Bio 102 - Final Exam

Plants faced contraints when making the evolutionary transition from water to land. They had to develop strategies to ....

- Avoid drying out - Increase capturing sunlight - Disperse reproductive gametes

Animals are classified according to certain morphological and developmental characteristics. Select the characteristics used

- Body plan and cavities​ - Symmetry - Number of tissue layers​ - Origin of mouth and anus

Darwin's postulated....

- Characteristics of offspring vary, and these variations are heritable. - More offspring are produced than can survive; there is competition for resources - Most characteristics are heritable, passed from parent to offspring

Select the properties of life (shared key characteristics) living organsims share.

- Energy processing - Growth - Regulation - Response to stimuli - Order

Bacteria and archaea differ fundamentally​ in these areas

- Gene expression - Plasma membranes​ - Cell walls​ - DNA replication

Soil profiles have four distinct layers plus a final bottom layer. Order the profile layers by their composition.

- Humus - Organic material with inorganic matter - Mostly fine material - Soil base - Bedrock

Mycorrhizae provide plants....

- Increased acquisition of mineral nutrients - A greater absorptive surface

The seedless vascular plants show several features important to living on land. Select them below:

- Leaves - Roots - Vascular tissue

Mammals are classified together because they typically have these features...

- Mammary glands​ - Hair ​ - Endothermic​

After speciation has occurred, two separate but closely related species may continue to produce offspring in an area called the hybrid zone. These events may result, depending on reproductive barriers and the relative fitness of the hybrids.

- Reinforcement - Stability - Fusion

Select the reason(s) seedless vascular plants are important.

- They are commonly used as fuel - They can promote the weathering of rock - They can maintain moisture in floral arrangements - They are the base of the food chain in certain environments

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?

0.09

How many domains of life are there?

3

Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48%

The Permian-Triassic boundary (the 'Great Dying') lead to an extinction of ______% of species.

95%

Invertebrates make up about _______% of all the animals on Earth

97%

Explain the difference between a rooted and unrooted phylogenetic tree.

A rooted phylogenetic tree comes from a single lineage (common ancestor) and kind of looks like a tree with branches. An unrooted phylogenetic tree does not have a common ancestor but still shows relationships between organisms. An unrooted phylogenetic tree also has a different shape than the rooted one because of the lack of a common ancestor.

What are hyphae used for regarding fungal life?

Absorption

In general, extremophiles belong to which domain of life?

Archaea

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

Chloroplast

Match the protist to it's method of transportation Paramecium Amoeba Euglena

Cilia Pseudopodia Flagellum

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

Conditions 1 and 2

Amoeboids use phagolysosomes to....

Digest food

_______ evolution is when two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics. Spelling counts!

Divergent

Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?

Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.

Which invertebrate clade has the most species out of any animal group?

Ecdysozoa (This is the answer!)

All protists are _____.

Eukaryotic

All bacteria are harmful for humans.

False

Convergent evolution is the evolution of dissimilar features in distantly related groups

False

Dormancy allows the "clock to be stopped" during favorable conditions.

False

Gymnosperms are the most recently evolved plants.

False

Mutations and Horizontal Gene Transfer are not important sources of genetic variation.

False

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission​ and do not reproduce sexually​. Therefore, genetic variation is not important.

False

Protists contain only microscopic, single-celled organisms.

False

Viroids are known to infect all types of cells (plant and animal) because they lack a protein coat.

False

Viruses have to enter eukaryotic cells by endocytosis or, if enveloped, by fusion with the cell's membrane. Virus DNA is too unstable to enter a cell naked.

False

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between which two organisms?

Fungus and photosynthetic microorganism

Complexity and diversity of protists makes them difficult to classify. Can't be classified as plants because.... Can't be classified as animals because.... Can't be classified as fungi because....

Gametes and zygotes are not protected from drying out Do not undergo embryonic development Do not have chitin in their cell wall

________ is similarity resulting from common ancestry

Homology

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.

Ingesting it

How did viruses evolve?

It is still unclear.

In 1986, a nuclear power accident in Chernobyl, USSR (now Ukraine), led to high radiation levels for miles surrounding the plant. The high levels of radiation caused elevated mutation rates in the surviving organisms, and evolutionary biologists have been studying rodent populations in the Chernobyl area ever since. Based on your understanding of evolutionary mechanisms, which of the following most likely occurred in the rodent populations following the accident?

Mutation led to increased genetic variation

Symbiosis refers to the ecological relationship between different species that live in direct contact with each other. Some example(s) of these relationships include...

Mutulism, commensalism, parasitism

The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the midnineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species?

No

Which of the following is not associated with prions?

Nucleic acids

Bacterial cell walls contain which compound that helps strengthen the structure?

Peptidoglycan

Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with _____.

Phylogenies

_____________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

Phylogeny

These organisms feed like fungi, make spores, and have flagellated cells, but they lack a cell wall.

Slime mold

Which organism is considered a basal animal?

Sponge

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

They thrive in mostly damp environments

Among the land plant adaptations, plants developed other pigments to prevent photodynamic damage from UVB like sunscreen.

True

Angiosperms are the dominant form of plant life in most terrestrial ecosystems, comprising about 90% of all plant species

True

Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants

True

Evolution has no long-term purpose or direction.

True

Evolution of jaws allowed vertebrates to exploit food sources not available to jawless fish.

True

Fungi are heterotrophs that feed via absorption.

True

Lichens can look leaf-like.

True

Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population

True

The classification group genus contains more organisms than species.

True

The rule of parsimony states that the simplest explanation is usually the right one. This rule holds true for choosing cladograms.

True

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _____________

Vascular tissue

Which statement is true?

Viruses are acellular

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is _____.

a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals

Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins?

a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon?

a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.

adaptive radiation

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae _____.

are unicellular

Prokaryotic metabolism​ allows for the acquisition of carbon. There are two main forms of acquisition strategies. __[a]__ get the carbon from inorganic CO2 and __[b]__ get the carbon from organic molecules.

autotrophs, heterotrophs

What is the main method of prokaryotic reproduction?

binary fission

Alternation of generations means that plants produce:

both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms

A chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population is called a _________ event.

bottleneck

Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination (i.e. genetic variation) but no increase in population size?

conjugation

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

A biologist doing a long-term study on a wild spider population observes increased variation in silk thickness. Which of the following could the spider population be experiencing?

disruptive selection

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

endothermy

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of _______.

eukaryotic cells

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

green algae

In the video called "Flu Attack! How a Virus Invades Your Body", receptors on the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or virus envelope glycoproteins. To help remember the limitations, the virus proteins were called __[a]___ and the receptors on the host cell's surface were called __[b]___. (Hint: think about houses and cars. How do these inanimated objects make sure no one random can enter?)

keys, locks

Cnidarians display 2 distinct body plans. They are ____[a]____ and _____[b]_____

medusa, polyp

Flowering plants are divided into two main groups, the ___[a]_____ and ____[b]_____ . Hint: The names are derived from the number of cotyledons or seed leaves that the embryonic seedling has within its seed.

monocots, dicots

The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept?

morphological species concept

The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" literally meaning "___________".

naked seeds

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

The vascular tissue, ________, transports products of photosynthesis throughout the entire plant.​

phloem

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

Dinoflagellates _____.

possess two flagella

Prezygotic vs postzygotic barriers, Temporal Isolation, Habitat isolation, and Behavioral isolation are all components of the process called _________ isolation.

reproductive

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____.

sense, feed, and move

Vaccines _______________.

stimulate an immune response

Cuticles protect leaves and stems from desiccation. ​However, it also prevents intake of CO2.​ ________ can overcome this problem.

stomata

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by _____.

the founder effect

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

the shelled, amniotic egg

Bioremediation includes __________.

the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell ______.

wall

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

The vascular tissue, _______, conducts water and minerals from soil up to the shoot

xylem