (2 ______ <--> 2 ________) 3. decarboxylation occurs -4x [_________] 4.* 2 acylation reactions via coenzyme-A (forms 2 _______-_____)
NADH; FADH2; GTP; ATP; -COOH; Succinyl-coA
__________... 1st described & named by Robert Brown 1831 - stamens of Tradescantia virginiana 1st localization of nuclein (DNA) in cells was by Frederich Meischer 1869 - largest organelle - takes up about 8% of cell volume - found in all eukaryote cells - evolutionary origin... a membrane "surrounded" an early prokaryotes nucleoid
NUCLEUS
__________ ___________ - proteins bound for different destinations have diff carbohydrate tags. so far we've seen 3 ways to tag proteins for transport: _________ ___________ __________ (NLS), __________ __________, & _____________ _________
Protein Sorting; Nuclear Localizing Signal; Signal Sequence; Carbohydrate Tags
Major eukaryotic organelles: ______________ : membrane, pores, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm ______________ : peri-mitochondrial space, cristae, mitoplasm (matrix) ______________ : peri-chloroplast space, thylakoids, chloroplasm (stroma) ______________ : small subunit, large subunit, polysome _______________ _________ : smooth & rough __________ _________ : cis & trans sided - endomembrane pathway _____________ : hydrolytic enzymes _________________ : peroxisome & glyoxysome _________________ : microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments _______________ : centriole, basal body, flagella, cilia ____________ _____________ : tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, plasmodesma _____________ _____________ : tonoplast, cellular waste, and osmoregulation _________ ____________ : selective transport barrier.
NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; CHLOROPLAST; RIBOSOME; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GOLGI BODY; LYSOSOME; MICROBODIES; CYTOSKELETON; CENTROSOME; INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS; PLANT CELL VACUOLE; CELL MEMBRANE
____________ ____________ which defines _____________ electrochemical equilibrium by determining mathematically what the electrical potential (charge should be) across a cell based on the existing ____________ distribution of ions... E(mV) = (+/-) 62 log10 [Co/Ci] - K example: since bioelectric potential inside cell = +10 mV, and Nerst for K is -52.4 mV, K does ________ move passively across this membrane, and therefore K must move ______________
Nernst Equation; PASSIVE; PASSIVE; NOT; ACTIVELY
Do Cells obey Laws of Chemistry & Physics: CELLS appear not to...they become more highly __________ [grow & divide]. - ____________ egg ---> dividing cells, wing of bird, a spider's web, the human eye, from a fertilized egg cell... which Grows & Differentiates we get more order: - for one part of a system to become more ordered - __________ entropy - (such as a cell), its surroundings must become more disordered - ________ entropy... - FOODs (light & covalent bond energy): cell reactions give increased order via energy transformations but with release of _________ - ___________ (most disordered form of energy) = max entropy
ORDERED; Fertilized; lose; gain; HEAT; HEAT
______________ - net movement of water from [High Water Potential] ---> [Low WP] - energy required: ________ __________, no energy required - SOLUTIONS - comparing one solution to another solution - ___________ solution = "more solute, less water" (____________) - ____________ solution = "less solute, more water" (____________) - ___________ solution = "equal solute and water" (_____________)
OSMOSIS; passive transport; hypertonic; hyperosmotic; hypotonic; hypoosmotic; isotonic; isosmotic
_______________ : any of the specialized structures within a cell that performs a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes, E.R., Golgi, chlorolast, nucleus, etc...).
Organelle
____________ __________... (_______ ________) occurs in heterotrophic organisms that consume foods... - organisms oxidize (consume) foods (often __________) to make energy because it removes & captures electrons...... - where is energy in foods? it's in the __________ bonds (e-) - thus = oxidative metabolism is... cells capturing e- via _________ reactions.
Oxidative Metabolism; Cell Respiration; glucose; covalent; REDOX
_______________ ____________... involves capturing e-'s for use in Electron Transfer Chain... 1. food molecules donate e- & protons to acceptor molecules via ____________ (NADH) 2. _________ passes on electrons & protons are pumped ______ of mitochondria... (or the chloroplast membranes in photosynthesis); 3. protons diffuse back into mitochondria thru an enzyme = ________ __________, this enzyme makes ADP + P --> ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation; oxidation; NADH; out; ATP synthase
How Cells Make ATP by ______________... adding a phosphate to ADP ADP + P <------> ATP
PHOSPHORYLATION
How Things (solutes = molecules) Get Across a Membrane [4 Ways] - 1. through a __________*... made by proteins embedded in bilayers - allows ions & small hydrophilics to move through the pore. 2. by _____________ in membrane... hydrophobic solutes via lipid bilayer 3. by ___________ and __________ PROTEINS* ... - proteins embedded in membrane w specificity for a solute - results in transport of solute through the protein by diffusion 4. by membranes __________________ particles* into membrane vesicles... - _________________ - phagocytosis (forms a phagosome - vesicle w solids) & pinocytosis (forms a liquid vesicle) - _________________ - exports vesicle contents via the endocytotic pathway - constitutive vs. regulated exocytosis.
PORE; DISSOLVING; CHANNEL; CARRIER; ENGULFING; ENDOCYTOSIS; EXOCYTOSIS
____________... large barrel-shaped protein complex, found in all eukaryotes and archaea, and in some bacteria, that are responsible for intracellular __________ _________... ___________ binds to proteins & transports them into a proteasome
PROTEASOMES; Protein Digestion; ubiquitin
Overview of Cell Respiration... ► the _________/_________ Ratio, or (____/____ ratio), refers to the amount of ATP produced from the movement of 2 e's through the ETC to the reduction of an oxygen atom. - ideally ____ to ____ ATP made in total - What can serve as substrates for aerobic metabolism?* - _________, ________, ________... can serve as substrates - _________ metabolism intermediates are precursors for other molecules - How is heterotrophic metabolism regulated? - 1. stiochiometric [__________ concentration] levels is a main control mechanism - 2. allosteric controls include: +AMP/ADP stimulate enzymes & +ATP inhibits enzymes - Key mammalian allosteric enzyme : ____________________-*
Phosphate/Oxygen; P/O; 36; 38; carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; Aerobic; substrate; PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
3 Stages in the Signal Transduction Process... R_______________, T_______________, and R_______________ 1st. _______________... is not unlike recognition of enzyme for its substrate [ES complex] ... akin to the _______-&-_______ hypothesis of enzyme-substrate recognition (Km & Vmax*) ... _________ (signal) molecules (usually water soluble) are recognized by only one receptor protein bound within a cell membrane. 2nd. ________________... a conformation change in a receptor leads to ... shape and activity changes in other intra-cellular molecules ... which may result in multiple, conformational changes in other cellular proteins a __________* of inactive enzymes ---> active enzymes, & so on, etc... 3rd. ________________... usually a cellular activity, as c____________ a___________ or c___________, or rearrangement of cytoskeleton (movement), or specific gene activity.
RECEPTION; TRANSDUCTION; RESPONSE; RECEPTION; lock-&-key; ligand; TRANSDUCTION; cascade; RESPONSE; enzyme activation; catalysis
A common mechanism of CELL COMMUNICATION is _____________ _______________*... - Here an exogenous signal molecule is received by a cell receptor and, converted (____________) into a _____________ by the receiving cell. - This pattern is remarkably similar in ______ cells; probably evolved very early, even before multicellularity (maybe even in single cell prokaryotes),and has been highly conserved in today's progeny of ancestral cells.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; transduced; response; all
Cell to Cell ___________ ___________... a few examples... - haploid cell mating in yeast cells* (picture of asexual budding in yeast cells) sex-1 ["a"-cell : releases a-factor (peptide of 12 aa's) - binds to sex-2 receptors] sex-2 ["α"-cell : releases α-factor - binds to sex-1 receptors] the result is _________ of ____ cells (a mating) producing diploid cell.
SIGNALING SYSTEMS; fusion; 2
While the basics of Signal Transduction are simple in design the specificity of cell signaling is varied among cells and can lead to a... a Multiplicity of ____________ ____________ ____________ Mechanisms* Case Examples: 1. Aldosterone reception & kidney regulation 2. Ligand-gated ion channel signaling 3. Cortisol and nuclear receptors
Signal Transduction Response
Endoplasmic Reticulum - - 2 Types: - __________ E.R. (SER - tubular membranes without ribsosomes) - _________ E.R. (RER - surface of cisternae with ribosomes) - Functions: - _______: lipid & bile biosynthesis and drug detoxification (oxidizes drug molecules) - _______: synthesizes, transports, & packages proteins into membrane vesicles - __________ SEQUENCE - aa's @ N-term, bind, release into lumen... Gunter Blobel - _______________* - adding carbohydrate groups to ER proteins ---> glycoproteins which will help transport the proteins to specific cell sites
Smooth; Rough; SER; RER; SIGNAL; GLYCOSYLATION
___________ __________ __________... where a substrate molecule ( X-P ) donates* its P to ADP making ATP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
SUMMARY - Heterotrophic Metabolism - CELL RESPIRATION PART 1 1. _____________ = sugars, amino acids acids, fatty acids 2. Pathways = G_________, K________ C________, E______, & A____ S_________ are Universal to cells 3. Products = C02, H20, and energy as _______, ________, & ______ 4. part of process is ___________ (doesn't require -O2 ; Glycolysis) & may include alcohol & lactate _____________ (...anaerobic respiration) & part is _________ (requires +O2 ; glycolysis + Krebs cycle) ► 5. Reaction types include: o_________, r____________, s____________ l_________ p___________, d____________, a__________, & h___________ (or dephosphorylation)
Substrates; Glycolysis; Krebs Cycle; ETC; ATP synthase; NADH; FADH2; ATP; Anaerobic; fermentations; Aerobic; oxidations; reductions; substrate level phosphorylations; decarboxylations; acylation; hydrolysis
- __________ _________ - they impermeabilize regions. - they prevent leakage of materials between epithelial cells (normal vs. celiac disease*)... - ____________ - an adhering junction - (anchors cells together) - spot desmosome - spot welds made with keratin & cadherin proteins - _________ ____________ - intercellular channels for communication [dia circa = 0.2nm] - allows ions, electric impulses, etc... to pass between - Plants have no intercellular junctions as above due to polysaccharide cell walls - _______________ - cytoplasmic strands between plant cell walls [dia= 70nm] - makes these plant cells a syncytium... act like single cell - microtubules may cross plasmodesma.
Tight Junctions; Desmosome; Gap Junctions; Plasmodesma
The Design of Metabolism: How Cells ___________ Energy... or How Biological Order Comes About, METABOLISM... is mostly the catalytic reactions (run by ___________) in cells, & commonly via ____________ ____________ [A --> B --> C --> D --> E] Two broad descriptions of cellular metabolic reactions* are E______________/E___________ often described as... A______________ or C____________
Transform; enzymes; metabolic pathways; Exergonic/Endergonic; ANABOLIC or CATABOLIC
the plant _____________ is a _____________ [tonoplast] membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products present in all plant, fungal, animal, & bacterial cells. - In animal cells, vacuoles are generally ________.
VACUOLE; Vacuolar; small
Referring to the figure below representing a membrane lipid bilayer, which one would you expect to be the more viscous and thus exhibit less fluidity (A or B)? a. A would be more viscous b. B would be more viscous
a. A would be more viscous
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed? a. True b. False
a. True
Cytoskeletal Protein Elements & Cell Structure and Motility - ________ ________ bear the TENSION forces (wires) of the cytoskeleton - _____________ (in fig) are the COMPRESSION units (rods) [tensegrity] offer inner structural support for organelles
actin filaments; microtubules
FATES of the glycolysis products: 1. PYRUVATE*... - if ____________ - involves alcoholic fermentation & lactic acid respiration - alcoholic fermentation - actic acid fermentation* also called anaerobic respiration - if ____________ - involves pyruvate dehydrogenase + Krebs Cycle + ETC 2. cytosolic NADH... - it holds captured e- energy - mito membrane is ___________ to _______ -> cytoplasmic & mitoplasmic pools - __________* - malate shuttle (liver, kidney, heart) - glycerol-P shuttle (muscle/brain) - Purpose: to move electrons captured in cytosolic NADHc into mitochondria
anaerobic; aerobic; impermeable; NADH; Shuttles
In the figure below the label "H" identifies which of the following structures in a cell membrane? a. Cholesterol b. A glycoprotein c. A glycolipid d. An extrinsic (peripheral) protein e. Microtubule proteins
b. A glycoprotein
Cell become more highly ordered during embryonic development by going against the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and losing Entropy? a. True b. False
b. False
If the physically measured electrical potential across a cell's membranes is -15 millivolts inside negative with respect to the outside and the calculated Nernst potential for Na ions is determined to be +45 millivolts based upon the concentrations differences of Na ions across the membrane, then Na ions must be moving passively across this cell membrane? a. True b. False
b. False
In electron microscopy all membranes appear as the same with two black lines separating a clear space. Thus all cell membranes must contain the same types and amounts of phospholipids and proteins in all of many membranes? a. True b. False
b. False
Homeostasis? a. is when a cell is at equilibrium b. occurs when cells maintain a constant internal environment in the presence of a differing external environment c. occurs when cells die d. is a process that occurs only in prokaryotic cells e. Choose this choice if none of the above is correct
b. occurs when cells maintain a constant internal environment in the presence of a differing external environment
Can a hydrogen ion gradient (H+) created by e- flow thru the ETC also make ATP ??? - experimental evidence of of H+ gradient making ATP came via _______________* - H+ diffuse back into mitoplasm thru ATP synthase ---> ATP via a ______________ _________* - _________ hypothesis* = chemical to mechanical chemical energy (like a water wheel)*
bacteriorhodopsin; molecular motor; Boyer
a more complete description of Cell Respiration : - series of enzyme rx's (in ____________ ____________) in the ____________ & ______________ (glycolysis, fermentations, Krebs cycle, electron transport) that, - removes e- (__________) from covalent bonds of substrates (as glucose), and - pass e- to acceptor molecules [___________ __________] such as NAD+ & FAD* which become reduced to NADH & FADH2 - the reduced coenzymes [ __________ & __________ ] pass e- to other e- acceptors...a series of metalloprotein Electron Transport carriers, including cytochromes, - the electron carriers (____________) pass e- to O2 --- reducing it to ---> H2O - and also pump protons [H+] ______ of mitochondria into the _______-____________ ________, - the protons move back into ______ thru a special enzyme (ATP synthase) & make ATP
biochemical pathways; cytoplasm; mitochondria; oxidation; redox coenzymes; NADH; FADH2; cytochromes; out; peri-mitochondrial space; mito
The rate of diffusion of a solute molecule across a cell membrane is proportional to the? a. size of the membrane b. whether the membrane contains aquaporins or not c. the concentrations of the solute molecule across the different sides of the membrane d. if the solute molecules has been encapsulated into a membrane vesicle e. if microtubule proteins span across the membrane
c. the concentrations of the solute molecule across the different sides of the membrane
How do cells Communicate... - in multi-cell organisms ______-____-______ __________ is critical for communication. - cell membranes contain specific protein ____________, which bind &/or transmit extra-cellular ___________ ____________ converting signals into specific cellular responses.
cell-to-cell contact; RECEPTORS; SIGNAL MOLECULES
Molecules in living cells have _____________ ___________ energy to do work, because of the arrangement (orientation) of their atoms in space... - we call this ________ ________ ENERGY because the energy in cells is stored in the ____________ BONDS of their molecules. - most cellular energy is needed to maintain... ______________* : a steady state condition that transforms energy and keeps cell's away from equilibrium.
chemical potential; CHEMICAL BOND; COVALENT; HOMEOSTASIS
contents of ___________ = aqueous stroma (Chloroplasm) holds within itself... (like pita bread) 1) internal membrane system made of __________ membranes 2) _____ _____________- (bacterial size) - Eukarya have different size ribosomes [____] 3) lipid droplets 4) naked DNA pieces (highly supercoiled & repetitive) 5) starch granules & pyrenoids (centers for CO2 reduction) 6) enzymes of CO2 reduction to CH2O
chloroplast; thylakoid; 70s ribosomes; 80s
Components of the nucleus part 2 c. ___________ - the genetic stuff 'inside of' the nucleus is... - __________ (5x10-12gm) complexed with _________ proteins & ________ _______ proteins - heterochromatin (condensed & __________ - dark in EM's) - euchromatin (less dense & _________ - greyish in EM's) structural image* d. ____________ - a dense spherical structure... the site of _________ genes which make _________. in the Human genome there are 5 chromosomes with nucleolar rDNA genes. e. ___________ - soluble (aqueous) phase of the nucleus that contains...enzymes, RNA's, solutes, chromatin, etc... similar to cytoplasm.
chromatin; DNA; histone; acidic nuclear; inactive; active; nucleolus; rDNA; rRNA nucleoplasm
Examples of cell motility: - __________ force of ________-: myosin & actin (microfilament) are motor proteins that via repeated cycles of binding and release = movement (CONTRACTION) - ____________ _______: is via a psuedopodia due to the assembly/disassembly of individual actin subunits on microfilaments shifting between sol/gel phases - _____________ ____________: in plant cells occurs via actin/myosin interactions and sol/gel transformations which results in a circular flow of cytoplasm around the cell. - cell's respond to ___________ by building & branching actin filaments
contractile; muscles; amoeba's crawl; cytoplasmic streaming; pressure
change in free energy content of a reaction ( ΔG ) ...depends upon: 1. energy stored in molecule's ___________ bonds 2. temperature is negligible... i.e., as cells are __________, thus... ΔG = ________ free energy at any time during course of a reaction ΔGo' = _________ free energy [free energy change under _________ conditions] [1 mole reactants/ 250C / 1 atm] R = gas constant (2 x 10-3 Kc/mol) T = absolute temp (2730K + 0C) ln = natural log (conversion to log10 = 2.303) 3. at equilibrium by definition ΔG = ___ & we can call ratio of [p]/[r] = _______ (equilibrium constant)
covalent; isothermal; actual; standard; standard; 0; Keq
Ribosome found in 3 different places in cells... 1. free in _________, as individual subunits or dimers, 2. membrane bound to the outer surface of _________ ________ membranes, 3. attached to _______ molecule in a __________ [or polyribosome]
cytoplasm; Endoplasmic Reticulum; mRNA; POLYSOME
______________... network of protein fibers running throughout the cytoplasm of all cells (prokaryotes & eukaryotes) that give a cell its shape & provide a basis for movement (ex: cytoplasmic streaming).
cytoskeleton
In the following coupled reaction.... (∆ = delta) malic acid(∆G0' = +910 Kc/m) ----------A------------> fumaric acid ( ∆G0' = -3,700 Kc/m) ----------B--------------> aspartic acid the overall free energy change converting malic to aspartic acid is? a. + 910 Kcal/mole b. - 3,700 Kcal/mole c. +4,610 Kcal/mole d. - 2,790Kcal/mole e. Choose this choice is none of the above is correct
d. - 2,790Kcal/mole
- ΔG0 is a fixed value under idealized conditions for a given reaction conditions, and indicates in which _________ that reaction is likely to proceed toward equilibrium. - Standard conditions _____ _____ exist within a cell, but ΔG0' is useful to predict the likely direction of a specific reaction (________ or _________). - ΔG is determined by the ______________ present at any given time during a reaction and is a measure of how far a reaction is from equilibrium at that time. - Cell metabolism (Life) is essentially a ____-________ condition. ► Metabolism works by ___________ the relative ____________ of reactants and products that influences the progress of non-favored catalytic reactions.
direction; do not; exergonic; endergonic; concentrations; non-equilibrium; changing; concentrations
Some striking similarities of Prokaryotes with Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are observed that support the endosymbiont hypothesis: › both organelles have ________ __________ bound.... via eukaryotic evolution - the double membrane arose from ___________ › both are ______________ : derived from themselves, by divisional _________...i.e., replicate ___________ from their eukaryotic cell hosts › both have their ________ DNA (a _________ molecule, like the DNA of prokaryotes) & their protein ____________ systems can make some of own proteins › DNA sequence ___________... each has similar DNA sequences - mitochondria DNA related to aerobic bacterial DNA - chloroplast DNA related to cyanobacterial DNA › ribosomes are same size as bacterial ribosomes (______) (in eukaryotes = ______) [ S = Svedberg unitsG ]
double membrane; endosymbiosis; semiautonomous; fission; independently; own; circular; biosynthetic; homology; 70s; 80s
Mitochondria : _________ membrane bound organelle - _______ membrane - contains transport protein ______ (passage of molecules up to 5K) - _____ membrane - very selectively permeable (i.e., impermeant to most molecules) - ________-___________ space - (in between) area where H+ accumulate (low pH) - _________ - inner membranes that hold the respiratory assemblies of ETC - ____________ - "matrix" aqueous compartment = DNA, ribosomes, KC enzymes, etc
double; outer; porin; inner; peri-mitochondrial; cristae; mitoplasm
In 1965 Ian Gibbons described a new protein studding the length of each MT doublet in flagella, naming it ____________ (dyne for force and in for protein)... which hydrolyzes ATP. - The bending Motion is via _______ ________ - a ____________ _________ attaches & releases to MT doublets,and converts chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy of conformational movement.
dynein; Dynein arms; motor protein
ETC - Electron Transport Chain : uses ____ __________ proteins (including _______________, etc...) to pass ____ & _______ from __________ & _________ to ______ making H2O & generates a _________ _________ (______________) across the inner mitochondria membrane
e- carrier; cytochromes; e-; H+; NADH; FADH2; O2; proton gradient; chemiosmosis
what is a REDOX REACTION* - _____ passed from one molecule to another as PGAL --> diPGA* in a glycolysis rx. - energy is transferred between a redox couple by ____ - __________________ = removal of electron &/or protons from food covalent bonds - _________________ = gaining electron &/or protons; adds an electron to an ____________ molecule - Oxidation state* & energy relationship --> the ________ reduced = the _______ energy it holds - A 2nd redox coenxyme (couple) found in all living cells is FAD+ (acceptor) <--> FADH2 (reduced) - Thus : heterotrophic metabolism is the stepwise _____________ of molecules (foods)... if _________ - directly requires oxygen directly as the electron acceptor if ___________ - requires no oxygen directly (uses other e- acceptors)
e-; e-; OXIDATION; REDUCTION; acceptor; more; more; OXIDATION; AEROBIC; ANAEROBIC
SUMMARY - Heterotrophic Metabolism - CELL RESPIRATION PART 2 6. Energy capture is via _________ transfers, _________ pumps, ______ gradients, & ATP synthase* 7. ___________ is by: - stiochiometry, feedback inhibition & allosteric modulation (key enzyme: phosphofructokinase) 8. Intracellular compartmentation: - glycolysis occurs in the __________ - Krebs Cycle is mostly in the ___________ of mitochondria - ETC is in the ________ membranes of mitochondria - ATP synthase within the ______ mitochondrial ______ membrane 9. Cell Respiration is KEY and central to all of a cell's _____________ _____________
electron; proton; H+; Regulation; cytosol; mitoplasm; cristae; inner; cristae; metabolic pathways
ENDODERMIS & CASPARIAN STRIP... [transport in plant roots] - ______________ is an innermost layer of cells in the cortex of a plant roots - forms a cylinder of tissue - one cell layer thick -that separates the outer root cortex from the inner vascular stele - _______________ contains a waterproof __________ _________ made a wax-like insoluble molecules that runs completely around each cell, making the cells ________________ to exterior flow, thus all materials must move into and through the endodermis cells to reach the transport cells of the inner cortex of the root... - _______________ ROUTE - internal via plasmosdesma - _______________ ROUTE - external via intercellular space
endodermis; endodermis; Casparian Strip; impermeable; SYMPLASTIC; APOLPLASTIC
Components of the nucleus part 1 a. nuclear ___________/__________ - nucleus is a double membrane bound organelle b. nuclear __________ __________ = pore structure & computer models Human np's - NUCLEAR ______________
envelope/membrane; pore complexes; TRANSPORT
ATP synthase : the ____________ of the inner mitochondrial membrane that passively transports _____ back into mitoplasm & makes ________ directly
enzyme; H+; ATP
COMMUNICATION via CELL-TO-CELL CONTACT: - is where signaling is also direct... - probably how cell communication may have begun? - g______ j____________ & _________________...results in cytoplasmic continuity favoring cellular interactions... - c_____________ s___________ c____________... receptor protein specificity (as above with yeast cells)
gap junctions; plasmodesma; cell surface contacts
Role of Nucleus - site of ___________ information, control of cell ___________ & heredity - Chromosome structure (picture)
genetic; divisions
Glyco-lysis : 10 step pathway converts 1 __________ (C6) to 2 _________ (C3) - products : 2 molecules of ___________, 2 _________, & 2 _______ (net) - occurs in : ____________ [but is __________ - does not require O2] - may lead to: - ____________ fermentation = glucose --> alcohol - _________ __________ fermentation = glucose --> lactic acid
glucose; pyruvate; pyruvate; NADH; ATP; cytoplasm; anaerobic; alcoholic; lactic acid
Physiological Properties of Membranes Membrane selective permeability: membranes are mostly lipid. - transport is based upon ___________ _________ (more lipid soluble _________ the transport) - graph of P_________ C___________ vs. P___________ - actual data = molecular move thru bilayer
lipid solubility; greater; Partition Coefficient; Permeability
The Cytoskeletal Proteins that make up the Cytoskeletal Network include... 2. ____________ __________... (8-12nm dia - some ex: keratin, vimentin & ________) - protein _________ [rope-like] with an intermediate diameter - spans cytoplasm providing framework for mechanical strength. - made from a heterogeneous family of filamentous proteins
intermediate filaments; lamin; fibers
___________ = phospholipids & their distribution + cholesterol - lipids spontaneously form bilayers via _______________ ________ - lipid fluidity - ________ vs. ________ (saturation vs. unsaturation) - __________ is saturated hydrocarbon tails that look like straight lines - _____________ is unsaturated hydrocarbon tails with kinks that look like wrinkly legs - exoplasmic vs. cytoplasmic lipid differences - _________________ distribution of P-lipids in cell membranes
lipids; hydrophobic effect; viscous; fluid; viscous; fluid; asymmetrical
Fluid Mosaic model... has 2 major molecular components: _________ and _____________ - extra-cellular matrix - ______________: cell surface is coated with _____________ - roles of membrane proteins & their functions - T_____________, A_____________, R____________, and E____________ - role of membranes is ___________________
lipids; proteins; glycoproteins; carbohydrates; transporters; anchors; receptors; enzymes; compartmentation
The Cytoskeletal Proteins that make up the Cytoskeletal Network include... 1. ______________ (actin proteins)... 7 to 8nm dia & of indefinite lengths - __________ is a universal (from protists to verts) contractile eukaryotic protein makes up 5% of total cell protein, - a linear filament [ F-actin ] of polymerized monomeric globular proteins of G-actin - each microfilament is made up of two helical, interlaced strands of subunits. - ... G-actin is a "________" polypeptide of 375aa with an ATP recognition site 3 types of G-actins: - ________ actins of muscle cells [actin + myosin] ... ________ & _________ actins make up cytoskeleton and are involved in cell motility - ... actin filaments form crosslink patterns and can change lengths. ... example of function - make up microvilli of epithelia, cellular membrane - protrusions that increase the surface area of cells.
microfilaments; actin; conserved; alpha; beta; gamma
The Cytoskeletal Proteins that make up the Cytoskeletal Network include... 3. _______________... made of tubulin proteins (also highly conserved evolutionarily). - alpha & beta tubulin subunts assemble in um long filaments with a 21-25 nm dia. - that form depending upon bound GTP/GDP action. - MT's are made of repeating globular units of 2 different proteins alpha & beta tubulin, which assemble & disassemble
microtubules
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE Reaction... [before Krebs cycle itself] - in ___________ oxidizes _______ --> _________-_________ - a multienzyme complex of 60 proteins and 5 coenzymes - involves ___________* --______*--> acetyl coenzyme-A [Fritz Lippman] - reactions: 1. ______________ (-CO2), 2. reduction of 2 _________ --> 2 _________ 3. ___________ & synthesis of 2 Acetyl-coA
mitoplasm; PYR; acetyl-CoA; CoASH; ADP; decarboxylation; NAD+; NADH; acylation
Dynein & Kinesin are _________ _________ of intracellular movements - walking along MT's ex: ___________-*- is a dimeric motor protein powered by ATP hydrolysis that changes conformation and converts chemical energy into mechanical energy, moving toward + (positive end) of MTs.
motor proteins; Kinesin
______________ holds a ___ _______ ________ sequence that targets transport into nucleus it is known as the _______ ________ _________ (_______) (NLS). suggests a likely mechanism for nuclear protein transport.
nucleoplasmin; 17 amino acid; NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE; SIGNAl
Laskey experiment panel a - shows ____________ (head & tail regions) enters nucleus and suggests protein has an aa sequence that helps mobility panel b - where is signal in _________ or ________? - they split & tagged tail entered nucleus, thus it holds aa sequence panel c - where in the tail? cut tail into pieces & spliced to anon-nuclear cytoplasmic protein.
nucleoplasmin; head; tail
CELL RESPIRATION... is the oxidation of food stuffs to create ATP. 1. _______________ of GLUCOSE (6C) --> _____________ 2 (3C) 2. _____________ of pyruvate --> CO2 + H2O & _____________ O2 to H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (ΔG = -686 Kc/mole) <----> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + e- ---> 36-38 ATP (-270Kc = 39%) - called ____________... because e- are removed from glucose - called ____________... because e- passed to O2 making water 3. electron transport & phosphorylation of ADP via ATP synthase thus the terminology... ______________ ____________ - _______________
oxidation; PYRUVATE; oxidation; reduction; oxidation; reduction; oxidative phosphorylation; chemiosmosis
ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN & OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION the coupling of __________ of substrates (-e) to ______________ of ADP to make ATP . ► remember, most of the energy of glucose's bonds is now carried in NADH & FADH2 - e- are passed from ________/_________ to _______ (aerobic) - these series of _____________ _________ proteins occur in 4 membrane subunits I) NADH Reductase, II ) Succinate Dehydrogenase III) Cytochrome Reductase, IV) Cytochrome Oxidase - __________________: hypothesis of e- transport creating a ____________ ___________ FORCE - e- carriers release protons into ________________ __________ making a proton gradient...
oxidation; phosphorylation; NADH; FADH2; O2; electron carrier; CHEMIOSMOSIS; PROTON MOTIVE; perimitochondrial space
Flagella & Cillia movements are due to motor proteins as dyneins and nexins: - if cross-links are __________, the MT's are held in place, then _________- causes MT doublets to curve (bend past each other)* in ____________ movement - if ______ cross-linking proteins - one foot of dynein arm binds as other releases allowing MT to "walk along" MT as doublets "slide" past each other ____________.
present; dynein; restrained; no; unrestrained
KREBS Cycle : oxidizes 2 ___________ from glycolysis to ______ + ________ - produces : 8 _________, 2 ______ (ATP equivalent), 2 __________ - releases : 6 ________ (thus called... Cell Respiration) - occurs in the ___________ [and is ___________ = directly requires O2]
pyruvates; CO2; H2O; NADH; GTP; FADH2; CO2; mitochondria; aerobic
2nd LAW of equilibrium thermodynamics = Energy transformations favor __________ the order of the universe: thus _____________ = is a measure of disorder in a system - ___________* is directional ---> toward ___________ (toward maximum disorder) - may define time - a change of one observed status to another status Law of ENTROPY says... Degree of disorder of the Universe (its randomness - its entropy) CAN ONLY _________.
reducing; ENTROPY; ENTROPY; equilibrium; INCREASE
RIBOSOME... ... is a a non-membrane bound organelle ... is a subcell ____________-__________ ___________ (RNP) made of RNA & proteins ... discovered by George Palade in the 1940' via TEM ... is ________ to all known cells - prokaryote & eukaryote ... is the cellular site of protein synthesis (mRNA + ribosomes) (artistic concept) - _________ shape - 17 to 23 nm dia (Noller model & 2009 Nobel Prize) - composed of 2 subunits - _________ subunit and a _________ subunit, which binds tRNA's (Structure*) - prokaryotic & eukaryotic composition = 35% _______ and 65% ________
ribonucleo-protein particle; universal; spheroid; small; large; protein; rRNA
mitochondria: - structure : elongate cylinders to oblate spheroids - 3-5 um long by 0.5-1.0 um dia, - "______-________", mobile - number : 20 to 1,000 per cell ; the more active a cell = the _________ their #'s - can make up as much as 20% of a cell's volume - contents: has its own circular DNA - 16,569 nucleotide pairs: about 37 genes - has its own ribosomes (prokaryotic size) & ____________-__________ ability - holds ___________ for cellular respiration
shape-shifters; greater; protein-synthesizing; enzymes
Some UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES of cell communication are now well understood: - cells use many different __________ _________ and ____________, but a simple ______________ of signal/reception has survived throughout evolution. - an analogy: auto industry... cars basically have same parts (engines, fenders, lights) but the variety of different shapes and patterns may be boundless
signal molecules; receptors; mechanism
GLYCOLYSIS... KEY ENERGY REACTIONS of GLYCOLYSIS... (don't memorize the pathway, but learn the major reaction types 1. s____________ l___________ p__________* [occurs twice* in glycolysis] 2. ________ __________ step 6* involving NAD+ 3. _________ ___________ --> investment phase* & payoff phase*
substrate level phosphorylation; redox reaction; reaction paths
CELLULAR METABOLIC REACTIONS are then a mix of... Exergonic & Endergonic reactions that occur inside of cells... for RX's which share one or more intermediates (a pathway)...[ A --> B --> C --> D ] the overall free energy change (ΔG) is the _______ of indiv ΔG's Ex: +5.5 - 7.3 = -1.8 ________ ________* - often involve... the linking of the hydrolysis of ATP (a favored rx) to a thermodynamically unfavored reaction, thereby creating biological _________ (greater molecular structure).
sum; COUPLED REACTIONS; order
Cells and Solutions - plants & animals balance water & solutes via: - _____________ - ability of extracellular solution allowing water into or out of a cell by osmosis - _____________ - takes into account both solute concentrations membrane's to those solutes - _____________ - loss of cytoplasmic structure due to water loss - ____________ - swollen cells due to water gain - ____________ - Discovery of Water Channel proteins
tonicity; osmolarity; plasmolysis; turgidity; aquaporins
- Plant vacuoles accumulate __________ ________: especially anthocyanins - the (tonoplast) _________ _________ holds transport proteins, mostly active-transport carriers for one-way accumulation of wastes and toxins into the vacuolar spaces. - In plant cells, vacuoles tend to be large and play a role in maintaining ________ __________. - When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing ________. With insufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant _______. As plant cells age.. onset of death is usually associated with tonoplast leakage & breakdown.
toxic wastes; vacuolar membrane; turgor pressure; rigidity; wilts
mitochondria 1st described 1900's microscopically with ______ _______ (req living cells) as Janus Green B today: best seen via fluorescent dyes, B&W-TEM, & false color scanning EM's
vital stains
_____ is measure of change (Δ) in amount energy in a system that is ABLE TO DO WORK... - ΔG is a numerical measure of how far a chemical reaction is from ___________... ► Entropy ___________ (Disorder Increases)... when useful energy, that which could be used to do work, is dissipated as _______...
ΔG; equilibrium; Increases; heat
