Bio 101 NVCC Exam 2

What are the two stages of photosynthesis? What is produced in these stages?

1) light dependent reactions (the photo part) -glucose (sugar), oxygen and water. Light independent reactions or Calvin cycle -Sugar

What are the products of citric acid cycle?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Where do photosystems located? What is it consist of?

A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes Located in the thylakoid

Which wavelength of light is absorbed by the chlorophyll and which are reflected?

Absorbed-red and blue Reflected- green and yellow

What is the important adaptation of C4 plants?

C4 plants have an enzyme in the mesophyll cells which has a high affinity for CO2 and incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound

What is difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

Catabolic pathways-release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds Anabolic pathways -consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

What is the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Cellular Respiration- produces massive amounts of ATP, Needs oxygen, thought to be evolved after fermentaiton, final electron acceptor is oxygen Fermentation- Produces little ATP, No oxygen, came first, final electron acceptor is pyurvate

How competitive and non competitive inhibitors differ from each other?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

What does chromatin contain?

DNA

How does an enzyme lowers the activation energy of the substrate?

Enzyme can speed up a reaction by lowering the EA barrier without itself being consumed, also by right orientation of molecules.

What are the two different types of cells and how do they reproduce (cell division)?

Eukaryotic cell -Mitosis(the division of the genetic material in the nucleus) Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) -reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission

Which sugar is made at the end of the Calvin cycle? How many carbon dioxide molecules it takes?

For net synthesis of one G3P, the cycle must take place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2

What are the different stages of cell cycle? (include all phases)

Interphase- including cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division Mitotic (M) phase- including mitosis and cytokinesis

What is phosphorylation? What are the three ways to make ATP?

Light energy is converted to ATP when the electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier molecules Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

What is a metastasis?

Metastasis is a stage of exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form additional tumors

Define synapsis

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

What are the five phase of mitosis?

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

In which step of meiosis synapsis, crossing over and chiasmata formation takes place?

Prophase I

What are the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Similarities- Both produce energy, have an inner and outer membrane, Differences- Mitochondria are found in animal cells and Chloroplasts are in plant

Write the three unique events that occur only in meiosis I.

Synapsis and crossing over in prophase I: Homologous chromosomes physically connect and exchange genetic information Alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate: Homologous pairs of chromosomes are positioned there in metaphase I Separation of homologs during anaphase I

What is the difference between citric acid cycle and Calvin Benson cycle?

The Calvin cycle is anabolic

What are homologues chromosomes?

The two chromosomes in each pair

What are the two types of fermentation? What are the products of fermentation?

alcohol fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 Products: alcohol, carbon dioxide and lactic acid

What are the characteristics of homologous chromosomes?

are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

22 pairs of chromosomes are called ------------------.

autosomes

The prokaryotic cell reproduces by -----------------.

binary fission

What are the three steps in Calvin cycle?

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

What are lipids and proteins broken down into?

glucose and amino acids

What are the endproducts of glycolysis?

is 2 ATP plus 2 NADH per glucose molecule

What is a catalyst?

is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

What is a metabolic pathway? What is required in each step?

is a series of chemical reactions which begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product Each step needs an enzyme

What is ATP molecule consists of? Why is it unstable?

is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groupsThe triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring

What are sister chromatids and where are they attached to each other?

joined identical copies of the original chromosome joined at the centromere

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell is called---------------.

karyotype

Which process produces gametes?

meiosis

What is the function of mitotic spindle and kinetochores?

spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes Kinetochores are protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres

What are the parts of an enzyme?

substrate, active site

What is the ultimate source of energy?

sun

What is a feedback inhibition?

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

What are the laws of thermodynamics?

the energy of the universe is constant, Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (heat) of the universe,

What is metabolism?

the totality of an organism's chemical reactions

What are the examples of inhibitors?

toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics

The process by which a normal cell turns into cancerous cell is called-----------

transformation

What are genes? How are they passed from one generation to another?

Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

What are the stages of cellular respiration? write a flow chart.

Glycolysis> Aerobic respiration> The Krebs Cycle> The electron transport chain

What is heredity and what are the units of heredity?

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next DNA

What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? Give example of each.

Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organisms Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

What is the difference between benign tumor and malignant tumor?

If abnormal cells remain only at the original site and they have too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at other site, then the tumor is called a benign tumor

What is the difference in the cytokinesis of plants and animal cells?

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

What is the function of mesophyll, stomata (stoma) and guard cells?

Mesophyll- the interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are found Stomata-CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores Guard Cells-They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis? All differences

Mitosis makes a diploid cell (all 46 chromosomes) and meiosis creates sex cells, or haploid cells, (23 chromosomes) Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell Meiosis includes two divisions after replication, each with specific stages

Which factors affect enzyme activity?

temperature pH substrate concentration