BIO 101 Immunity

antibody -An antibody is an antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in the immune response.

A macromolecule produced in the body that recognizes another molecule as "foreign" to the body is a(n) _____. -lymphocyte -platelet -antigen -antibody

He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells. -After first exposure to an antigen, measurable levels of antibodies (produced from plasma cells) are not seen until about a week after exposure. Thus, it is probable that this man was exposed less than a week ago.

A man who has been exposed to the flu virus is tested by his physician. The physician notes that the virus is present but no measurable level of antibodies corresponding to the virus are detected in his body. What might this mean? -He was probably exposed more than several months ago, antibody production has ceased, and antibodies are no longer detectable. -He was probably exposed sometime within the past two weeks, but we don't have enough information to say more. -He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells.

the humoral immune response.

A physician diagnoses a patient with a bacterial infection and determines that the patient is not immune to the bacteria. He delivers a shot of blood plasma that contains antibodies to his patient. The physician is transferring: -lymph nodes. -the humoral immune response. -antigen receptors. -the cell-mediated immune response.

Innate immunity

A set of defenses that is always at the ready and is the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.

Adaptive immunity

A set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

The complement system

A set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

T cells

A virus enters your system and successfully invades and infects a cell. At this point it is vulnerable to recognition or attack by _____. -B cells -antibodies -T cells

January-April -In a typical year, the tallest bars on the graph (representing peak flu deaths) can be found in the first third of the year. These correlate to a flu season that extends from January through April.

Based on these data, during which range of months does "flu season" occur in a typical year? -January-February -January-April -April-July -October-December

stimulates production of a higher concentration of antibodies in the bloodstream.

Before traveling to different countries, you may be vaccinated against diseases that you may not normally encounter in your home country. Suppose that you are going to travel to a country that experiences a smallpox outbreak. While you have traveled to this country in the past and thus have received smallpox vaccine, you are required to get a second smallpox vaccine in order to fully protect you from smallpox. The second vaccination is beneficial because it: -contains mast cells that survive longer than 4-5 days. -requires two injections to stimulate antibody formation. -stimulates production of a higher concentration of antibodies in the bloodstream. -keeps previously produced cytotoxic T cells circulating in the bloodstream.

describes the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes after they have been activated by an antigen.

Clonal selection: -requires the presence and activation of complement. -requires the activation of natural killer cells. -describes the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes after they have been activated by an antigen. -determines the pool of mature leukocytes that will be stimulated by macrophages.

detroy body cells that have been infected

Cytotoxic T cells:

are diverse: each immune protein can bind to only one or a few pathogens, but immune proteins are tremendously diverse, so the system is likely to possess a "match" to nearly any pathogen

In the immune response, the end goal is to disable or kill pathogens that invade the body. But first, antibody proteins or proteins in immune cell membranes must recognize and bind to invaders. This is a challenge, given the vast diversity of pathogens that can infect us. To meet this challenge, immune proteins _____. -are flexible: they can alter their shape to bind to nearly any pathogen -are diverse: each immune protein can bind to only one or a few pathogens, but immune proteins are tremendously diverse, so the system is likely to possess a "match" to nearly any pathogen -are numerous: even though the binding is not specific, the immune system can generally overwhelm pathogens by sheer force of numbers

Cannot be determined from the graph

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? A third exposure to antigen X will produce an even stronger immune response than the second exposure did.

Not supported

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? The primary immune response takes about 28 days to reach its peak.

Not supported

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? The primary immune response to antigen X occurred just as fast as the secondary immune response to antigen X.

Supported

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph? The secondary immune response is stronger than the primary immune response.

phagocytizing pathogens -Both macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytic cells.

Macrophages and neutrophils defend against pathogens by _____. -producing antibodies -punching a hole in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, causing the cell to burst -secreting lysozyme -phagocytizing pathogens

engulf pathogens

Macrophages:

adaptive immunity

Mononucleosis ("mono") is usually caused by EBV, or the Epstein-Barr virus. Mono is more common in children than in adults because adults usually have developed ________ toward the virus. -adaptive immunity -lymphocytes -innate immunity -passive immunity

a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.

One kind of vaccine consists of: -antibiotics. -B cells. -buffered antibodies. -a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.

primary -The primary response is slow to develop.

Sam is exposed to a cold virus on Sunday. By Tuesday he has a cough and a congested nose. On Saturday he starts to feel a little better, and antibodies against the cold virus begin to be detectable. What kind of response is this? -secondary -nonspecific -primary -innate

memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response

Some viral diseases are dangerous only when a person is infected for the first time; subsequent infections produce only mild symptoms or go entirely unnoticed. This pattern can be explained by the action of _____. -memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response -specific antibodies that remain concentrated in the bloodstream for life after the first infection event -memory cells that trigger a primary immune response -T cells that trigger a primary immune response

-develop within the thymus (lymphatic system) -are responsible for cell-mediated immunity -protect against infected body cells

T Cell:

lymphocytes -The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

T and B cells are types of _____. -platelets -complement cells -lymphocytes -endocrine cells

the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.

The adaptive immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because: -stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism. -stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make. -lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection. -the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.

pathogens that have already entered body cells.

The basic function of activated T cells is to battle: -pathogens in blood or lymph. -pathogens that have already entered body cells. -pathogens in interstitial fluid. -chemical mediators of immunity.

the location of the pathogens they respond to -The humoral immune response defends mainly against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. The cell-mediated immune response targets pathogens that are inside body cells.

The biggest difference between the cell-mediated immune response and the humoral immune response is _____. -whether clonal selection occurs -how long their protection lasts -the location of the pathogens they respond to -whether a subsequent secondary immune response can occur

going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits -Unless an immune cell with the appropriate surface receptor exists prior to the infection, no immune response will be possible.

The body produces antibodies complementary to foreign antigens. The process by which the body comes up with the correct antibodies to a given disease is most like _____. -going to a shoe store and trying on shoes until you find a pair that fits -going to a tailor and having a suit made to fit you -ordering the lunch special at a restaurant without looking at the menu -picking out a video that you have not seen yet

the primary immune response -Ideally, the vaccine will consist of the antigen with the disease-causing aspects of the microorganism removed or deactivated.

The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick. -passive immunity -nonspecific defenses -inflammation -the primary immune response

remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.

The main function of the inflammatory response is to: -initiate T cell-mediated immune responses -initiate the production of killer cells -initiate the production of antibodies -remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.

body cells that have been infected -Cytotoxic (killer) T cells kill cancer cells and cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens.

The role of cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. -proteins circulating in the body fluids -specific viruses and bacteria -body cells that have been infected -antibodies

False -A virus, like other pathogens, has numerous antigens on its surface, so the words "antigen" and "virus" cannot be used interchangeably.

The words "antigen" and "virus" are interchangeable.

antigenic determinants in the vaccine activate B cells, which form plasma cells as well as memory cells.

To protect U.S. soldiers serving overseas, each soldier receives vaccinations against several diseases, including smallpox, before deployment. Following intelligence about an imminent smallpox threat in Iraq, the U.S. Army wants to ensure that soldiers stationed there are fully protected from exposure to the disease, so all the soldiers in the threat zone are given a second vaccination against smallpox. The first vaccination provides immunity because: -the vaccine contains antibiotics and other drugs that kill the smallpox virus. -a localized inflammatory response is initiated. -antigenic determinants in the vaccine activate B cells, which form plasma cells as well as memory cells. the vaccine contains manufactured antibodies against smallpox.

-This graph is consistent with an unusually highly contagious strain of influenza circulating in 2009. -The timing of next year's flu season will be relatively predictable. -Summer and early fall typically have lower flu mortality than other times of the year.

Use the graph to choose the three true statements: -This graph is consistent with an unusually highly contagious strain of influenza circulating in 2009. -2009 was the only year in which more than 20 children died from the flu. -The timing of next year's flu season will be relatively predictable. -Summer and early fall typically have lower flu mortality than other times of the year. -The term "flu season" is misleading as there are equal numbers of deaths from the flu throughout the year.

migrate into and out of blood vessels Phagocytic white blood cells move from the circulatory system to the site of injury. Some macrophages migrate throughout the body.

What can white blood cells do that helps them carry out their defensive functions more effectively? -reabsorb their nuclei and other cell organelles -swim against the flow of blood to the site of injury -synthesize hemoglobin -migrate into and out of blood vessels

the concentration of antibodies to antigen X

What does the blue line on this graph represent? -the concentration of antigen X in the blood -the concentration of antibodies to antigen Y -the time that has passed since first exposure to antigen X -the concentration of antibodies to antigen X

the highest concentration of antibodies that occurs after the first exposure to antigen X

What does the first blue peak (around day 17) represent? -the highest concentration of antibodies that occurs after the first exposure to antigen X -the highest concentration of antibodies that occurs after the second exposure to antigen Y -the highest concentration of antibodies that occurs after the second exposure to antigen X -the highest concentration of antibodies that occurs after the first exposure to antigen Y

the peak of the secondary immune response to antigen X

What does the second blue peak (around day 40) represent? -the peak of the secondary immune response to antigen X -the peak of the primary immune response to antigen Y -the peak of the secondary immune response to antigen Y -the peak of the primary immune response to antigen X

the antibody concentration in the blood

What does the y-axis of this graph represent? -the concentration of antigen X in the blood -the antibody concentration in the blood -the time in days -the concentration of antigen Y in the blood

In active immunity, a body produces its own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person receives pre-made antibodies. -Active immunity lasts for a long time because the body will respond to the same antigen again with the same antibodies. Passive immunity lasts only as long as the antibodies last.

What is the key difference between active immunity and passive immunity? -Passive immunity can be brought on only by artificial means; only the body can produce active immunity. -Active immunity refers to the actions that are currently going on in the body, and passive immunity refers to a latent immune response. -In active immunity, a body produces its own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person receives pre-made antibodies. -Active immunity does not come from a shot, but passive immunity can.

B cells -B cells are responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity.

What is the primary cell type involved in humoral immunity? -natural killer cells -B cells -T cells -macrophages

helper T cell

What type of cell helps to stimulate B cells to produce antibodies? -macrophage -plasma cell -cytotoxic T cell -helper T cell

becomes activated, divides rapidly, and thereby mounts a specialized response against the pathogen.

When a B cell binds to a virus or other pathogen, it _____. -kills the pathogen. The B cell is then destroyed by a memory cell. -becomes inactive, thereby disabling the pathogen. -becomes activated and produces T cells that recognize the pathogen. -becomes activated, divides rapidly, and thereby mounts a specialized response against the pathogen.

differentiates and develops into a clone of antibody-producing effector cells.

When a B cell first interacts with its particular antigen, the B cell: -engulfs the antigen and digests it. -differentiates and develops into a clone of antibody-producing effector cells. -alters the chemical configuration of the antigen. -dies after destroying the antigen.

memory cells -Memory cells are rapidly activated upon repeated exposure to the same antigen. Adaptive immune responses will produce memory B and memory T cells in the primary response and these memory cells will initiate the secondary immune response.

Which cell type is responsible for the secondary immune response? -effector B cells -memory cells -T cells -B cells

They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells. -Plasma cells live only 4-5 days, but memory cells may last for decades.

Which is a true statement about memory cells? -The first time an antigen is encountered, memory cells become plasma cells. -They engulf antigens bound by antibodies. -They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells. -They produce antibodies.

physical injury such as a cut -A physical injury that damages cells can initiate an inflammatory process.

Which of the following can initiate an inflammatory response? -antibodies -a deficiency in histamine -adrenaline -physical injury such as a cut

helper T cells -Helper T cells are the primary targets of the AIDS virus.

Which of the following cell types does HIV preferentially infect? -memory cells -cytotoxic T cells -natural killer cells -helper T cells

T cells

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the cell-mediated immune response? -T cells -leukocytes -red blood cells -B cells

dilation of the capillaries -Histamine triggers the dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries.

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response? -dilation of the capillaries -massive production of antibodies -constriction of the arterioles -division of B and T lymphocytes to produce an army of effector cells

The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids.

Which of the following statements about the humoral immune response is true? -The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids. -The humoral immune response is the result of macrophages producing antibodies. -The humoral immune response plays a major role in protecting the body from cancerous cells. -The humoral immune response defends against bacteria and viruses by activating T cells

External barriers such as the skin barrier, exoskeleton, and mucous membranes contribute to innate immunity. -In addition to those barriers, there are internal defenses such as phagocytic cells and inflammatory cells that help elicit an innate immune response.

Which of the following statements regarding innate immunity is correct? -It responds only when the pathogen has previously been encountered. -The main cells involved in an innate immune response are lymphocytes and antibodies. -External barriers such as the skin barrier, exoskeleton, and mucous membranes contribute to innate immunity. -It is only found in vertebrates.

The secondary response to the same antigen results in much higher antibody concentrations than in the primary response. -Because the body has already been exposed to the stimulus (antigen) previously and has memory cells and circulating antibodies, the body will respond more quickly and with more antibodies the second time.

Which of the following statements regarding the below figure is correct? -After primary exposure to an antigen, the concentration of antibodies increases right away. -The antibody responses to the antigens are relatively the same in both primary and secondary responses. -The secondary response to the same antigen results in much higher antibody concentrations than in the primary response. -The response to the antigen X in the primary response is different from the response to antigen Y in the primary response.

Your innate internal defenses have been activated.

While playing soccer in your backyard, you disrupt a small fire ant mound. The fire ants emerge and bite your feet. Your feet begin to show swollen, raised areas around the bites. What is happening? -Blood flow to the affected area decreases. -Your innate internal defenses have been activated. -Your adaptive defenses have been activated. -You are experiencing passive immunity.

-develop within bone marrow -are responsible for humoral immunity -protect against free-floating antigens

B Cells:

secrete antibodies

B cells:

foreign molecule that evokes an immune response -Antigen molecules can belong to any type of organism, or to products of organisms such as pollen or feces.

An antigen is a(n) _____. -invading virus or bacterium -type of white blood cell -foreign molecule that evokes an immune response -protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease

specialized proteins that attach to pathogens and disable them or mark them for destruction by immune cells

Antibodies are _____. -cells that engulf and destroy pathogens -cells that signal other cells to mount an immune response -proteins that are produced by pathogens to get around immune defenses -specialized proteins that attach to pathogens and disable them or mark them for destruction by immune cells

proteins.

Antibodies are: -proteins. -lipids. -carbohydrates -amino acids.

display self-nonself complexes on their surfaces

Antigen-presenting cells:

a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females

HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis. Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following question regarding this study.From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the control group in your study. -a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females -a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females -a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males -a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females

a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females

HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis. Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following question regarding this study.From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the experimental group in your study. -a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 unvaccinated adult females -a group of 100 vaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult females -a group of 100 unvaccinated adult males and a group of 100 vaccinated adult males -a group of 50 vaccinated adult males and a group of 150 vaccinated adult females

People who have been vaccinated twice against HPV are diagnosed with cancer at lower rates than people who have only been vaccinated once against HPV.

HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis. Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following question regarding this study.Which of the possible following results would support the hypothesis that higher anti-HPV antibody levels are correlated with increased protection from HPV-related cancers? -People who have been vaccinated twice against HPV are diagnosed with cancer at lower rates than people who have only been vaccinated once against HPV. -People who have been vaccinated against HPV are diagnosed with cancer at similar rates as people who have not been vaccinated against HPV. -People who have not been vaccinated against HPV are diagnosed with cancer at lower rates than people who have been vaccinated against HPV.

stimulate other immune cells

Helper T cells:

from a vaccine Unlike the previous answer choice, a vaccine does not confer immediate immunity by using previously formed antibodies but rather allows the body to form its own to attain immunity.

How can active immunity be obtained? -from an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes -from the mother's breast milk -from the bloodstream -from a vaccine

Memory cells live longer. -Memory cells do live longer than effector cells.

How do memory cells differ from effector cells? -Memory cells are responsible for the primary immune response. -Memory cells combat antigens; effector cells do not. -Memory cells live longer. -Memory cells are more numerous.