BIO 104 CH. 17

Which of the following statements is FALSE when comparing sustainable and industrial agriculture? Many sustainable methods are less expensive. Sustainable farming may be more labor intensive. Organic produce has less pesticide residue. Greenwashing is not a problem. Sustainable agriculture has less soil degradation.

Greenwashing is not a problem.

The use of which of the following in industrial agriculture produces soil salinization? Fossil fuels Irrigation Herbicides Fertilizers Pesticides

Irrigation

Which of the following sustainable farming techniques requires minimal soil disturbance to reduce soil erosion, water needs, and fossil fuel input? Terrace farming Reduced tillage Strip cropping Crop rotation Cover crops

Reduced tillage

Which of the following sustainable soil management practices is necessary to farm rice on steep slopes? Cover crops Terrace farming Crop rotation Reduced tillage Contour farming

Terrace farming

When comparing the Takao Furuno duck rice farm and the Massa farm's first trial run, which of the following statements is FALSE? Azolla control was an important factor. The ducks were not used for meat. The Massa's ducks trampled the rice crop. The breed of ducks was different. The duckling densities were different.

The ducks were not used for meat.

True or False: Consumers who have household incomes such that organic produce does not fit their budget may not be able to support sustainable agriculture.

True

Techniques used in sustainable agriculture practices include: a. crop rotation to minimize crop pests. b. frequent use of herbicides to keep weeds down. c. flooding crops frequently with abundant water to reduce pests and increase runoff of excess nutrients. d. abundant use of fertilizers to allow plants to reach their full capacity.

a. crop rotation to minimize crop pests.

At the end of each growing season, Takao Furuno harvests all of the following except fish. azalea duck. rice. eggs.

azolla

The use of ______ over thousands of years helped create the fertile soils in the Amazon basin. biochar application cover crops reduced tillage terrace farming crop rotation

biochar application

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of farming with monocultures? a. higher yields b. ease of planting and harvest c. fewer pest outbreaks d. works well on a large scale

c. fewer pest outbreaks

Planting rows of crops that follow the lay of the land is an example of the soil conservation technique known as ______ farming. strip hilly land reduced tillage terrace contour

contour

In summer, a family drives every Saturday morning to pick strawberries at an organic berry farm. All of the following help explain the advantage to these consumers except driving down the wages paid to migrant farm workers. ensuring the freshest possible food for their family. experiencing a bond with nature . feeling good about supporting local farmers. knowing exactly how their food was produced.

driving down the wages paid to migrant farm workers.

By planting nitrogen-fixing crops like alfalfa during the off-season, the need for __________ is reduced. soil pesticide fertilizer water irrigation

fertilizer

Rice producer, Takao Furuno, was able to discontinue synthetic fertilizer application for all the following reasons except azolla, when kept under control, is a source of nitrogen. duckling droppings serve as natural fertilizer. fig trees, planted on the edge, provide potassium. loaches, a type of fish, produce natural fertilizer.

fig trees, planted on the edge, provide potassium.

Believing that organic brownies are significantly healthier than brownies made with conventional ingredients because the word "organic" is used is an example of cultural methodology. transparency. greenwashing. agroecology. sustainability.

greenwashing.

All of the following are things consumers of local organic produce are willing to pay extra for EXCEPT lower carbon footprint. increased food miles. fresher and tastier. satisfaction in making a more ethical choice. no pesticide residue.

increased food miles.

In industrial cultivation, one advantage of applying synthetic fertilizer is _____________. reduced need for high-yield varieties reduced need for future fertilizer application increased productivity of the soil cultural eutrophication crops with higher nutrient value

increased productivity of the soil

All of the following are examples of how industrial farming contributes heavily to global warming except it creates hypoxic, or oxygen-poor, conditions that threaten aquatic life. synthetic fertilizers are made from fossil fuels, such as natural gas. industrial farming reduces carbon sequestration by natural vegetation. livestock produce a high percentage of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. many synthetic pesticides are made from petroleum.

it creates hypoxic, or oxygen-poor, conditions that threaten aquatic life.

When he used industrial farming techniques to grow rice, Takao Furuno's farm involved large amounts of all of the following except insecticides. fertilizer. profit. irrigation. herbicides.

profit.

In sustainable agriculture, ___________ is to soil erosion as ___________ is to soil fertility. crop rotation; windbreaks contour farming; terrace farming cover cropping; reduced tillage terrace farming; crop rotation strip cropping; contour farming

terrace farming; crop rotation

The initial attempt at duck rice farming at the Massa family farm had limited success because ______. the ducklings ate the rice plants and not the azolla the species of duckling turned out to be very important the climate in California differs significantly from Japan they used goslings instead of ducklings the recommended duckling density was not followed

the recommended duckling density was not followed

All of the following is an advantage of sustainable agriculture to society except using fewer inputs of water and fossil fuels saves money. food security can be increased through local food production. the shelf life of organically grown produce is longer because they are picked when ripe. cultivation is possible in arid areas as some methods are available that minimize water need. developing nations can utilize sustainable methods since many are less expensive.

the shelf life of organically grown produce is longer because they are picked when ripe.

True or False: During the Massa farm's first trial run in duck rice farming, the ducks trampled some of the rice.

true

True or False: When he used industrial rice farming techniques, Takao Furuno considered ducks to be a pest.

true

Globally, _____ of our food comes from just 15 crop species and 8 species of livestock. 90% 10% 50% 30% 70%

90%

Which of the following is an advantage of synthetic fertilizer use? Ability to market crops as organic Ability to grow crops in marginal soils that would not be able to support agriculture otherwise Reducing nitrogen and phosphorous levels in soil to manageable levels Cultural eutrophication Protection from pesticide-resistant pests

Ability to grow crops in marginal soils that would not be able to support agriculture otherwise

Which of the following soil amendments helps to reduce global warming by storing carbon in the soil, rather than releasing it into the atmosphere? Charcoal Natural fertilizer Synthetic fertilizer Loach Lime

Charcoal

Which of the following is the most important in terms of increasing the market share of organic foods? Producers willing to grow foods organically Increasing research for organic agriculture methods Food stores agreeing to sell organically grown foods Reducing the costs of synthetic fertilizers Consumers purchasing organically grown foods

Consumers purchasing organically grown foods

Which of the following sustainable farming techniques involves the planting of a crop during the off-season that protects soil from erosion and can improve soil if nitrogen-fixing crops are chosen? Strip cropping Reduced tillage Cover crops Contour farming Crop rotation

Cover crops

Which saying best describes the danger of monoculture farming in terms of minimized biodiversity? Waste not; want not. The early bird gets the worm. Avoid being taken to the cleaners. Keep your head above water. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.

Don't put all your eggs in one basket.

Which of the following would likely be the best option for a consumer wishing to reduce his or her carbon footprint? Increase the ratio of meat to plant-based foods in the diet. Purchase food produced using industrial methods and was transported hundreds of miles. Buy organically grown produce from a farm hundreds of miles away. Eat only organic fruits and vegetables that are locally grown. Purchase locally grown food that was produced using conventional industrial methods.

Eat only organic fruits and vegetables that are locally grown.

Which of the following describes sustainable farming? Farms are supported by the complexity and diversity of species. Eighty percent of the cultivated land is exclusively corn or soybean. There is an increased reliance on synthetic fertilizer inputs. Farmers create an efficient mass production of a single crop. Farmers have an increased dependency on technology.

Farms are supported by the complexity and diversity of species.

Greg Massa was first to introduce which of the following things to make the Massa family farm both efficient and profitable? Growing specially bred higher-yield rice varieties Raising more than one species on the same plot of land Obliterating weeds with chemical herbicides Applying a heavy dose of chemical fertilizer to boost the growth of azolla Utilizing modern farming equipment

Raising more than one species on the same plot of land

Which of the following statements about soil is false? Industrial farming can contribute to soil erosion. The natural formation of soil is a slow process. Soil is vital to life on Earth. Soil supports the growth of plants but not animals. Planting cover crops can help restore soil fertility

Soil supports the growth of plants but not animals.

Which of the following statements about Takao Furuno's rice farm is incorrect? All aspects of the farm play an important role. Overall farm production is boosted. The farm is self-regulating. The farm grows multiple species. The farm uses genetically modified ducklings.

The farm uses genetically modified ducklings.

All of the following are consistent with sustainable farming except the protection of adjoining wetland areas. the use of locally adapted crops. a minimal use of artificial fertilizer. planting a mix of multiple crops together. Correct: a focus on crops with the highest market demand. a focus on crops with the highest market demand.

a focus on crops with the highest market demand.

True or False: Based on precise measurements of yields, the rice crops did not suffer at all from the duck rice farming trial at the Massa rice farm.

false

True or False: The best ducks for duck rice farming are those that were bred to sit around all day and eat and gain weight quickly for industrial meat production.

false

The advantages of the _______________ approach to agriculture include ability to mass produce, greater efficiency, and greater profits. industrial polyculture sustainable organic integrated

industrial

A 2010 report by the International Livestock Research Institute concluded that _______________ hold the most promise for intensifying food production worldwide. GREEN farms mixed monoculture farms organic monoculture farms wild-type farms with enriched genetic diversity mixed polyculture farms that grow both plants and livestock

mixed polyculture farms that grow both plants and livestock

In _____________ farming, a single variety of a single crop is planted over large areas of land. sustainable monoculture strip cropping organic polyculture

monoculture

All of the following describe sustainable agriculture EXCEPT it ______. uses only limited amounts of fossil fuels meets the needs of the farmer and society as a whole maintains or enhances the environment produces food such as strawberries that are less nutritious does not compromise future agricultural productivity

produces food such as strawberries that are less nutritious

Greg and Raquel Massa faced risks and uncertainty when converting a portion of their farm to organic agriculture. This included all of the following except reaping the nitrogen-fixing benefit of the azolla. lowering water levels enough to kill the water-loving weeds without harming the rice. selecting the correct breed of duck. uncertainty in the fluctuating price of herbicides. calculating the amount of food required to support their 120 ducks.

uncertainty in the fluctuating price of herbicides.