BIO 1033 Exam 2 CH.4

"Nociceptive" means pain cause by

D. external stimuli of pain receptors

An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils.

false

Opiate addiction was first documented about 100 years ago.

false

Sedatives are medications used to induce sleep.

false

The "stop" switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and functions to turn of the brain's "go switch", is located in the brain stem.

false

Z-hypnotics like Sonata, Ambien, and Imovane, are short-acting, but they are thought to have a higher risk of addiction than most benzodiazepines.

false

Addiction to and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not generally severe.

fasle

Opioids, particularly heroin, affect only a select few of the body's organs, mainly the heart, liver, and kidneys.

fasle

One of the symptoms of chronic opiate use is itchy skin.

true

Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels traumatizes them, causing them to become unusable for injection.

true

Alcohol is a major stimulant.

false

Benzodiazepines are used by sexual predators to increase sexual desires in their victims.

false

Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.

false

Most sedative-hypnotics are from natural sources.

false

Needing a dose of a drug just to feel "normal" is a sign of tolerance.

false

The majority of heroin available in the United States comes from Afghanistan

false

Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics.

true

Allodynia is a painful response to a normally pain-free stimulus, often as a result of long-term opiate/opoid use.

true

B. Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids, specifically

true

Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category.

true

Heroin and morphine are considered long-acting opioids

true

Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants?

B. alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

C. more than 50%

Opiates limit the release of and block receptors for substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell

true

Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants.

true

Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not a correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it?

C. diacetylmorphine | Suboxone

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate.

The primary illegitimate source for obtaining prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Xanax, is over the Internet.

FAlse

The number of people in the United States who overdose on heroin is greater than the number who overdose on any other type of opioid, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone.

False

Opioids, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin), usually suppress nausea and vomiting.

false

Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?

A. because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death

Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose?

A. naloxone.

Hyperalgesia is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to ____________ that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/opioids used to treat pain.

A. painful stimuli

Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level?

B. The DEA estimates heroin purity at from 10% to 70%.

Which of the following statements about opioids is true?

B. Tolerance to opiates/opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within just a few days.

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to

B. the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS

How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?

C. for 14 days or more after detoxificaiton

Death from depressants (e.g. opioids) overdose usually involves severe respiratory depression.

true

Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly.

true

Heroin was first developed to be a non-addictive medical alternative to morphine.

true

Historically, most drug laws were made for political rather than medical considerations.

true

Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids).

true

The major receptor sites for opioids are the mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin.

true

Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.

true

Treatment for addiction to opiates requires a physiological and psychological process.

true