Bio 101 chapter 19, 20, 22

When a population has reached the maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain, it is said to have reached its ______.

carrying capacity

The type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been disturbed is called----succession.

secondary

The number of individuals in a population is referred to as the population ______.

size

Density-dependent effects that act to regulate a population's growth are directly related to the ______.

size of the population

A---is all the populations of a particular kind of organism.

species

All populations of a particular kind of organism form a(n) ______.

species

Select all of the levels of ecological organization of organisms.

species communities populations

Select all of the factors that can be used to characterize a community.

species richness the amount of primary productivity the species present in the community

Select all the trends that characterize a maturing ecosystem.

species richness increases K-selected species replace r-selected ones net productivity decreases

Demography is the ______.

statistical study of a population

An orderly replacement of species called ______ is a direct result of species altering the habitat and the resources within it in ways that favor different species.

succession

The orderly replacement of one community with another is called ecological

succession.

Secondary succession occurs

where an existing community has been disturbed

Examine the processes of ecological community change by completing each sentence.

-The orderly replacement of one community with another, from simple to more complex, is a process known as ecological succession. -Ecologists define two types of succession. When an existing community has been disturbed and organisms slowly reclaim the area, such as when plants become reestablished in a wooded area that has been cleared, secondary succession is occurring. -On the other hand, primary succession can begin on areas of bare rock or where soil has not been formed. -The first species to inhabit an area undergoing such primary succession form a pioneering community. -Given enough time and lack of disturbance, primary succession ends with a climax community, whose populations remain relatively stable and are characteristic of the region.

Select all the characteristics exhibited by an equilibrium species living in an environment with limited resources.

-few offspring per reproductive event - long life span - extensive parental care

What is the carrying capacity of the population shown in this image?

2,000 individuals

Use the diagram to answer the following questions. What species of barnacle has a smaller realized niche compared to its fundamental niche due to competition?

Chthamalus (red lines)

The statistical study of a population is called ______.

Demography

Classify each description into the appropriate category: exponential or logistic population growth.

Exponential Growth: growth rate is always positive, and population increase accelerate, results in J-shaped curve, occurs when an organism reaches a new habitat with abundant resources. Logistic Growth: Results in an S-shaped growth curve, population size ultimately stabilizes, limited by carrying capacity.

Classify the following factors as important in either regulating a species' fundamental niche or a species' realized niche.

Fundamental Niche: temperature, Oxygen, Salinity Realized Niche: competition, Predation.

Investigate population growth by completing each sentence.

Given infinite resources, a population would grow EXPONENTIALLY. However, because resources are LIMITED, population sizes are constrained. The maximum number of individuals that a population can reach in a particular place is termed the CARRYING CAPACITY (size) of that area. Once a population has reached its carrying capacity, the average growth rate will be ZERO. A habitat's carrying capacity can only be increased by increasing the number of RESOURCESin the habitat.

Select all of the boxes that correctly describe the population shown in the image.

Growth is characterized by J-shaped curve, growth is logistic

Organisms that mature slowly, reproduce late, and produce few numbers of large-sized offspring have ______ -selected adaptations.

K

Select the correct statement about r and K.

K is the carrying capacity; r is the maximum growth rate

Classify each description into the correct category of symbiotic relationships.

Mutualism:both species benefit, pistol shrimp and coral. commensalism: one species benefits, other does not benefit nor is harmed, clownfish and sea anemone, oxpeckers and grazing animals. parasitism: one species benefits, other is harmed

Use the diagram to answer the following question. What statement correctly interprets the data on the graph about predator-prey oscillations?

Paramecium numbers decline with the introduction of the predator; predator numbers decline as the Paramecium population declines.

Match the term with its meaning for populations: Size, density, growth

Size: Number of individuals in population Density: Number of individuals per area Growth: Rate of increase or decrease in the number if individuals

The carrying capacity of a population is

The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support.

Place the correct word into each sentence to describe ecological levels of organization.

The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment, and of the abundance and distribution of organisms, is called ECOLOGY. -A POPULATION is defined as all of the individuals belonging to the same species that live together and influence each other's survival. -All populations of a particular kind of organism form a SPECIES. -A COMMUNITY consists of all of the various populations of different species interacting at a locale. An ecosystem contains a community of populations and also the BIOMES environment. -The biosphere encompasses all of the terrestrial assemblages of organisms on earth, called SPHERES, along with the marine and freshwater ecosystems.

Examine some of the parameters of populations by completing each sentence.

When describing POPULATION, it is important to understand their size, their growth, and what is affecting their size and growth. The number of individuals in a population is called the population SIZE and is sometimes represented as N. The number of individuals that occur in a unit area is called population DENSITY, and can indicate how closely individuals associate with each other. How fast a population's numbers are changing is called population GROWTH, and its rate is represented as r. These parameters are aspects not only of wild populations, but of HUMAN populations too. The population growth rate r is defined as the difference between the birthrate and DEATH rate of a population, corrected for any immigration or emigration.

What statement best describes a population?

a group of individuals of the same species in a given are that produce

Select all of the following statements that represent examples of predation.

a snails eats a clam

Select the correct statement regarding carrying capacity.

all the answers choices are correct.

The number of individuals in each age category of a population is the ______ of a population.

age distribution

What statement correctly describes a biological community?

all species that occur in the same location

The long-term adaptation of two or more species to each other is called ______.

coevolution

In what symbiotic relationship does one member benefit while the other neither benefits nor is harmed?

commensalism

In a symbiotic relationship called----one member benefits and the other member neither benefits nor is harmed.

commensalism or commensalistic

The number of different species present is a measurement used by ecologists to characterize a ______.

community

The populations of different species that occur in a particular locality are called a(n) ______.

community

An interaction called----results when two organisms attempt to use the same resource when there is not enough of that resource to satisfy both.

competition

What occurs when two organisms require the same resource and there is not enough of that resource to meet the needs of both?

competition

The principle of ______ states that no two species with the same niche can coexist at the same location.

competitive exclusion

Mortality is also known as a population's ______.

death rate

Any effects on population growth that are independent of the size of the population are referred to as------ independent effects.

density

Effects that regulate population growth and are dependent on the size of the population are called ______ effects.

density-dependent

What effects act to regulate population growth regardless of the size of the population?

density-independent

The simplest model of population growth defines the growth rate as the ______, corrected for immigration and emigration.

difference in the birth rate and the death rate

The study of how organisms interact with each other and with the environment is called ______.

ecology

A community and the nonliving factors with which it interacts is referred to as a(n) ______.

ecosystem

When the increase in the number of individuals in a population accelerates rapidly as the size of the population grows, the population is experiencing ______ growth.

exponential

Select all of the K-selected adaptations seen in some types of organisms.

extensive parental care produce few, large-sized offspring mature slowly

If a scientist refers to the number of offspring produced in a year within a population, he or she is referring to the population's birth rate, also called the ______.

fecundity

The------niche is the entire niche that an organism is capable of occupying if there was no competition. Whereas, the ------niche is the niche occupied by the organism in the presence of competitors.

fundamental, realized

The change in the number of individuals over time in a population is referred to as population ______.

growth

Select all the characteristics exhibited by an opportunistic species living in an environment with abundant resources.

high productive rate

The ______ concept of communities describes a community that is just an aggregation of species that happen to coexist in one place, while the ______ concept of community views a community as an integrated unit.

individualistic; holistic

The holistic concept of community differs from the individualistic concept of community in that a holistic community ___

is an integrated unit, not just an aggregation of species in one place

The diagram shows------growth in a population of fur seals, with a carrying capacity of about 10,000 breeding males.

logistic

When the carrying capacity of a population is reached, the type of growth curve that results is called a(n) ______ curve.

logistic growth

Fisheries attempt to harvest fish, shrimp, and crabs at a particular point of each species' population growth curve. This point is called the ______.

maximal sustainable yield

On the diagram of this population curve, the red line, labeled A, represents a point called the ______.

maximal sustainable yield

The carrying capacity of a population is the ______.

maximum number of individuals that an area can support

The number of individuals that die in a year within a population is called the population's death rate, also called the ______.

mortality

A symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit is called

mutualism

In what type of symbiotic relationship do both members benefit?

mutualism

Match the name of the symbiotic relationship with its correct definition.

mutualism: both species benefit commensalism: one species benefits, other does not benefit nor is harmed parasitism: one species benefits, other is harmed

An organism's ______ is the particular biological role that it has in a community and the total of all the ways it uses resources of the environment.

niche

The principle of competitive exclusion states that no two species with the same ______ can coexist.

niche

The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same ______ at the same time if ______.

niche; resources are abundant

An ecosystem differs from a community because the community does not include the ______.

nonliving factors

The size of a population is the ______ of individuals in the population.

number

Primary succession occurs

on bare, lifeless substrates

When an organism such as a tick benefits by sucking blood from a deer who is harmed, this is a symbiotic relationship called

parasitic or parasitism

In what symbiotic relationship does one member benefit while the other is harmed?

parasitism

Select all of the major kinds of symbiotic relationships.

parasitism commensalism mutualism

A-----consists of individuals of the same species that live in the same place, share the same habitat and resources, and potentially interbreed with one another.

population

Characteristics such as the spacing of individuals, the number of individuals per unit area, and the total number of individuals are parameters of a ______.

population

Individuals of the same species living together comprise a(n)

population

Individuals of the same species living together comprise a(n) ______.

population

Rank the following in the correct order from the least inclusive level at the top to the most inclusive level at the bottom. Instructions

populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere

A community consists of ______.

potentially interacting populations of different species

If a coyote eats a rabbit, this would be called ______.

predation

In what species interaction is prey consumed by a predator?

predation

Based on the number of pelts per year over a period of time, the diagram represents ______.

predator-prey cycles

The type of succession that occurs on bare, lifeless substrates is called----succession.

primary

The age distribution of a population is the ______.

proportion of individuals in different age categories

Organisms that mature early, produce many small offspring, and have a short life span display ______ -selected life history adaptations.

r

Classify each description into the appropriate category to review the characteristics of r-selected and K-selected populations.

r-Selected Populations: Manny offspring k-Selected Populations: Little or no care of offspring, slow to mature

In mathematical formulas that are used for calculating population growth rates, ______ represents the maximum growth rate, and ______ represents the carrying capacity.

r; K

Logistic growth results from a population ______.

reaching its carrying capacity

Density-independent factors affect the growth of a population

regardless of the size or stability of the population

Select all of the following that are r-selected adaptations seen in the life history of some organisms.

reproduce early rapid growth many small sized offspring

Select all of the components of the niche of an organism.

temperature range requirements for moisture mating conditions space utilization food consumption

If a population is experiencing exponential growth, it means ______.

the larger the population, the faster it grows

Coevolution is:

the long-term adaptation of two or more species to each other

Fecundity is:

the number of offspring produced in a population within a standard time period

Ecological succession is ______.

the orderly replacement of one community by another