BIO 107 Chapter 14

The normal virulent form of Streptococcus pneumoniae is known as the S form because it forms (blank) colonies on solid media.

smooth

Because of alternating double and single bonds in nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, they exist as two different structural forms in solution. The different structural forms are called

tautomers

Griffith's experiments were important because they showed

that the genetic material could be passed from one cell to another

In nucleic acids, the prime symbol is used to indicate

the carbon in a sugar rather than the atoms in the bases attached to the sugars

Chargaff's experiments showed that the amount of adenine in a sample was always the same as the amount of

thymine

Chargaff's rule indicates that the amount of A in a sample is equal to the amount of (blank) and the amount of C in a sample is equal to the amount of (blank).

thymine, guanine

Griffith performed experiments, which demonstrated

transformation in bacteria.

Which of these are used in RNA?

uracil guanine adenine cytosine

A phage is a type of (blank) that infects (blank) cells.

viruses, bacterial

Match each element of the nucleotide to the sugar carbon atom it is attached to.

1' nitrogenous base 3' OH group 5' phosphate group

The purpose of the Hershey Chase experiments was to determine whether a bacteriophage injected ______ or ______ into bacteria.

DNA protein

Which enzymes did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty use in order to identify the genetic material?

DNA digesting enzymes RNA digesting enzymes protein digesting enzymes

Chromosomes are primarily composed of DNA and

Proteins

The term used to describe two DNA strands that run in opposite directions from each other is

antiparallel

Genes, which contain trait specifying information, are located on

chromosomes

A bacteriophage contains (choose all that apply)

genetic material a protein coat

Indicate the 4 nitrogenous bases used in DNA.

guanine adenine cytosine thymine

A bacterial virus replicates by

introducing its genetic material into the host cell

The primary reason the bacteriophage was an ideal model system for the Hershey Chase experiments was

it is made of only protein and DNA.

Of the following choices, which type of Streptococcus pneumoniae would lead to death if injected into a mouse?

live smooth

In the 1950s, the British researcher Maurice Wilkins contributed to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure by

producing uniformly oriented DNA fibers

In trying to discover the substance responsible for transformation, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty removed (blank) from their preparation and found that the transforming activity persisted.

protein

A chromosome is primarily composed of (chose all that apply)

proteins DNA

The results of the Hershey and Chase experiments suggested that DNA was the genetic material because

radioactive bacteriophage DNA was found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

Which of the following types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria did Griffith inject into mice?

rough heat killed live smooth

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine in the double DNA helix?

2

X-ray diffraction was used to determine that the diameter of a DNA molecule is

2 nm

In addition to Griffith, these individuals also studied bacterial transformation.

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Nucleotides contain a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous (blank)

Base

Why do we say that a DNA or RNA strand has an intrinsic polarity?

Because it has a free 5' phosphate at one end and a free 3' OH group at the other end

In their experiments, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty isolated a substance, which had a transforming activity. Which of the following destroyed that substance's ability to transform bacterial cells?

DNA-digesting enzymes

Which of these are part of the Watson-Crick model?

Each DNA molecule is composed of 2 phosphodiester strands. Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands that run antiparallel.

In which of the following chromosomal entities are an individual's traits specified?

Genes

The experiments with radioactively labeled phage that showed that DNA was the genetic material were performed by

Hershey and Chase

In DNA, the two tautomers in the bases exhibit differences in what type of bonding pattern?

Hydrogen

Choose all characteristics of the transforming substance isolated by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty.

RNA-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability. The elemental composition of the substance was very similar to that of DNA. Protein-digesting enzymes did not affect its transforming ability. DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed its transforming ability.

The DNA fibers Franklin used in her x-ray diffraction studies came from

Wilkins

The appearance of colonies of Streptococcus pneumoniae is related to the presence or absence of

a polysaccharide coat

Features of the Watson and Crick model include

a sugar phosphate backbone a helical structure a double stranded structure

In a DNA double helix, two hydrogen bonds form between

adenine and thymine

The major significance of the Hershey and Chase's experiments is that they

determined that DNA is the genetic material

Franklin used x-ray (blank) to suggest that DNA has a helical structure.

diffraction

The interaction of two strands of DNA via hydrogen bonds is the

double helix

Select all of the following that are components of a nucleotide.

phosphate group sugar nitrogenous base

The DNA backbone is composed of (choose all that apply)

phosphate groups. sugars.

Adjacent nucleotides in the same DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds known as (blank) bonds

phosphodiester

Repeating sugar and phosphate units in a single DNA strand make up the

phosphodiester backbone.

In DNA, consecutive nucleotides are linked via (blank) bonds, which are made between the 5' phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3' (blank) group of another nucleotide.

phosphodiester, OH