BIO 101 Chapter 1

Theodor Schwann

"All animals are made of cells"

Matthias Scleiden

"All plants are made of cells"

Similarities Between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

-Both have plasma membranes (controls what can move in and out of the cell) -Both have cytosol (thick jello-like fluid inside the cell) -Both have DNA in chromosomes -Both have ribosomes (granules that can create proteins)

Eukaryotes

-Evolved more recently -10x larger than prokaryotes -Nucleus present -Organelles present -DNA in chromosomes

Prokaryotes

-Primitive-first on planet -Small in size -One long strand of DNA -No nucleus -No membrane bound organelles

4 Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya

-Protists: single celled organisms -Plants: multicellular autotrophic organisms that get food by photosynthesis -Fungi: single or multicellular heterotrophic organisms that absorb food from environment -Animals: Multicellular heterotrophic organisms that obtain food by ingestion

Scientific Method

1) Make observations 2) Develop a hypothesis 3) Make predictions 4) Design experiments and run tests 5) Revise hypothesis or pose a new one 6) Analyze results and make conclusions

Seven properties of life

1. Order, 2. Regulation, 3. Growth and development, 4. Energy processing, 5. Response to the environment, 6. Reproduction, 7. Evolution

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or educated guess that can be tested through research, essentially a starting point for investigation.

Scientific Theory

A hypothesis that has undergone extensive, rigorous testing may be advanced to the status of a theory - a statement or relationship that is accepted by most scientists (supported by substantial evidence). Also much broader in scope than a hypothesis

Regulation

A living thing can adjust its internal environment, keeping it within appropriate limits

Growth and Development

A living thing will grow and develop (like a human!)

Order

All living things are organized. Living things have complex, but organized structures.

Cells

Basic unit of life

Taxonomy

Branch of biology which names and classifies species. Organize living organisms into groups based on similarity.

Autotrophs

Can make their own food from inorganic compounds. Plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy into carbs.

Virchow's Cell Theory 1858

Cell is the basic unit of all organisms. All living things are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Domain Eukarya

DNA is in a compartment called nucleus (newest).

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Developed the first microscope, introduced the name "cell"

3 Domains

Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

Dear King Philip Came Over For Great Soup

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Genus and Species

Genus always capitalized and species always start with a small letter

Evolution

Living things must evolve over time to survive in new or different environments.

Reproduction

Living things must reproduce if a species is to survive. Note: not the same as replication. Reproduction required a mom and a dad to create an offspring.

Response to the environment

Living things respond to environmental stimuli. Ex: when we accidentally touch something too hot, we pull away.

Energy Processing

Living things take in energy and use it to perform work

Heterotrophs

Must take in pre-formed organic material. Fungi breakdown and absorb organic material. Decomposers. Animals.

Unicellular Organisms

Organisms that are made of just one cell like Amoeba and Bacteria.

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms that are made of many cells like Plants and Animals

Scientific Law

Principles explaining events in nature that have been observed to occur with unvarying consistency.

Domain Bacteria

Prokaryotes

Domain Archaea

Prokaryotes who live in extreme environments (oldest). Lived in odd environments like hot springs, places with no oxygen, water that is very salty and current research shows that life was likely to start in one of those environments.

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Cell Theory 1838

Schleiden and Schwann. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the structural unit of life.

Descent with modification

Species today descended from ancestral species. Through the generations, different groups changed slightly. Species that are very similar share a common ancestor.

Natural selection

Species which are best adapted to local environmental conditions survive and reproduce. Antibiotic resistance is natural selection.

Artificial selection

The purposeful breeding of domesticates plants and animals by humans.

Biology

The study of life

Binomial nomenclature

Using Genus and species to name a specific animal

Darwin's theories

descent with modification and natural selection