BIO 103 - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) Study Guide
How many electrons can be in the shell closest to the atom?
2
How many carbons does a monosaccharide contain?
3-7
How man different atoms can carbon bond with?
4
What are the characteristics of carbon atoms?
4 electrons in the other shell allow it to bond to as many as 4 other atoms; Bonds are covalent, thus they are very strong; Usually bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon atoms; Ability to bond with other carbon atoms makes carbon chains and rings of different shapes and lengths possible.
Living organisms of made up of how much water?
70-90%
How many electrons can be in the other shells around the atom?
8
How many electrons does an atom want in its outer shell?
8
The addition of what causes an organic molecule to become polar?
A functional group.
Species
A group of potentially interbreeding organisms.
What is pH?
A measurement of the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
What is a reactant and where is it located in the chemical equation?
A reactant is an element that is located on the left of the chemical equation.
What is a monomer?
A single part.
What is an atomic symbol?
Abbreviations listed on the Periodic Table. They stand for either English or Latin terms.
What is a "polarity?"
Affects the function of a molecule.
Cell
All living things are made up of cells.
Evolution
All organisms have a common ancestor and differ as they've adapted to different ways of life.
What is an ion?
An electrically charged atom.
What is matter?
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
What are the three domains?
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya
What is organic?
Associated with living things; Always contain carbon and hydrogen atoms; Held together with covalent bonds; Usually a large number of atoms.
What is inorganic?
Associated with non-living things; Always contains ions; Held together with ionic bonds; Usually a small number of atoms.
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same number atomic number but a different atomic mass.
What is an element?
Basic substances that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties.
What are the 4 primary molecules in living organisms?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
What 4 elements make up 95% of living organisms?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
What 6 elements make up 98% of living organisms?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur
What do bonds between carbon atoms form?
Carbon chains and rings of different shapes and lengths possible.
What makes up the backbone of organic molecules?
Carbon chains and rings.
What elements do carbohydrates contain and in what ratio?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
What is a "hydrocarbon?"
Chains of carbon atoms bonded exclusively to hydrogen atoms.
What is a buffer?
Chemicals that maintain the pH within a normal range by taking up and releasing hydrogen and hydroxide.
What is a functional group?
Clusters of atoms with a certain pattern that behave a certain way.
Ecosystem
Community of living organisms and the physical environment.
What are the three properties of a binomial name?
Consists of the genus and species capital letter on genus, lower case letter on species underlined or italicized
Classification Categories
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What electrons in an atom have the greatest potential energy?
Electrons that are the farthest away from the nucleus.
What are carbohydrates used for?
Energy
What is released when a bond is broken?
Energy
What is required to form a bond?
Energy
What determines the chemical properties of an atom?
Energy Levels Shells and Electron Configuration Octet Rule
Controlled Experiment
Environment is held constant.
Descriptive Research
Follows the same steps of the scientic method, but is done by observing organisms in their natural environments.
What is a compound?
Formed when 2 or more elements bond together.
If an atom does not have 8 electrons in its outer shell what does it do to get 8?
Give up electrons Accept electrons Share electrons
Control Group
Goes through all the steps of the experiment expect the one being tested.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Has an unequal sharing of electrons, giving the molecule an electropositive end an electronegative end.
Eukaryotic
Have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Theories
Interpretations that take into account the results of many experiements and observations.
What is dehydration synthesis?
Joins monomers together by removing water.
Prokaryotic
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Biogenesis (bio = life, genesis = beginning)
Life comes only from pre-existing life.
What is a disaccharide?
Made up of 2 simple sugars.
What is a polysaccharide?
Made up of more than 2 simple sugars.
What is a macromolecule?
Make up cells and tissues.
What does "polar" mean?
Means the difference between electrically positive and electrically negative.
What is hydrophobic?
Molecules don't react with water. (Hate)
What is hydrophilic?
Molecules react with water. (Love)
What is an acid?
Molecules that refuse hydrogen ions.
What is a base?
Molecules that remove hydrogen ions.
What is an isomer?
Molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of their atoms. (ex. glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.)
What is a polymer?
Multiple parts.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Occurs between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative hydrogen atom.
What is a covalent bond?
Occurs when atoms share electrons so that each has a complete outer shell.
Gene
Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior.
Biosphere
Portion of the earth in which living things exist.
What are the steps in the scientific method?
Problem Identification (Observation) Hypothesis (Educated guess) Test (Experiment) New Data (From data) Conclusion (Support or disprove hypothesis)
What are the four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?
Protista (Algae, slime, water molds, protozoan) Fungi (mold, mildew, mushrooms) Plantae (Grass, trees, shrubs) Animalia (Humans, Insects, Frogs)
What are the 3 subatomic particles charges?
Protons - +1 Neutrons - 0 Electrons - -1
Where are the 3 subatomic particles located?
Protons - Nucleus Neutrons - Nucleus Electrons - Electron Shell
What are the 3 subatomic particles?
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.
What is a carbohydrate?
Saccharides
What is OH- and H+ when combined?
Salt
What is a monosaccharide?
Simple sugars with a backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms. (Ready energy)
What are the 3 forms of matter?
Solid, Liquid, and Gas.
What is ionization?
Some water molecules ionize releasing equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
What is hydrolysis?
Split monomers apart by adding water.
What are carbohydrates commonly called?
Sugars
Experimental Variable
The factor being tested.
What is the atomic mass?
The number of protons plus neutrons.
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons.
What is a product and where is it located in the chemical equation?
The product is the result of when two or more elements bond together and is located on the right of the chemical equation.
Dependent Variable
The result of the experimental variable.
Taxonomy (taxo = put in order, nomy = law or rule)
The science of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain guidelines.
What is a molecule?
The smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.
What is an atom?
The smallest part of an element that displays all the properties of that element.
Zoology
The study of animals.
Physiology
The study of bodily function.
Anatomy
The study of body form and structure.
Biochemistry
The study of chemical reactions as they relate to living things.
Ecology
The study of interaction of organisms with each other and their environment.
Biology
The study of life.
Botany
The study of plants.
What is the ionic bond?
The transfer of electrons between atoms so that each has a complete outer shell.
How is pH measured?
Using the pH scale. The range of the pH scale is 0-14. Acids have a pH of less than 7, bases have a pH of greater than 7, and 7 is neutral.
What are the properties of water?
Water is the universal solvent and facilitates chemical reactions; Water molecules are adhesive and cohesive; Water resists changes in state and temperature; Frozen water is less dense than liquid water.
