BIO 101 Exam 2 Chapter 4
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
mRNA
Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears "rough" because __________.
many ribosomes stud the outside of the ER membrane
Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called _____.
messenger RNA
In addition to the nucleus, which of the following are organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.
molecules moving freely past one another
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?
proteins and phospholipids
What is the size of the smallest object that can be viewed as a distinct, separate object with a light microscope?
0.2 micrometers in diameter
Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
Basal bodies
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
Chromatin
Within the nucleus of a cell, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called _____.
Chromatin
In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?
Cytoplasm
The term used to indicate the part of a eukaryotic cell where organelles are suspended in fluid is _____.
Cytoplasm
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
Lysosome
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.
Microtubules
Which of the following are the components of the cytoskeleton that help move chromosomes when cells divide?
Microtubules
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
Microtubules
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
Mitochondrion
In some eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella are motile, cellular appendages that aid the cell in __________.
Movement
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
Nucleolus
Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
Peroxisome
When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell.
Prokaryotic
The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify _____.
Proteins
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
RNA processing
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
What is the primary site of protein production in a eukaryotic cell?
Ribosomes
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
Transcription
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
Translation
What is the smallest entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life?
a cell
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
amino acids
The electron microscope has been particularly useful in studying bacteria because __________.
bacteria are so small
Over 100 years ago, microbiologist Paul Ehrlich talked about his concept of the ideal antibiotic as a "magic bullet" that could kill harmful bacteria but have minimal side effects for the infected person. How do antibiotics accomplish this goal?
by targeting structures found only in bacterial cells and not the host cells
Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells?
cell theory
A plant cell has a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, absorbs water, and contains poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. This compartment is the _____.
central vacuole
In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.
central vacuoles
What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall
Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.
chloroplasts; mitochondria
The function of the chloroplast is to __________.
convert light energy to chemical energy
Lysosomes are responsible for ______.
digestion of organic matter inside the cell
Which of the following is stored in the lysosomes of the cell?
digestive enzymes
The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles make up the __________.
endomembrane system
Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome
The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.
endoplasmic reticulum; lysosome
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.
eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.
have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a __________.
light microscope
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________.
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______.
phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane
Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.
plant cells and animal cells
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .
plasma membrane; cell wall
Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?
presence of a cell wall
Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Where is calcium stored?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?
transport vesicles
What is the genetic center of the eukaryotic cell?
the nucleus
In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?
vacuole ... storage