Bio 105 Influenza A HW Mod 2

Antigenic Drift Only

-Mutation of the virus itself -Small changes to the genetic makeup of influenza strains -Makes the annual flu vaccine ineffective -After the flu strain mutates, the immunes system may recognize the virus but at a reduced level of effciency

Genetics

An area of biology that studies how genetic material changes over time

Ecology

An area of biology that studies how organisms have evolved to fill their roles within an ecosystem

By recognizing the mechanisms through which organisms change over time, or evolve, we gain insight into what?

-How to design better medications such as antiviral agents and vaccines -Resistance to insecticides and antibiotics -How the organization of life on our planet reflects evolutionary history

Characteristics that explain the process of natural selection

-In a population, individuals vary in their heritable traits. -In a population, individuals struggle to exist. -In a population, individuals differ in their fitness. -Over multiple generations, populations become adapted to their environment.

Antigenic Shift Only

-The reassembly of viral genomes derived form various strains -Greater consequence for humans -Major changes to the genetic makeup of influenza strains -After the flu strains mutates, the immune system recognizes as a new virus

What are the circumstances are necessary for evolution to occur?

-Variation for a particular trait exists within a population. -A particular trait must be able to be passed on to the next.

Biological systematics

An area of biology that studies biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships of organisms

Natural selection causes mutations. (T/F)

False

The closer the genetic information is between two species, the more distant their evolutionary relationship. (T/F)

False

The closer two organisms are related, the more time there is for mutations to change their genetic information for a trait. (T/F)

False

The genetic material is not a history of the organism's evolutionary past. (T/F)

False

Erasmus Darwin

Proposed that evidence from animal development and animal breeding shows that species may evolve over time

Charles Lyell

Proposed that the Earth's surface is dynamic and constantly changing

Georges Cuvier

Proposed the idea of catastrophism; he believed that all species were created at the same time, yet catastrophic events have caused some species to go extinct and studied the fossil record and noticed that fossils showed a succession of different forms of life over time

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Proposed the idea referred to as inheritance of acquired characteristics

Thomas Malthus

Stated that populations sometimes increase at rates faster than their food supply can increase, thus creating competition

A comparison of genetic and biochemical similarities can indicate evolutionary relationships. (T/F)

True

Mutations are constantly occurring in the genetic material. (T/F)

True

Mutations represent the source of genetic variation in a population. (T/F)

True

Natural selection favors variation, which increases the ability of the individual to reproduce and pass the trait on to the next generation, and acts against detrimental traits. (T/F)

True

When comparing species, some traits are more common in closely related species than distantly related ones. (T/F)

True

embryonic evidence

focuses on embryo comparisons because some features may be present in the embryo that are not apparent in the adult form.

the fossil record

is a line of evidence that provides information on transitional species.

Evolution

is supported by experimental evidence from all branches of biology, and scientists continue to test, evaluate, and refine their understanding of how evolution impacts life

genetic material

is the comparison of genetic and biochemical similarities to indicate evolutionary relationships

anatomical evidence

is the comparison of physical structures between species.

Antigenic drift

occurs when a mutation causes a change in the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.

Antigenic shift

occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell, and a new form of the virus is manufactured.

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time.

population