Bio 101 Chapter 1, 2, 3

Hypohesis - Do energy drinks acually help you stay awake at night? Prediction - Yes, it helps stay awake at night. Experimental group - We give an energy drink to 20 people before bed. Control group - We give colored water to 20 people. Procedure - We give the experimental group an energy drink and we give the control group colored water. After 8 hours, we asked the people if they could sleep well or if they could not sleep. We record our findings.

Be able to design and describe an expterimental test based on hypothesis and a prediction. This experiment should include an experimental group and control group. Include a description of the experimental procedures as well.

Acidic has more hydrogen. Basic has less. Buffers nutralized acids and basis.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of acids and bases. What is the function of buffers.

Animals - They are Multicellular. Mammals, reptiles, and birds. They eat food. Plants - They are Multicellular. Flowers and grass. They make their own food. Fungi - They are Multicellular. Mushrooms and mold. Protists - They are Unicellular. For example, amoeba is when there are small particles moving in the water. Bacteria - They are Unicellular. Archeans - They are Unicellular. One cell.

Compare and contrast the characteristics of each of the following major groups of organisms: bacteria, archaeans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

pH is the measure of hydrogen in a solution.

Define pH.

Explanations of things that happen in nature based on what we know now and from testing hypothesis many times and observing. The limits of science - We have to be able to test questions. And we can only test what is in nature and the physical world. You can't make jugdement based on personal bias. The questions must be unique and questionable.

Define the term theory and explain how thories can change over time. State the limits of science.

Condensation - organic molecules combine by removing 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrolysis - organic molecules break apart by adding 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Describe how each of the following categories of reactions forms organic compounds: condensation (dehydration) and hydrolysis.

The electrons circle the center of the atom made up of protons and neutrons. The octect rule is a chemical rule where the elements tend to combine so that each atom has 8 electrons. The atoms combine by sharing donating or reicieving electrons creating chemical bonds. A chemical reaction is how atoms create chemical bonds. The reactants are the atoms that are combining and products are the results.

Describe how electrons are arranged within an atom. What is the octet rule? How does the octet rule explain how atoms bind to each other? What is a chemical reaction? Define, and be able to recognize, reactants and products.

Protiens are diverse molecules that can have many functions. 1. Enzymes 2. They can be use to repair. 3. Antibodies 4. Hormones

Describe the characteristics and functions of protiens. In terms of their structure, describe the four different ways that protiens can differ from one another. Describe denaturation, and be able to recognize an example of it.

Plants are the producers that provide the food. Consumers eat plants and other animals. Decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients.

Describe the different roles that producers, consumers, and decomposers play in an ecosystem, and the interactions these groups of organisms have with each other.

DNA is a specific sequence of nucleic acid. RNA is a template for replicating DNA. They are made of 5 carbon sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base

Describe the general characteristics of DNA and RNA. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Carboyhydrates are sugars that provide energy.

Describe the general characteristics of carbohydrates and their types along with the examples.

Lipids are fat. Lipids cannot disolve in water. Lipids store energy.

Describe the general characteristics of lipids and their types.

Organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen atoms. Carbon atoms can make 4 covalent bonds, carbon atoms can form chains, carbon atoms can form rings.

Describe the general characteristics of organic compounds. Why there are so many different possible types of organic molecules?

Natural selection is the defeniton of survival of the fittest (best survives). For example, they are two hamsters. One group has brown fur, and one has white fur. The hampsters who have brown fur can hide better. The hampsters with white fur can't hide as well. So they are eaten first. Only the brown fur hampsters survived over time.

Explain how evolution occurs by means of natural selection. Be able to describe how natural selection works by using an example.

People are given for radioisotopes solution. PET scaners let you see radio isotope solutions. The information let scientists study their metabolism.

Explain how radioisotopes are used in PET scans to study metabolism in humans.

Carbohydrates Lipids Protiens Nucleic Acids

List four different categories of biological molecules.

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

List the different classifications of organisms from the most inclusive, to the least inclusive.

Biosphere - all of the enviornment on earth support life. For example, Africa Ecosystem - all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organism interact. (living and non-living) For example, bid and fish are living and sand are non-living. Community - The entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem. For example, birds and fish. Population - All the individuals of species living in a specific area. For example, bird Organism - an individual living thing. For example, bird Organ system - several organs that cooperate in a specific function. For example, digestive system. Organ - a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism. For example, stomach. Tissues - a group of similar cells that perform a specific function. For example, lining of the stomach. Cells - The fundamental unit of life.

List the levels of organization in nature, from the largest to smallest level. Describe the characteristics of each level, and be able to identify examples from each level.

Order Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing Response to the environment Regulation Evolutionary adaptation

Name the characteristics that all living organisms share, that distinguish them from non-living things.

AT Adenine Thymine CG Cytosine Guanine

State different types of nitrogen bases found in the DNA RNA.

Covalent bonds are two atoms that share one or more electrons. Polar covalent bonds have an unequal share electrons. Non-polar electrons have equal shared electrons. Ionic bonds are when atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons. When an electron is lost, it creates a positive charge. And when an electron is gained, it creates a negative charge.

State the characteritics of ionic, polar covalent and non-polar covalent chemical bonds.

Protons are positively charged. They are found in the nucleus. Neutrons are electrically neutral. They are found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged. They are found in shells that surround the nucleus.

State the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Where is each located?

Hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. 1. Cohesion is when molecules are the same, they stick together. Adhesion is when two different molecules stick together. 2. Water temperature requires a lot of energy. 3. Ice is less dense than liquid water. 4. Water is a univeral solvant.

What are hydrogen bonds? Describe the properties of water.

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DNA is the chemical substance of genes.

What is DNA? Describe the function of DNA in living organisms.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances. An ion is an atom or molucule with an electrical charge resulting from gain or loss of electrons. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

What is an element? State the characteristics of an ion and isotopes.

The nutrients cycle involves the circle of nutrients between living and non-living components in an ecosystem. The flow of energy goes in one direction (not a cycle) and the energy loss as its transfered.

What is the difference between the ways that the energy moves through an ecosystem, comparied the way that nutrients move through an ecosystem?

The pH scale describes how acidic or basic a solution is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH. Basic solutions have a higher pH. And neutral soluctions are pH 7.

What is the pH scale? Be able to state whether a given pH is acidic, basic, or neutral.