BIO 103 Unit 3 (ch 5a, 6, 7)
Chlorophyll reflects which color of light?
green
ETP establishes a ___ ion gradient across a membrane.
hydrogen
Calvin-Benson cycle
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis; cyclic carbon-fixing pathway that forms sugars from CO2
#PGAL needed to form glucose?
2
Product of alcohol fermentation
2 ATP
Many organisms, including multicelled organisms, can switch between aerobic and anaerobic forms of cellular respiration, depending on the conditions that surround the organism. However, ___ is by far the most efficient form of cellular respiration, so most of these organisms rely on it the majority of the time. A. Aerobic respiration B. Fermentation
A
The Calvin-Benson cycle produces A. sugars B. water C. oxygen D. carbon dioxide
A
What are the ancestors of the chloroplasts in all plant cells? A. Ancient cyanobacteria B. Ancient archaea C. Ancient mitochondria D. Modern cyanobacteria
A
Which of the following distinguishes lactate fermentation from alcoholic fermentation? A. CO2 is not produced during lactate fermentation. B. Two ATP are used to initiate glycolysis during lactate fermentation. C. Four ATP are produced by glycolysis during lactate fermentation. D. Pyruvate is an input to regenerate NAD+ during lactate fermentation.
A
What properties of photosynthetic pigments allow pigments to absorb light of only certain wavelengths? Select all that apply. A. Only light with the correct wavelength to boost an electron of the pigment to a higher energy level is absorbed. B. All pigment molecules possess a light-trapping region with a special structure that allows electrons to move freely between its atoms. C. Light of any energy level can boost an electron of the pigment molecule to a higher energy level in order to be absorbed. D. Some pigment molecules lack a light-trapping region.
A B
Which of the following describe an autotroph? Select all that apply. A. An autotroph is a producer. B. An autotroph is an organism that makes its own food using energy from the environment and carbon from inorganic molecules. C. An autotroph is an organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds assembled by other organisms. D. Autotrophs are consumers.
A B
Which of these transport pathways require ATP? Select all that apply. A. Calcium pump B. Sodium-potassium pump C. Glucose transporter D. Osmotic diffusion
A B
What factors of the physical environment impact enzymatic activity? Select all that apply. A. pH concentration B. Changes in temperature C. Salt concentration D. Coenzymes
A B C
Which of the following organisms can use fermentation to produce energy? Select all that apply. A. Lactobacillus bacteria B. Saccharomyces yeasts C. Humans
A B C
Which of the following compounds involved in aerobic respiration can originate from the breakdown of proteins? Select all that apply. A. Citric acid cycle intermediates B. Pyruvate C. PGAL D. Acetyl-CoA
A B D
Which of these processes are membrane-crossing mechanisms that require no energy input? Select all that apply. A. Osmosis B. Sodium-potassium pump C. Facilitated diffusion
A C
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? Select all that apply. A. ATP B. Sugars C. O2 gas D. NADPH
A C D
How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction? Select all that apply. A Lowers the activation energy B Decreases the rate of the reaction C Increases the activation energy D Increases the rate of the reaction
A D
Which of the following compounds can diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane? Select all that apply. A. Small polar molecules like water B. Large polar molecules C Ions D. Gases and hydrophobic molecules
A D
Which of the following are the outputs of aerobic respiration? Select all that apply. A. Water B. Oxygen C. Glucose D. ATP E. Carbon dioxide
A D E
feedback inhibition
A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. (more energy in; requires a net input of energy to proceed)
metabolic pathway
A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
ETP drives ___ formation
ATP
ETP uses ___ ___ enzymes.
ATP synthase
Acetyl CoA Form and Krebs/ CAC
Aerobic
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
'Energy cannot be created or destroyed' is described by the A. Law of entropy B. First law of thermodynamics C. Second law of thermodynamics D. ADP/ATP cycle
B
Any organisms that can survive here with little oxygen must rely almost exclusively on ___ to generate energy for the cell. A. Aerobic respiration B. Fermentation
B
Glowsticks are an example of a(n) A. Endergonic reaction B. Exergonic reaction C. Phosphorylation D. Activation energy
B
When comparing the solute concentrations of two fluids, the fluid with the higher solute concentration will be which of the following? A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic
B
Which membrane enzyme phosphorylates ADP molecules? A. NAD synthase B. ATP synthase C. Rubisco D. PGAL E. Glucose transporter
B
What are the major outputs of photosynthesis? Select all that apply. A. CO2 B. sugars C. H2O D. O2
B D
The final electron acceptor in the noncyclic electron pathway of the light-dependent reaction is A. water B. ATP C. NADPH D. sugar
C
The light-independent reactions occur A. on the thylakoid membrane B. in the cytoplasm C. in the stroma D. in the central vacuole of plant cells
C
The noncyclic pathway of the light dependent reactions uses which, if any, photosystem(s)? A. I B. II C. I & II D. No photosystem is needed
C
Visible light has ____ microwaves. A. less energy than B. same energy as C. more energy than
C
What is a regulatory mechanism in which a reaction product slows or stops a metabolic pathway that produces it? A. Electron transfer chain B. Coenzyme C. Feedback inhibition D. Phosphorylation
C
What is exocytosis? A. The process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid and its contents by the ballooning inward of the plasma membrane B. Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it C. The process by which a cell expels the contents of an internal vesicle to the extracellular fluid D. The process by which a cell engulfs a large particle or another cell, eating it
C
What is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction? A Potential energy B Net energy output C Activation energy D Net energy input
C
enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (molecules w specific shape- causing reactions to occur)
Lactate fermentation occurs where?
Cytoplasm
Where does the Calvin-Benson cycle occur in chloroplasts? A. Thylakoid membrane B. Thylakoid compartment C. Chloroplast outer membrane D. Stroma
D
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the cells of eukaryotic organisms? A. Mitochondrial inner membrane B. Mitochondrial intermembrane space C. Cytoplasm D. Mitochondrial matrix
D
Which of the following distinguishes fermentation from aerobic respiration? A. Fermentation has a higher ATP yield than aerobic respiration. B. Fermentation requires an input of oxygen. C. Fermentation breaks down all of the carbon-carbon bonds in a glucose molecule. D. Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions.
D
Visible light is a small portion of the ___ spectrum.
Electromagnetic
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the cytoplasm. T/F?
False
Chlorophyll
Main synthetic pigment/ A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
molecules reduced mean:
Molecule accepts electrons
molecules oxidized mean:
Molecule loses electron
Final electron acceptors of noncyclic electron pathway
NADP
Final electron acceptor of ETP
O2
What happens between glycolysis and Krebs cycle?
O2 in mitochondria
Final electron acceptors of cyclic electron pathway
PSI
cyclic electron pathway
Portion of the light reaction that involves only photosystem I and generates ATP.
linear metabolic pathway
Starting compound --> intermediate a --> intermediate b --> end product
Substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
substrate-level phosphorylation
When an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
electron transfer phosphorylation
aerobic
electron transfer chain
array of membrane-bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in steps
aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
products of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol
Lactate fermentation pathway
pyruvate to lactate
Energy travels in ___
waves
Which of the statements about diffusion are true? Select all that apply. A. Negatively charged solutes diffuse toward regions of positive charge. B. Lower temperatures will slow rates of diffusion. C. Solutes diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. D. Solutes diffuse from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. E. Positively charged solutes diffuse toward regions of positive charge.
A B C
The reduced form of the coenzyme NADP+ is A. NADH B. NADPH C. ATP
B
Location of Photosynthesis
in the chloroplasts of cells
coenzymes function
interact directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making the substrate-enzyme interaction more efficient.
Photo
light dependent
Synthesis
light independent
The longer the wavelength, the _____ the energy
lower
The shorter the wavelength, the ________ the energy
more
After glycolysis, the steps of aerobic respiration proceed from ___ to ___ to ___
acetyl-CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, electron transfer phosphorylation
Energy source of calvin benson cycle
ATP & NADPH
ATP/ADP cycle
ATP (high energy) loses phosphate (energy released), creating ADP (low energy). Then, the ADP gains phosphate (energy gained), turning back into ATP. The cycle continues.
In order to begin the reactions of glycolysis, an input of 4 ATP is required. T/F?
False. 2
The final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration is ATP. T/F?
Fasle, oxygen
#PGAL needed to regenerate RuBP?
10
6 CO2 produces how many PGAL?
12
Product of lactate fermentation
2 ATP
How many carbon dioxide molecules are released from one glucose molecule?
6
How may carbon dioxide molecules are released from one glucose molecule?
6
Enzymes increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering __ energy. A. Activation B. Potential C. Kinetic D. Heat
A
Generates two CO2 A. Alcoholic Fermentation B. Lactate Fermentation
A
The reactions of glycolysis occur in A. the cytoplasm B. the matrix of the mitochondria C. the stroma D. the outer compartment of the mitochondria
A
The reason you breathe heavily while exercising is that your body is trying to take in oxygen to fuel aerobic respiration and generate enough ATP to replenish the ATP you use during exercise. If you are exercising vigorously, the need for ATP might be greater than the amount of oxygen you can inhale. In this situation, your body cells generate ATP through lactate fermentation. As you continue vigorous exercise, your muscles might begin to "burn," causing you to stop and rest. This burning sensation is the result of a chemical buildup in your muscle cells. Based on this information, which of the following chemicals likely causes pain in over-exercised muscles? A. Lactate B. Ethanol C. NADH
A
NAD+ from fermentation step used in glycolysis A. Lactate Fermentation B. Alcoholic Fermentation
A B
Requires two ATP to run glycolysis A. Alcoholic Fermentation B. Lactate Fermentation
A B
Which of the following are stages of electron transfer phosphorylation? Select all that apply. A. Hydrogen ion flow through an ATP synthase produces ATP. B. Oxygen collects electrons from the end of the electron transfer chain to combine with hydrogen ions to form water. C. The electron transfer chain fuels active transport of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. D. The NADH and FADH produced in the prior steps of aerobic respiration deliver electrons and hydrogen ions to the electron transfer chain.
A B C D
Which of the following is a useful application of lactate fermentation? A. Breadmaking B. Beer brewing C. Winemaking D. Yogurt production
A B C D
Which of the following occurs during the second stage reactions of cellular respiration? Select all that apply A. Krebs cycle reactions B. Acetyl-coA is formed C. Carbons from glucose are released as carbon dioxide D. ATP is produced E. Coenzymes are reduced F. Carbon dioxide is released from within the chloroplasts
A B C D E
In chemical reactions, the new substances formed are called the A. Reactants B. Products C. ATP D. Enzymes
B
The first stages of cellular respiration is A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis C. electron transfer phosphorylation D. the calvin-benson cycle
B
Which of the following is NOT produced during the reactions of acetyl-CoA formation? A. Electrons B. ATP C. Acetyl CoA D. CO2
B
Which of the following is an energy-requiring step of glycolysis? A. Electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred to NADH when a phosphate group is added to PGAL. B A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate. C. Two phosphate groups are transferred from each intermediate to ADP, forming ATP.
B
Which of the following organic compounds is the richest source of energy? A. Carbohydrates B. Fat C. Proteins
B
Anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur where? A. within the plasma membrane B. in the mitochondria C. in the cytoplasm
C
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis? A. Thirty-four ATP B. Thirty-eight ATP C. Two ATP D. Four ATP
C
Where in mitochondria does electron transfer phosphorylation occur? A. Outer membrane B. Intermembrane space C. Inner membrane D. Matrix
C
In the following chemical reaction, which compounds are the products? Carbon dioxide + Water → Sugar + Oxygen A Carbon dioxide and sugar B Water and oxygen C Carbon dioxide and water D Sugar and oxygen
D
Which stage of aerobic respiration requires an input of oxygen? A. Acetyl-CoA formation B. Glycolysis C. Citric acid cycle D. Electron transfer phosphorylation
D
Anaerobic pathways
Don't use oxygen. Oxygen kills most anaerobic organisms
When ATP becomes phosphorylated, it becomes ADP. T/F?
False
How many PGAL molecules are produced from 6 carbon dioxide molecules? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 3 E. 6 F. 10 G. 12
G
What stages produce ATP with substrate-level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis
The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced during ETP. T/F?
True
Glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm, net yield is 2 atp
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
occurs in mitochondria, net yield is 2 atp
electron transfer phosphorylation
occurs in mitochondria, net yield is 32 ATP
electron transfer phosphorylation
process in which electron flow through electron transfer chains sets up a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation
location of light independent
stroma
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants. It reflects wavelengths of ___ light. A. Green B. violet C. ultraviolet D. red
A
Grasses collect energy from sunlight. Rabbits collect energy by eating grasses. Coyotes collect energy by eating rabbits. Which of the following organisms has the least amount of energy available to them (as compared to the amount of solar energy that hits Earth from space)? A. Coyotes, because some of the original amount of energy was lost as body heat in grasses and rabbits B. Grasses, because the energy has yet to be condensed as it moves through the food chain
A
In electron transfer phosphorylation, an electron transfer chain creates a ___ gradient across the thylakoid membrane. A. hydrogen ion B. oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. ATP
A
What is the active site of an enzyme? A. The part of an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs B. A specific ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme to enhance or inhibit its activity C. An ion or nonprotein organic molecule that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function D. Specific molecule that acts as the reactant in an enzyme-mediated reaction
A
Your body stores energy in the form of fat and other organic molecules. When your body needs extra energy, it breaks apart the molecules of fat to release that energy (sometimes called "burning fat"). That energy is used to power cellular reactions or is lost as heat. The total amount of energy used by your body or lost as heat equals the amount of energy the molecules of fat originally stored before breaking apart. This process is an example of the ___ law of thermodynamics. A. First B. Second
A
What are the features of an energy-requiring reaction? Select all that apply. A The reaction requires an input of energy. B Small molecules are converted into complex organic compounds. C Complex organic compounds are broken down into small molecules. D The reaction results in the output of energy.
A B
What stages of the light-dependent reactions occur prior to the buildup of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid compartment? Select all that apply. A. A photosystem II (PSII) absorbs light energy and releases an electron. B. Electrons released from PSII enter an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. C. PSII pulls replacement electrons from water molecules, which then break apart into oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions. D. A flow of hydrogen ions causes ATP synthase to phosphorylate ATP. E. Energy emitted by the electron transport chain triggered by PSII generates a hydrogen ion gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
A B C E
Most of the energy that reaches environments on Earth comes from the ___ A. Earth B. Sun C. Gravity
B
Photosynthesis is a complex process that has an important impact on your daily life and the ecosystem of the entire planet. Photosynthesis is the source for all of the carbon that builds the bodies of organisms and the energy that runs their bodies. Which of the following statements is correct? A. You are born with all the carbon atoms you need for your entire life. B. As you grow, you need to take in more carbon atoms.
B
The molecule that gains a phosphate group in electron transfer phosphorylation is ____ and it becomes ____. A. ATP; ADP B. ADP; ATP C. NADP; NADPH D. NADPH; NADP
B
Which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy? A. Microwaves B. Visible light C. Infrared radiation D. Radio waves
B
Which of the following is a reactant for photosynthesis? A. sunlight B. water C. oxygen
B
Which of the following items could not be used as food by living organisms? A. Leaves B. Aluminum C. Twinkies D. Mushrooms
B
___ (such as animals) ingest energy when they eat other organisms. A. Reactants B. Consumers C. Producers
B
What are potential outcomes when a plant's stomata close in response to heat and water stress? Select all that apply. A. Photosynthesis is more efficient. B. Photorespiration is more likely to occur. C. Gas exchange comes to a halt. D. CO2 and O2 may compete for the active site of rubisco.
B C D
What are the stages of the Calvin-Benson cycle? Select all that apply. A. Rubisco is used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL. B. Rubisco attaches CO2 to a five-carbon organic compound called RuBP. C. The resulting unstable six-carbon molecule splits into two three-carbon molecules of PGA. D. ATP and NADPH are used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL. E. Most of the PGAL is used to regenerate RuBP, but some is exported to the cytoplasm to produce carbohydrates.
B C D E
Most organisms cannot use the raw energy that hits Earth. Energy is captured by ____ (such as plants) and stored in organic molecules. A. Reactants B. Consumers C. Producers
C
The only product in common from both the noncyclic and cyclic pathways of the light-dependent reaction is A. sugar B. Oxygen C. ATP D. carbon dioxide
C
What is the main photosynthetic pigment in eukaryotes and cyanobacteria? A. Phycobilins B. Anthocyanin C. Chlorophyll a D. Beta-carotene
C
What is the name of the cellular structure where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in plants? A. Stroma B. Stomata C. Thylakoid membrane D. Outer chloroplast membrane
C
Which of the following defines photorespiration? A. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis B. Process by which electron flow through electron transfer chains sets up a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation C. An inefficient metabolic pathway of producing sugars that occurs when O2 attaches to rubisco D. The metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use the energy of light to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water
C
What distinguishes a linear metabolic pathway from a cyclic metabolic pathway? A. Enzymes convert reactants into intermediates before separate enzymes convert intermediates into products. B. The last step of the pathway regenerates a reactant for the first step. C. The product inhibits an enzyme in the pathway, slowing or stopping the metabolic pathway. D. A linear pathway runs straight in one direction from reactant to product.
D
What is the carbon-fixing enzyme of the Calvin-Benson cycle? A. Stroma B. ATP synthase C. Chlorophyll a D. Rubisco
D
Which stage of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is linked to photosystem I? A. ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP, forming ATP in the stroma. B. Hydrogen ions in the thylakoid compartment follow their gradient and flow through ATP synthases. C. The photosystem pulls replacement electrons from water molecules breaking the molecules into oxygen atoms and hydrogen ions. D. Electrons from the photosystem move through an electron transport chain to form NADPH.
D
What is excite by light energy?
Electrons
second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. (Energy disperses spontaneously)
What compound is Oxygen formed from?
H2O
noncyclic electron pathway
Portion of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis that involves both photosystem I and photosystem II. It generates both ATP and NADPH.
activation energy (Ea)
The amount of energy required to produce the transition state of a chemical reaction.
Location of Light Dependent Reaction
Thylakoid Membrane (inside chloroplast)
The molecules reduced in redox reactions are those that gain electrons T/F?
True
Chlorophyll absorbs what colors?
blue-violet and red-orange (V, R, O)
Reactants and requirements of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water/ light energy
Pigments
selectively absorbs wavelengths of light
Phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
cyclic pathway
the last step regenerates a reactant for the first step
redox reaction (oxidation vs reduction)
the movement of electrons from one molecule to another
Thermodynamics
the study of heat and/or other forms of energy