BIO 1 SUMMER EXAM 2 REVIEW

In a non-dividing somatic cell of a human male, there is (are) ______ copy (copies) of each gene on the X chromosome. A. 1 B. 0 C. 4 D. 2

A. 1

A diploid human cell contains 2n = 46 chromosomes. After replication has occurred, this cell's chromosomes can be described as A. 2n = 46 B. 2n = 92 C. 4n = 46 D. 4n = 92

A. 2n = 46

What process results in formation of a zygote? A. Fertilization B. Meiosis II C. Meiosis I D. Mitosis

A. Fertilization

Select all correct answers. Which of the following cell types are diploid? A. Germ Cell B. Somatic cell C. Sperm D. Egg E. Zygote

A. Germ Cell B. Somatic cell E. Zygote

If a female is heterozygous for an X-linked dominant allele, which of her children will also have the trait? A. Half of her sons and half of her daughters B. All of her sons but none of her daughters C. None of her sons but half of her daughters D. None of her sons and all of her daughters

A. Half of her sons and half of her daughters

Select all correct answers. Which of the following process produces haploid cells? A. Meiosis B. Spermatogenesis C. Oogenesis D. Fertilization

A. Meiosis B. Spermatogenesis C. Oogenesis

How many copies of the Mc1R gene (the gene that controls coat color) are present in a mouse cell that has just completed meiosis II? A. One B. Two C. Four D. Eight

A. One

Select all correct answers. Which of the following are properties of pea plants that made the garden pea a good system for Mendel to use for his studies of inheritance? A. Pea plants have a number of traits with contrasting forms. B. Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized. C. Pea plants from different strains cannot be hybridized with one another. D. All pea plants are genetically identical to one another. E. Pea plants have very large chromosomes.

A. Pea plants have a number of traits with contrasting forms. B. Pea plants can be self-fertilized or cross-fertilized.

Differentiation is the process in which a cell A. becomes specialized for a particular function B. migrates to another part of a developing embryo C. grows D. divides to produce additional cells

A. becomes specialized for a particular function

DNA replication occurs A. before meiosis I B. both before meiosis I and between meiosis I and meiosis II C. between meiosis I and meiosis II

A. before meiosis I

Select all that apply. Cells that are pluripotent can be found in a A. blastocyst B. zygote C. fetus D. gastrula

A. blastocyst

The protein that holds together sister chromatids is called A. cohesin B. the kinetochore C. a spindle fiber D. tubulin

A. cohesin

Every human sperm cell contains A. either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome B. a Y chromosome C. an X chromosome D. both an X chromosome and a Y chromosome

A. either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome

The cells that line the digestive tract of an animal derive from the A. embryonic endoderm B. embryonic mesoderm C. embryonic ectoderm D. trophoblast

A. embryonic endoderm

Select all correct answers. External fertilization: A. is found in some fish and amphibians. B. involves releasing gametes directly into a wet environment. C. cannot occur in marine (salt water) habitats. D. is common among terrestrial vertebrates. E. is a form of asexual reproduction.

A. is found in some fish and amphibians. B. involves releasing gametes directly into a wet environment.

In eukaryotes, the process that is used to produce gametes is called _________. A. meiosis B. binary fission C. mitosis D. fertilization

A. meiosis

Select all correct answers. Which of the following structures are derived from the mesoderm? A. red blood cells B. nervous system C. outer layer of the skin (epidermis) D. kidney tubule E. thyroid gland F. muscle G. pancreas

A. red blood cells D. kidney tubule F. muscle

When the genome of a cell is replicated, what doubles? A. the amount of DNA B. the total number of chromosomes C. the ploidy of the cell D. A and B E. A, B, and C.

A. the amount of DNA

Pollen grains, in plants, contain A. the male gametes B. the female gametes C. the male reproductive organs D. the female reproductive organs

A. the male gametes

A pair of homologous chromosomes is best described as two chromosomes that have . . . A. the same genes in the same order but possibly different alleles of some of the genes B. the same alleles of the same genes in the same order C. different alleles of the same genes arranged in a different order D. identical sequences of nucleotides

A. the same genes in the same order but possibly different alleles of some of the genes

A human sperm cell contains ______ copy (copies) of each gene found on the X chromosome. A. 0 B. 0 or 1 C. 2 D. 1 or 2 E. 1

B. 0 or 1

How many copies of the β-globin gene (one of the over 20,000 genes in the human genome) are in a human sperm cell? A. 4 B. 1 C. 8 D. 2

B. 1

How many sets of chromosomes are in a haploid (n) cell? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 23 E. 46

B. 1

How many copies of the β-globin gene are in a human zygote immediately after fertilization? A. 4 B. 2 C. 8 D. 1

B. 2

What genotypic ratio will result from the cross in the previous question? A. 3/4 Tt and 1/4 tt B. All Tt and no tt C. 1/4 TT, 1/2 Tt, and 1/4 tt D. 1/2 Tt and 1/2 tt E. There is not enough information to determine this.

B. All Tt and no tt

If the tall plant used in the test cross is homozygous, what phenotypic ratio will be observed among the offspring of the test cross? A. 3/4 tall and 1/4 dwarfed B. All tall and no dwarfed C. All dwarfed and no tall D. 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarfed E. There is not enough information to determine this.

B. All tall and no dwarfed

A true-breeding plant with green seeds and purple flowers is crossed with a true-breeding plant with yellow seeds and white flowers. What is the genotype of the plants in the F1 generation of this cross? A. ggAA B. GgAa C. GGaa D. ggaa E. GGAA

B. GgAa

What happens during crossing over? A. DNA is synthesized. B. Non-sister chromatids from the same homologous pair exchange DNA. C. Non-sister chromatids from different homologous pairs exchange DNA. D. Sister chromatids from the same chromosome exchange DNA.

B. Non-sister chromatids from the same homologous pair exchange DNA.

Select all correct answers. Which of the following are differences between oocytes and sperm cells? A. Oocytes contain more chromosomes than sperm cells. B. Oocytes contain more cytoplasm than sperm cells. C. Oocytes are motile; sperm cells are not. D. Oocytes are larger than sperm cells. E. Oocytes are surrounded by protective layers; sperm cells are not.

B. Oocytes contain more cytoplasm than sperm cells. D. Oocytes are larger than sperm cells. E. Oocytes are surrounded by protective layers; sperm cells are not.

Which of the following is a possible genotype for a gamete produced by an organism with genotype Rr? A. rr B. R C. RR D. r E. Rr

B. R D. r

Select all correct answers. Which of the following cell types are gametes? A. Zygote B. Sperm C. Somatic cell D. Germ Cell E. Egg

B. Sperm E. Egg

How many copies of the Mc1R gene (the gene that controls coat color) are present in a mouse cell that has just completed meiosis I? A. One B. Two C. Four D. Eight

B. Two

Can a heterozygous (Tt) pea plant produce the active gibberellin molecule? A. No B. Yes

B. Yes

Select all correct answers. Homologous chromosomes separate from each other during A. anaphase II of meiosis B. anaphase I of meiosis C. anaphase of mitosis

B. anaphase I of meiosis

In humans, a female inherits her X chromosomes from A. her mother B. both her mother and her father C. either her mother or her father, but not both D. her father

B. both her mother and her father

In pea plants, yellow seeds (G) are dominant to green seeds (g), and purple flowers (A) are dominant to white flowers (a). What is the genotype of a plant from a true-breeding strain that always produces green seeds and purple flowers? A. GgAa B. ggAA C. GGaa D. ggaa E. ggAa

B. ggAA

A point mutation in the T gene resulted in an allele (t) in which a single guanine nucleotide is changed to adenine. This nucleotide substitution results in a protein that contains threonine instead of alanine. This mutation is best described as a(n): A. silent mutation B. missense mutation C. frameshift mutation D. nonsense mutation

B. missense mutation

Select all correct answers. Which of the following structures are derived from the embryonic ectoderm? A. thyroid gland B. nervous system C. bone D. muscle E. kidneys F. outer layer of the skin G. gallbladder H. liver

B. nervous system F. outer layer of the skin

A cell that can differentiate into a muscle cell, or a skin cell, or a nerve cells is A. unipotent B. pluripotent C. multipotent

B. pluripotent

Crossing over (the exchange of genetic material between chromatids on homologous chromosomes) occurs during A. prophase I and prophase II. B. prophase I. C. anaphase II. D. prophase II. E. anaphase I.

B. prophase I.

A pea plant with white flowers that produces offspring that always have white flowers is A. a monohybrid B. pure-breeding C. reciprocal D. dominant

B. pure-breeding

Mendel crossed pea plants that were pure-breeding for tall height with pea plants that were pure-breeding for dwarf height. The progeny of this cross were always tall. This led him to conclude that A. the tall phenotype is recessive B. the tall phenotype is dominant C. the dwarf phenotype is dominant

B. the tall phenotype is dominant

Rhodopsin is a protein that is involved in vision and is only present in the eye of animals. The rhodopsin gene is ________ but not in other cells. A. present in eye cells B. transcribed in eye cells C. replicated in eye cells D. translated in eye cells

B. transcribed in eye cells

The layer of glycoproteins that surrounds a sea urchin egg cell is called the A. plasma membrane B. vitelline envelope C. corona radiata D. zona pellucida E. jelly layer

B. vitelline envelope

The layer of glycoproteins that surrounds a human egg cell is called the A. plasma membrane B. zona pellucida C. jelly layer D. corona radiata E. vitelline envelope

B. zona pellucida

The HbB (beta-globin) gene is located on chromosome 11. A human skin cell in G1 contains: A. 1 copy of chromosome 11 and 1 copy of the HbB gene B. 1 copy of chromosome 11 and 2 copies of the HbB gene C. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 2 copies of the HbB gene D. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 4 copies of the HbB gene

C. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 2 copies of the HbB gene

The HbB (beta-globin) gene is located on chromosome 11. A human skin cell in G2 contains: A. 1 copy of chromosome 11 and 2 copies of the HbB gene B. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 2 copies of the HbB gene C. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 4 copies of the HbB gene D. 4 copies of chromosome 11 and 4 copies of the HbB gene

C. 2 copies of chromosome 11 and 4 copies of the HbB gene

A mouse cell that has just completed meiosis I contains 2n=40: A. 40 replicated chromosomes B. 40 unreplicated chromosomes C. 20 replicated chromosomes D. 20 unreplicated chromosomes

C. 20 replicated chromosomes

How many chromosomes are in a human sperm cell? A. 2 B. 92 C. 23 D. 46

C. 23

A bivalent (also called a tetrad) consists ______ chromosomes and a total of ______ chromatids. A. 2; 2 B. 4; 4 C. 2; 4 D. 4; 8

C. 2; 4

How many chromosomes are in a human zygote immediately after fertilization? A. 23 unreplicated chromosomes B. 46 replicated chromosomes C. 46 unreplicated chromosomes D. 23 replicated chromosomes

C. 46 unreplicated chromosomes

In an organism with a diploid number of 8, a gamete has ______ chromosomes, a liver cell has ______ chromosomes, and a sperm cell at meiotic anaphase I has ______ chromosomes. A. 8; 8; 8 B. 8; 4; 4 C. 4; 8; 8 D. 4; 4; 4 E. 8; 4; 8

C. 4; 8; 8

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have a diploid number of 8 chromosomes (2n = 8). In a fruit fly cell that is in metaphase I, how many chromosomes, chromatids, and bivalents (tetrads) would be present? A. 16 chromosomes, 16 chromatids, and 4 bivalents B. 16 chromosomes, 16 chromatids, and 8 bivalents C. 8 chromosomes, 16 chromatids, and 4 bivalents D. 8 chromosomes, 8 chromatids, and 4 bivalents

C. 8 chromosomes, 16 chromatids, and 4 bivalents

A mouse cell at the end of prophase I contains 2n=40: A. 40 chromatids, 40 chromosomes, and 40 tetrads B. 40 chromatids, 40 chromosomes, and 20 tetrads C. 80 chromatids, 40 chromosomes, and 20 tetrads D. 80 chromatids, 80 chromosomes, and 40 tetrads E. 80 chromatids, 80 chromosomes, and 20 tetrads

C. 80 chromatids, 40 chromosomes, and 20 tetrads

What is a polymorphic trait? A. A trait that is controlled by two or more different genes B. A trait that has multiple alleles C. A trait that has two or more phenotypes

C. A trait that has two or more phenotypes

In humans, where does fertilization occur? A. In the uterus B. In the vagina C. In the oviduct (Fallopian tube) D. In the ovary

C. In the oviduct (Fallopian tube)

If the ancestors of Mendel's pea plants all carried the T allele, which encodes a functional GA 3-oxidase enzyme, which of the following statements best explains how the t allele first appeared in the population? A. The t allele first appeared due to an error in translation. B. The t allele first appeared due to an error in transcription. C. The t allele first appeared due to an error in replication. D. The t allele first appeared because farmers wanted to grow shorter plants that took up less space in the field.

C. The t allele first appeared due to an error in replication.

What is the phenotype of the plants in the F1 generation of this cross described in the previous question? A. Yellow seeds and white flowers B. Green seeds and purple flowers C. Yellow seeds and purple flowers D. Green seeds and white flowers

C. Yellow seeds and purple flowers

Every human egg cell contains A. both an X chromosome and a Y chromosome B. a Y chromosome C. an X chromosome D. either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome

C. an X chromosome

The inner cell mass is part of the A. zygote B. gastrula C. blastocyst D. morula E. fetus

C. blastocyst

The corona radiata of a human egg cell is made of A. the plasma membrane B. glycoproteins C. cells D. enzymes

C. cells

T and t alleles are: A. different phenotypes of the same trait B. different genes C. different versions of the same gene D. different traits E. different forms of the GA 3-oxidase protein

C. different versions of the same gene

The products of meiosis are called A. somatic cells B. zygotes C. gametes D. germ cells

C. gametes

At the end of meiosis II, the daughter cells that are produced are ______ and contain ______ chromosomes. A. diploid, replicated B. haploid; replicated C. haploid; unreplicated D. diploid; unreplicated

C. haploid; unreplicated

The separation of sister chromatids in a eukaryotic cell: A. is called cytokinesis. B. cannot happen. C. is called mitosis. D. occurs in the S phase. E. immediately precedes replication.

C. is called mitosis.

DNA replication occurs before A. mitosis B. meiosis II C. mitosis and meiosis I D. meiosis I E. mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II

C. mitosis and meiosis I

Which part of an egg provides nutrients for a developing embryo after fertilization occurs? A. jelly layer B. nucleus C. yolk D. corona radiata

C. yolk

A somatic stem cell derived from adult tissue is A) totipotent B) unipotent C) pluripotent D) multipotent

D) multipotent

A human egg cell contains ______ copy (copies) of the SRY gene. A. 1 or 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 0 E. 0 or 1

D. 0

To determine the genotype of a tall pea plant, the tall plant can be crossed with a homozygous recessive dwarf plant. This is called a test cross. If the tall plant is heterozygous, what phenotypic ratio will be observed among the offspring? A. 3/4 tall and 1/4 dwarfed B. All tall and no dwarfed C. All dwarfed and no tall D. 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarfed E. There is not enough information to determine this.

D. 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarfed

A mouse cell that has just completed meiosis II contains 2n=40: A. 40 replicated chromosomes B. 40 unreplicated chromosomes C. 20 replicated chromosomes D. 20 unreplicated chromosomes

D. 20 unreplicated chromosomes

In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46. How many chromosomes are in a human sperm cell? A. 23 replicated chromosomes B. 46 replicated chromosomes C. 46 unreplicated chromosomes D. 23 unreplicated chromosomes

D. 23 unreplicated chromosomes

A human gamete contains ______ chromosomes, and a human zygote contains ______ chromosomes. A. 23; 23 B. 46; 46 C. 23; 23 D. 23; 46

D. 23; 46

Mendel crossed pure-breeding pea plants with purple flowers with pure-breeding pea plants with white flowers. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers, and all F1 offspring all had purple flowers. If these F1 plants were allowed to self-fertilize, what phenotypic ratio would be expected in the F2 generation? A. All white flowers and no purple flowers B. All purple flowers and no white flowers C. 1/2 purple flowers and 1/2 white flowers D. 3/4 purple flowers and 1/4 white flowers E. 1/4 purple flowers and 3/4 white flowers

D. 3/4 purple flowers and 1/4 white flowers

What is a pure-breeding strain? A. A strain that exhibits only dominant phenotypes B. A strain that is fertile and able to be crossed C. A strain that can only be self-crossed D. A strain that has shown the same traits for many generations

D. A strain that has shown the same traits for many generations

Cells in ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm contain different: A. genes B. mRNA molecules C. Protein molecules D. B and C are correct E. A, B, and C are correct

D. B and C are correct

What is the name of the process used for prokaryotic cell division? A. Mitosis B. Meiosis C. Cytokinesis D. Binary fission E. Replication

D. Binary fission

How does binary fission differ from mitosis? A. Binary fission produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell. B. Binary fission does not require DNA replication. C. Binary fission produces four daughter cells instead of two. D. Binary fission does not require microtubules.

D. Binary fission does not require microtubules.

During the eukaryotic cell cycle, most cell growth occurs in A. M phase B. G2 phase C. S phase D. G1 phase

D. G1 phase

In pea plants, yellow seeds (G) are dominant to green seeds (g), and purple flowers (A) are dominant to white flowers (a). What is the genotype of a plant that, when self-crossed, always produces yellow seeds, but produces both purple-flowered and white-flowered offspring? A. Ggaa B. GGAA C. GGaa D. GGAa E. GgAa

D. GGAa

During cell division, what components of the cytoskeleton bind to the chromosomes via kinetochore proteins? A. Histone proteins B. Microfilaments C. Centromeres D. Microtubules

D. Microtubules

If a male has an X-linked dominant trait, which of his children will also have the trait? A. Half of his sons and half of his daughters B. All of his sons but none of his daughters C. None of his sons but half of his daughters D. None of his sons and all of his daughters

D. None of his sons and all of his daughters

How many X chromosomes are in a human egg cell? A. Three B. Zero C. Two D. One

D. One

The T allele codes for the functional GA 3-oxidase enzyme and is associated with the tall phenotype; the t allele codes for a non-functional version of this enzyme and is associated with the dwarfed phenotype. Which of the following genotypes will result in dwarfed plants? A. Only TT B. TT and Tt C. TT, Tt, and tt D. Only tt E. Tt and tt F. Only Tt

D. Only tt

In a pea plant that is heterozygous for T and t, which of the following statements about meiosis is correct? A. T and t separate from one another during meiosis I, when sister chromatids separate. B. T and t separate from one another during meiosis II, when sister chromatids separate. C. T and t separate from one another during meiosis II, when homologous chromosomes separate. D. T and t separate from one another during meiosis I, when homologous chromosomes separate.

D. T and t separate from one another during meiosis I, when homologous chromosomes separate.

Mendel transferred pollen from a pure-breeding pea plant with purple flowers to a pure-breeding pea plant with white flowers. Which of the following crosses would be considered the reciprocal cross? A. Transfer of pollen from a plant with purple flowers to a different plant with purple flowers. B. Transfer of pollen from a plant with white flowers to a different plant with white flowers. C. Allowing a plant with purple flowers to self-fertilize D. Transfer of pollen from a plant with white flowers to a plant with purple flowers.

D. Transfer of pollen from a plant with white flowers to a plant with purple flowers.

The division of a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm is known as: A. mitosis B. binary fission C. cell fission D. cytokinesis E. both cytokinesis and mitosis

D. cytokinesis

Meiosis results in the production of A. two haploid daughter cells B. four diploid daughter cells C. two diploid daughter cells D. four haploid daughter cells

D. four haploid daughter cells

Which of the following types of cells are haploid? Select all correct answers. A. zygote B. germ cell C. somatic cell D. gamete

D. gamete

In humans, a male inherits his X chromosome from A. both his mother and his father B. his father C. either his mother or his father, but not both D. his mother

D. his mother

To prevent self-fertilization of his pea plants, Mendel removed the _______ from the flowers that were pollinated. A. male and female reproductive organs B. female gametes C. female reproductive organs D. male reproductive organs

D. male reproductive organs

The vitelline envelope of a sea urchin egg is located A. inside the plasma membrane B. inside the nucleus C. outside the nucleus D. outside the plasma membrane

D. outside the plasma membrane

When we describe a pea plant as being tall or dwarfed, we are referring to its: A. dominance B. alleles C. genotype D. phenotype

D. phenotype

Which of the following sequences lists the stages of animal development in the correct order, from first to last? A. blastocyst, zygote, morula, gastrula, fetus B. blastocyst, gastrula, morula, zygote, fetus C. zygote, blastocyst, gastrula, fetus, morula D. zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrula, fetus E. zygote, blastula, morula, gastrula, fetus

D. zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrula, fetus

Which of the following cell types is the least differentiated and has the greatest developmental potential? A) An inner cell mass cell B) A germ cell C) A mesoderm cell D) A skeletal muscle cell E) A zygote

E) A zygote

During cleavage, the cell cycle is modified so that cell division occurs rapidly and without cell growth. Which phase(s) of the cell cycle do you think will be eliminated or extremely shortened during these cell divisions? A. M phase (both mitosis and cytokinesis) B. Cytokinesis C. S phase D. Mitosis E. G1

E. G1

Select all correct answers. What does it mean when we say that the T allele is dominant to the t allele? A. It means that the T allele confers higher fitness than the t allele. B. It means that the T allele is more common in the population than the t allele. C. It means that in a Tt heterozygote, the T allele converts the t allele to the T allele. D. It means that the T allele will be passed on to the progeny more often than the t allele. E. It means that a plant with the genotype Tt has the same phenotype as a plant with the genotype TT.

E. It means that a plant with the genotype Tt has the same phenotype as a plant with the genotype TT.

At the time of implantation into the uterine wall, a developing human embryo is a A. placenta B. gastrula C. zygote D. morula E. blastocyst

E. blastocyst

Select all correct answers. A true-breeding parent plant with green seeds and purple flowers will produce gametes with the genotype(s): A. GA B. GGaa C. ga D. ggAA E. gA F. GgAa

E. gA

Homologous chromosomes separate from each other during A. meiosis I and mitosis. B. meiosis II only. C. meiosis II and mitosis. D. meiosis I and meiosis II. E. meiosis I only.

E. meiosis I only.