Bio 102 Chapter 52 Mastering Biology

Which of the following is true?

The current carbon tax in Ireland is not a success, as emissions goals are not being met.

Which of the following biotic or abiotic factors limit(s) the range of Saguaro cactus in North America?

all of the above (pollinators, sunlight and precipitation)

Generally, deserts are located in places where air masses are which of the following?

descending

A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix.

estuary

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes

in biomes at different latitudes.

The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes.

marine

In which biome would you most likely find plants that exhibit C4 or CAM photosynthesis?

desert

Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems?

landscape ecology

Which of the following would be the most likely result if the Earth's axis were perpendicular to the orbital plane between Earth and the sun?

the elimination of seasonal variation

Which of the following sources of information allows us to most accurately predict and draw the boundaries of Earth's biomes?

the precipitation and temperature constraints on vegetation within the biome

Which of the following biomes spans the largest annual mean precipitation range and the narrowest annual mean temperature range?

tropical forest

Use the following figure to answer the question below. The shaded regions represent the expected climate conditions which give rise to the particular biomes. Which shaded region in the figure is the most representative of the biome with the highest variation in annual temperature?

4

Use the following figure to answer the question below. In the figure, which shaded region is the most representative of the arctic tundra biome?

5

Which of the following statements about light in aquatic environments is the most accurate?

Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species.

As climate change continues, which of the following is most likely?

Mosquitoes will increase their range, and their populations will increase.

Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment? Water pollution. Introduction of exotics. Extinction of predators. Interactions with offspring.

Water pollution.

Which of the following environmental conditions poses/presents the strongest physiological challenge for a fish swimming into an estuary from a river?

The change in water solute content would challenge the osmotic balance of the fish.

As temperatures rise due to global climate change, plant species' ranges in the southern hemisphere may move further southward. Which of the following is a characteristic of plants that would most likely allow them to avoid extinction by moving southward under climate change?

those having larger, and initially more contiguous, established populations

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? tundra coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest temperate grassland desert

coniferous forest

Which of the following causes seasons to occur on Earth?

the angle of Earth's axis with respect to the sun, combined with its orbit around the sun

Examine the climograph for some major North American biomes. Which two factors influence the distribution of organisms, as shown in this climograph?

Annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation

Use the following figures to answer the question below. The figure depicts average temperatures and total precipitation across the 12 months of the year. Annual precipitation in Area 1 is approximately 260 cm, and in Area 2, 10 cm. Based on the data in the figures, which of the following statements is most consistent with the data?

Area 1 is near or in the tropics.

Which statement about dispersal is the most accurate?

Dispersal is a common component of the life cycles of plants and animals.

In ecological terms, disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability. Which of the following statements about the effects of disturbance is correct?

Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community.

What are rain shadows? Wet regions on the windward side of mountain ranges. Wet regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges. Dry regions on the windward side of mountain ranges.

Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

Which of the following statements regarding turnover in a lake is the most accurate?

In fall turnover, dense water at 4°C sinks and disturbs sediments in the benthic zone.

For mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds, which of the following best explains why is the climate drier on the leeward (downwind) side?

Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side.

In Australia, researchers tested the hypothesis that sea urchin abundance limits kelp distribution. Select the evidence that offers the best support for this hypothesis.

When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased.

A person is infected with a severe case of malaria. Which of the following is true?

While sick, they are more likely to be bit by mosquitoes.

Global warming is occurring rapidly in arctic marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The reflective white snow and ice cover are melting quickly and extensively, uncovering darker-colored ocean water, plants, and rocks. How might this process exemplify positive feedback? Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

look at photo

Which of the following would likely be the most beneficial to the oceans when it comes to plastics?

reducing the amount of plastics being consumed

Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake?

aphotic zone

Two evolutionarily unrelated plant species may live within the same type of biome but on different continents. Which of the following mechanisms would most likely result in these two species having similar traits?

convergent evolution

A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2,800 meters in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should ________.

investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude

A toothbrush manufacturer decides to stop packaging products in plastic. This is an example of what?

source reduction

Which of the following biomes spans a large annual mean temperature range and the narrowest mean precipitation range?

desert

Which of the following people is most likely to encounter peat as a part of their job or hobby?

gardener

Which of the following investigations is an example of the study of an abiotic factor? investigating how an elk population competes for food the relationship between finch beak size and food availability on two different Galapagos Islands investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species observing interactions among various organisms in a rainforest canopy identifying food sources for an egret population

investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species

Which of the following best explains why the actual vegetation that is present in a particular biome may not match the prediction of a global biome map that was generated by modeling the temperatures and precipitation expected at a given latitude?

local differences in soil, elevation, or topography can result in considerably different climates and plant communities within a biome

In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are __________.

precipitation and temperature

If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will most likely replace portions of the coniferous forest (taiga)?

temperate broadleaf forest and grassland

After glaciers melt and shrink in size, the ability of plants to extend their range and reach un-vegetated regions is initially determined by which of the following?

their seed dispersal rate

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? temperate grassland coniferous forest tropical rain forest desert tundra

tropical rain forest

Restoring the peat bogs would be beneficial to the climate in which of the following ways?

Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Studying species transplant can allow an ecologist to ________.

determine if dispersal is a key factor in limiting distribution of organisms

True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.

false

Which of the following statements would describe a consequence of the removal of predators from the Trinidadian guppy population?

Guppy color patterns and jaw morphology, and feeding preferences would change; and the rate of algae growth would decrease.

Which of the following investigations would provide the most informative data to use for predicting the future distribution of organisms in temperate regions that are faced with climate change?

Look at the climatic changes that occurred since the last ice age and how species redistributed as glaciers melted.

Which type of biome is best defined by the following characteristics? conifers are very prevalent, as well as pines and spruce trees one of the largest biomes in terms of square kilometers of area does not receive a lot of precipitation, but is still very moist because of the presence of permafrost

boreal forest

What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone? See Concept 52.3 (Page)

zooplankton

Coral reefs occur on the southeast coast of the United States, near Florida, but not at similar latitudes on the southwest coast near Los Angeles. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this?

water temperatures driven by ocean currents

If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be

winds blowing from west to east along the equator.

Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true?

Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover. Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary. Submit

The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. Which panel (A-H) most likely depicts the climate for location 2 as shown on the map in the center panel?

F

Use the diagram showing the spread of the cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis, since its arrival in the New World, to answer the question. The range of cattle egrets has expanded between 1937 (dark region in South America) and today, as depicted in the map with lighter shades indicating more recent advancements of the egret over time. Which of the following claims best explains the expansion of the cattle egret range?

The abundant area and little competition with other birds occupying similar habitats met the biotic and abiotic requirements of the cattle egret expansion.

Which of the following is the most likely effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation?

There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.

Which of the following lakes is most likely to have a relatively simple community structure and clear water?

an oligotrophic lake

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? temperate broadleaf forest coniferous forest desert temperate grassland tropical rain forest

desert

The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. What is the primary factor other than precipitation or temperature that could change the description of a site near location 3 from an equatorial (tropical) climate to alpine tundra?

elevation

In many temperate lakes, thermal energy from sunlight causes changes in the temperature of surface waters. These changes initiate a turnover, a mixing of waters that occurs in spring and fall. Determine the correct order of events involved in seasonal turnover. Drag the labels onto the flowchart of seasonal turnover. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

look at photo

Zones in lakes and oceans are delineated by depth, distance from shore, or light penetration. Different zones have different physical and chemical characteristics, such as temperature and salinity. Label the diagrams of zonation in lakes and oceans. Drag the labels to their correct targets on the diagrams below.

look at photo

The United States Environmental Protection Agency decides to follow the Australian Department of Environment and Energy's ideas regarding microbeads. What do they do?

recommend a voluntary phase-out

Which of the biomes— tundra, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, desert, and⁄or tropical rainforest—require periodic fires to maintain their existence?

savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, coniferous forest

The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ________.

solar radiation strikes the poles at a lower angle and travels through more atmosphere

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? temperature and light temperature and rainfall light and rainfall plants and animals temperature and plants

temperature and rainfall

In the region of the Rocky Mountains, one local variety of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) predominantly occurs between 5,000 and 8,500 feet in elevation, where it can best tolerate temperatures and precipitation. Which of the following changes in pine tree range is most likely to result if future climate change in this region causes the temperature to increase and rainfall to decrease?

that variety will occur at higher elevations and/or higher latitudes

Which of the following explains why seasonal changes, for example, in temperature and/or precipitation, are greater at middle to high latitudes than seasonal changes at equatorial latitudes?

the angle of Earth's axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun causes solar rays to vary the most within the year at mid-latitudes

What is a biome?

a major type of ecosystem

Which of the following is true?

Aedes mosquitoes spread more kinds of diseases than Anopheles mosquitoes.

Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area? North Pole. Equator South Pole. 30° North and South latitude.

Equator

Use the following figure to answer the question below. The shaded regions represent the expected climate conditions which give rise to the particular biomes. Which shaded region in the figure is the most representative of the biome with the highest variation in annual precipitation?

1

The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. Which panel (A-H) most likely depicts the climate for location 1 as shown on the map in the center panel?

A

Which of the following examples demonstrates an ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect?

A few individuals with denser fur than the population average survive the coldest years of an ice age, and the offspring of the reproducing survivors of the ice age will likely have more dense fur.

As Ireland's peat bogs are closed, which of the following will the country be most in need of?

A fuel source.

Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis-based approach to scientific inquiry?

A hypothesis should lead to a prediction that can be tested.

Given the same conditions, which of the following people is most likely to be bit the most?

A woman with Type O blood who is wearing perfume.

Use the following figures to answer the question below. The figure depicts average temperatures and total precipitation across the 12 months of the year. Annual precipitation in Area 1 is approximately 260 cm, and in Area 2, 10 cm. Based on the data in the figures, which of the following statements is most consistent with the data?

Area 2 has a larger annual temperature variation, and it is considered a hot desert due to its low annual precipitation.

Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true? Warm air begins to cool as it starts to sink at about 30° North and South latitude. As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools. The moisture in cool air condenses into clouds and precipitates because cool air holds more moisture than warm air. Warm air expands and rises from the surface of the atmosphere around the poles.

As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

Part complete The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. Which panel (A-H) most likely depicts the climate for location 5 as shown on the map in the center panel?

B

Which statement about dispersal is true?

Colonization of devastated areas after floods or volcanic eruptions depends on dispersal.

The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. Which panel (A-H) most likely depicts the climate for location 3 as shown on the map in the center panel?

D

Which of the following would be best for Irish citizens to do to curb climate change?

Demand that peat bogs be rewetted.

The eight panels below show average climatic values across the year on a monthly basis, as represented by first letter of each month depicted on the x-axis. Temperature values are depicted as a line graph and represented by the left vertical axis, while precipitation values are depicted as a bar graph and represented by the right vertical axis. Which panel (A-H) most likely depicts the climate for location 4 as shown on the map in the center panel?

E

Which of the following causes Earth's seasons? vertical air circulation Earth's tilt on its axis changes in the Earth's distance from the sun ocean currents global wind patterns

Earth's tilt on its axis

Which of the following statements best summarizes the process of photosynthesis?

Energy from light is converted to chemical energy stored in organic molecules.

Clausen and colleagues proposed two hypotheses to explain this variation within a species: (1) There are genetic differences between populations of plants found at different elevations. (2) The species has developmental flexibility and can assume tall or short growth forms, depending on local abiotic factors. If you had seeds from yarrow plants found at low and high elevations, how would you test these hypotheses?

I would take seeds from a yarrow plant that grows at low elevation and plant them at high elevation. I would take seeds from a yarrow plant that grows at high elevation and plant them at low elevation. I would take seeds from both elevations and plant each group separately at the medium elevation. Submit

If a deep temperate zone lake did not turn over during the spring and fall seasons as they normally do, which of the following conditions is most likely to result?

Lakes would suffer a nutrient depletion in surface layers. Submit

Which statement accurately describes Earth on February 21, a date that falls between the December solstice and the March equinox? Locations in the Northern Hemisphere experience less than 12 hours of darkness. Locations in the Southern Hemisphere experience more than 12 hours of daylight. The Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest day and shortest night of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere, there are more daylight hours than hours of darkness, but the difference is not as extreme as on the December solstice.

Locations in the Southern Hemisphere experience more than 12 hours of daylight.

Hot deserts are characterized by which of the following features?

Low water availability as an important constraint on the abundance of desert plants.

Which of the following statements best describes the interaction between fire and ecosystems?

Many kinds of plants and plant communities have adapted to frequent fires.

Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity?

Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances. Submit

Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell? Patagonian Desert in Argentina. Desert next to the Rockies. Atacama Desert in Chile. Sahara Desert in Africa.

Sahara Desert in Africa.

This graph shows the effect of removal of urchins and limpets (alone and together) on seaweed cover. Select the statement that accurately describes the results shown in this graph.

Sea urchins have a much greater effect than limpets in limiting seaweed cover.

In areas of permafrost, stands of black spruce are frequently observed in the landscape, while other tree species are noticeably absent. Often these stands are referred to as "drunken forests" because many of the black spruce often "lean over" (that is, they are displaced from their normal vertical alignment). Which of the following best explains the unusual growth of these forests in this marginal habitat?

Taproot formation is impossible, so trees developed shallow root beds.

Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals? Temperature and moisture. Sunlight and wind. Soil composition and temperature. Moisture and wind.

Temperature and moisture.

Which statement regarding the June solstice is true? Locations in the Northern Hemisphere experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. Locations in the Southern Hemisphere experience long days and short nights.

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.

At what time of year is the intensity of solar radiation striking each of Earth's hemispheres weakest? The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Northern Hemisphere in June and in the Southern Hemisphere in September. The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Southern Hemisphere in March and in the Northern Hemisphere in June. The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Southern Hemisphere in June and in the Northern Hemisphere in December. The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Northern Hemisphere in March and in the Southern Hemisphere in September.

The intensity of solar radiation is weakest in the Southern Hemisphere in June and in the Northern Hemisphere in December.

Which of the following statements explains why experiments that involve transplanting species are seldom conducted today?

The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities.

At 15-30°N, air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies, where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges over continents. Which statement best describes the result when an air mass encounters a landform?

The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range. This now cool and dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range.

If you were to hike up Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, you would pass through several habitats, including savanna at the base, forest on the slopes, and alpine tundra near the top. How can such diverse habitats be found at one location near the equator?

The wide range of temperatures found at different elevations on the mountain enables diverse habitats to be found at this one location near the equator.

Scientists genetically alter a mosquito so the females no longer produce an anticoagulant in their saliva. Which of the following will happen?

Their feeding time will be longer.

Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's End, England, however, at the equivalent latitude of Labrador in coastal Canada, the local flora is instead subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe?

Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador.

Which of the following is responsible for the differences in summer and winter temperature stratification of deep temperate zone lakes?

Water is most dense at 4°C.

What is most likely to happen to the seasons if Earth were tilted 35 degrees off its orbital plane instead of the usual 23.5 degrees?

Winters and summers would be more severe.

Could ongoing evolutionary change also affect its distribution?

Yes, ongoing evolutionary change also affects the distribution of a species because the evolutionary change could alter how a species responds to its abiotic and biotic environment.

Which of the following types of organisms is likely to have the widest global distribution?

bacteria

Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of organization in nature? See Concept 52.1 (Page)

biosphere

Which aquatic biome listed here is one of the most productive on Earth, and why?

coral reef, diversity of organisms

Suppose that a few individuals of a lizard species are transported on a log that floats from the mainland, where the lizard is abundant, to a distant island, where, prior to this event, no lizards (of any species) existed. The environmental conditions on the island are similar to those on the mainland. A small population of this lizard becomes established on the island; within a few years, allele frequencies in the island population differ greatly from those in mainland populations. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the genetic differences between the island and mainland populations?

genetic drift

Which of the following locations would be most ideal for a device like Mr. Trash Wheel?

harbor

Which of the following best represents an investigation of the concept of a microclimate?

how sunlight intensity affects plant community composition in the transition zone between a forest and a meadow

The transitions in biological communities with increasing elevation are most analogous to the changes seen in which of the following?

in biomes at different latitudes

If an ecologist were studying the regional interactions among multiple populations of different species, and how they influence the exchange of materials between their various environments, which of the following best represents this scale of research?

landscape ecology

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit primary productivity?

light availability

Which of these environmental factors has the largest control over the biotic structure of aquatic biomes?

oxygen concentrations, salinity, and nutrient levels

Which of the following is a mechanism by which ocean ecosystems affect the biosphere?

producing a substantial amount of the biosphere's oxygen and being the source of most of Earth's rainfall

The oceans affect the biosphere by

removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Which of the following is the cause of generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns?

solar radiation that warms moist air masses near the equator, which then cool and release precipitation as they rise, and then, at high altitude, move north or south of the tropics and sink back to the surface as dry air masses

The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____.

substrate at the bottom of the body of water

North-facing slopes in mountainous areas of western North America would be expected to ________.

support biological communities similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south-facing slopes

Use the following figures to answer the question below. The diagram is a climograph, which depicts the most likely overlap between mean temperatures and precipitation values that result in the given types of biomes. East of the Mississippi River in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, the mean annual precipitation is 130cm. The mean annual temperature is 14.3°C. In the winter, the mean temperature is 7.3°C, while in summer it is 20.6°C. Using the climograph shown here, the biome found in Hopkinsville is most likely a ________.

temperate broadleaf forest

Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is caused by which of the following?

the changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change

Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome?

the presence of algae

Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species?

tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? taiga tropical forest tundra coniferous forest desert

tundra

Which of the following biomes has the lowest number of vertical strata?

tundra

In creating global climate patterns, which of the following factors is most likely the primary cause of all of the other factors that are listed?

variation in the heating of Earth's surface

Which of the following is an important feature of most terrestrial biomes?

vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?

vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

You are a scientist working for the Australian Department of Environment and Energy. Who is most likely to be collecting the garbage data that you will be analyzing?

volunteers