BIO 103

How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced? A.)CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. B.)Plasma cells secrete cytotoxic T lymphocytes. C.)Bcells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. D.)Helper T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A.)CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? A.)Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens. B.)Leukocytes recognize the entire pathogen. C.)Antibodies bind to the pathogens. D.)Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen.

A.)Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.

Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible. (Concept 43.3) A.)MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins B.)T cells C.)antibodies D.)B cells E.)histamines

A.)MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? A.)Macrophages. B.)Mast cells. C.)Cytokines. D.)Platelets.

A.)Macrophages.

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? A.)memory cells B.)cytotoxic T cells C.)macrophages D.)plasma cells E.)cytokines

A.)memory cells

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. A.)provirus B.)transposon C.)lac D.)homeoboxes E.)promoter

A.)provirus

Which of the following statements about the clonal-selection theory of immune system function is false? A.)An activated lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an infection. B.)Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte. C.)Each lymphocyte recognizes one antigen. D.)Cloned cells persist after the pathogen is eliminated.

B.)Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte.

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages. A.)B cells B.)Helper T cells C.)Epithelial cells D.)Cytotoxic T cells E.)Bacterial cells

B.)Helper T cells

Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells? A.)T cell receptor. B.)MHC protein. C.)B cell receptor. D.)Antibody.

B.)MHC protein.

Which statement best describes tissue macrophages? A.)They are antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils. B.)They are large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body. C.)They are most effective against parasites. D.)They have short life spans because they self-destruct after engulfing foreign invaders. E.)They do not phagocytize microorganisms; instead, they induce lysis of virus-infected body cells.

B.)They are large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body.

Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? A.)They function in cell-mediated and humoral responses. B.)They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. C.)They bear surface CD4 molecules. D.)They are subject to infection by HIV. E.)When activated, they secrete cytokines.

B.)They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? A.)They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site. B.)They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at the wound site. C.)They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site. D.)They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages.

B.)They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at the wound site.

Which of these molecules is incorrectly paired with a source? A.)interferons - virus-infected cells B.)chemokines - cytotoxic T cells C.)antibodies - B cells D.)lysozyme - tears E.)cytokines - helper T cells

B.)chemokines - cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following cell types does HIV preferentially infect? (Concept 43.4) A.)natural killer cells B.)helper T cells C.)memory cells D.)plasma cells E.)cytotoxic T cells

B.)helper T cells

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. A.)antibodies ... antibody-mediated B.)perforin ... cell-mediated C.)interleukin-2 ... humoral D.)antibodies ... humoral E.)perforin ... humoral

B.)perforin ... cell-mediated

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? A.)macrophages B.)plasma cells C.)helper T cells D.)bacterial cells E.)cytotoxic T cells

B.)plasma cells

An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? A.)the antibody-binding site B.)variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined C.)the heavy-chain constant regions only D.)the light-chain constant regions only E.)the antibody tail

B.)variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. A.)macrophages ... B cells and T cells B.)B cells ... macrophages C.)B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells D.)T cells ... B cells E.)helper T cells ... plasma cells

C.)B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells

How do memory cells differ from effector cells? A.)Memory cells combat antigens; effector cells do not. B.)Memory cells are responsible for the primary immune response. C.)Memory cells live longer. D.)Memory cells are capable of producing antibodies. E.)Memory cells are more numerous.

C.)Memory cells live longer.

Which of the following events of the innate immune response occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? A.)Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls. B.)Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane. C.)Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. D.)Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound.

C.)Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.

Which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system? A.)Spleen. B.)Thymus. C.)Tissues. D.)Lymphatic ducts.

C.)Tissues.

Helper T cells are part of _____. A.)a group of phagocytic white blood cells B.)innate immunity C.)a cell-mediated immune response D.)the complement system E.)All of the choices are correct.

C.)a cell-mediated immune response

Which of the following is not a component of an insect's defense against infection? A.)enzyme activation of microbe-killing chemicals B.)phagocytosis by hemocytes C.)activation of natural killer cells D.)production of antimicrobial peptides E.)a protective exoskeleton

C.)activation of natural killer cells

HIV targets include all of the following except A.)cells bearing CD4. B.)brain cells. C.)cytotoxic T cells. D.)macrophages. E.)helper T cells.

C.)cytotoxic T cells.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local inflammation? A.)attack by cytotoxic T cells B.)antibody- and complement-mediated lysis of microbes C.)release of histamine D.)fever E.)anaphylactic shock

C.)release of histamine

Which choice best describes an antigen? A.)An antigen is a protein molecule that helps defend the body against disease. B.)An antigen induces development of white blood cells in the bone marrow. C.)An antigen could be an invading virus or bacterium. D.)An antigen is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte. E.)An antigen is a protein attacked by an invading microorganism.

D.)An antigen is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte.

Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? A.)Lysozyme. B.)Ear wax. C.)Mucus. D.)Antigens.

D.)Antigens.

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? A.)Antibodies coat viral particles. B.)CD8+ T cells are activated. C.)Macrophages digest viral particles. D.)Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

D.)Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

How do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell? A.)Helper T cells divide and produce plasma and memory cells. B.)Helper T cells secrete antibodies against the viral antigen. C.)The B cell recognizes the receptor-antigen complex and divides to produce plasma and memory cells. D.)Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.

D.)Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.

The role of cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. A.)extracellular viruses and bacteria B.)complement proteins C.)circulating antibodies D.)body cells that have been infected E.)circulating proteins

D.)body cells that have been infected

What is the source of a viral envelope? A.)viral glycoproteins B.)prophages C.)provirus D.)host cell membrane E.)host cell DNA

D.)host cell membrane

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? A.)cytotoxic T cell B.)plasma cell C.)helper T cell D.)macrophage E.)B cell

D.)macrophage

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. A.)single-stranded DNA B.)none of the above C.)double-stranded DNA D.)single-stranded RNA E.)double-stranded RNA

D.)single-stranded RNA

Which of the following describes innate immunity? A.)Surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization. B.)Tears, saliva, and mucous secretions contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls. C.)Mucus traps microbes and other particles that come in contact with it. D.)Unbroken skin creates a physical barrier that cannot normally be penetrated by bacteria or viruses. E.)All of the above are correct.

E.)All of the above are correct.

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? A.)B cells respond the first time the invader is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. B.)B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. C.)B cells accomplish the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells accomplish the humoral response. D.)B cells kill viruses directly; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells. E.)B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells.

E.)B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells.

Viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. A.)helper T cells B.)complement proteins C.)antigens D.)cytotoxic T cells E.)antibodies from B cells

E.)antibodies from B cells

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____. A.)helper T cells B.)cytotoxic T cells C.)antigens D.)macrophages E.)plasma cells

E.)plasma cells

Which of the following results in long-term immunity? A.)the passage of maternal antibodies to a developing fetus B.)the administration of serum obtained from people immune to rabies C.)the passage of maternal antibodies to a nursing infant D.)the inflammatory response to a splinter E.)the administration of the chicken pox vaccine

E.)the administration of the chicken pox vaccine

Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity because_____. (Concept 43.3) A.)cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting B.)a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity C.)a humoral response is mounted more quickly D.)clonal selection occurs in cell-mediated immunity E.)they respond differently to invaders

E.)they respond differently to invaders

True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.

False

The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors.

True

True or false? B cells were originally isolated from the bursa in chickens, and their function is to produce antibodies; T cells were originally isolated from the thymus in mice, and their functions include killing host cells that are being infected with a virus.

True

True? or False? Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell.

True