BIO 110 Chapter 11: Terms, DMS and PL

What does gene regulation mean?

When certain genes are turned on/off in different cells

Dolly the sheep is __________

reproductive clone

A DNA microarray is a glass slide with thousands of single-stranded DNA fragments fixed to it. Each fixed DNA fragment is from a particular gene. Therefore, a single microarray has DNA from thousands of genes. Biologists use DNA microarrays to figure out which genes are being transcribed by organisms in different situations. -Drag each label to its proper place in the flow chart to summarize the steps involved in a DNA microarray analysis.

1 - isolate mRNA from target 2 - produce cDNA from mRNA 3 - add cDNA microarray wells 4 - rinse to remove unbound cDNA 5 - examine fluorescence on microarray

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1) A normal gene that, if mutated, can lead to cancer is called a(n) PROTO -ONCOGENE 2)A gene that causes a cell to become cancerous is called a(n) ONCOGENE 3) A(n) TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE is a gene that encodes proteins that inhibit cell division. Such proteins normally help prevent cells from becoming cancerous. 4) A(n) GROWTH FACTOR is a protein that promotes cell division. In excess, such a protein may lead to cancer.

which of the following would be most likely to lead to cancer?

mutations in proto-oncogenes and inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene

Which of the following types of cancer has the highest mortality rate?

Lung Cancer

Reginald Prettiboy decides to clone himself. What sex would the "offspring" be?

Male

The difference between stem cells and other body cells is that __________.

stem cells can give rise to different cell types

What are the main steps of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells in the correct order?

regulation of DNA packing -> initiation of transcription -> RNA processing and breakdown -> initiation of translation -> protein activation and breakdown

Finally, how can you use your assessment of the authority, motivation, and reliability of the information to evaluate this web site relative to other sources? Use the scales below to assign a numerical score to this source. -Assign a numerical score for each category. Then add up the total score. (The highest possible score is 6; the lowest is 0.) In what range does this source fall?

2-4

On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.)

2-4 (somewhat trustworthy, want to check on some things)

Complementary DNAs (cDNAs)

A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.

Which of the following is a controllable factor that would reduce your risk of developing cancer?

Having a healthy diet

Why might researchers want to transplant tumor cells from human cancer patients into mouse avatars?

It is possible to determine appropriate drug treatments by screening different drugs in different mouse avatars.

all organisms must regulate_____ by turning genes on and off different cells at different times. In prokaryotic cells, related genes may be organized into_____, which can be turned on and off as a single unit. Eukaryotes have more complex modes of control, including the packing of chromosomes,____(which can produces several mRNAs from a single gene), and the control of translation. An understanding of gene regulation mechanisms has led to several interesting and important applications. For example, the loss of gene regulation can result in cancer, or out-of-control cell growth. And___can produce new live individuals, while___can produce potentially therapeutic stem cells

- gene expression - operons - RNA splicing - cancer - reproductive cloning - therapeutic cloning

What is expected to happen to the number of Alzheimer's patients in the U.S. in the near future? - It is expected to decline. - It is expected to increase. - It varies based on where the patient was born. - It is expected to stay about the same.

- it is expected to increase

Activators

A protein that switches on a gene or group of genes by binding to DNA.

If this drug works, it will show what? -That early-onset Alzheimer's can be cured. - That amyloid plaques are the underlying cause of some forms of -Alzheimer's. - That late-onset Alzheimer's can be cured. -That early- and late-onset Alzheimer's are very different from each other

That amyloid plaques are the underlying cause of some forms of -Alzheimer's.

You are an Alzheimer's researcher. You find a sample of cerebral spinal fluid with high tau levels. What does this indicate? - That patient has many dying brain cells. - That patient has rapidly decreasing cholesterol. - That patient shows no signs of Alzheimer's. - That patient has early-onset Alzheimer's

That patient has many dying brain cells.

RNA inferences (RNAi)

A biotechnology technique used to silence the expression of specific genes. Synthetic RNA molecules with sequences that correspond to particular genes trigger the breakdown of the gene's mRNA.

enahncers

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it. An enhancer functions by means of a transcription factor called an activator, which binds to it and then to the rest of the transcription apparatus.

Silencers

A eukaryotic DNA sequence that inhibits the start of gene transcription; may act analogously to an enhancer, binding a repressor.

DNA microarray

A glass slide containing thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments arranged in an array (grid). Tiny amounts of DNA fragments, representing different genes, are attached to the glass slide. These fragments are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules, thereby measuring the expression of thousands of genes at one time.

homeotic genes

A master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. (In plants, such genes are called organ identity genes.)

A insect normally has one pair of antennae that develop on his head. If an insect had legs that developed there instead, this would indicated what?

A mutation in a homeotic gene

How does reproductive cloning work?

A nucleus is taken from a donor cell and inserted into an enucleated egg. The early embryo that develops is then implanted into a surrogate.

What is included in RNA processing?

All of the listed answers are correct - removal of introns - splicing of exons - addition of a cap and tail

Which of the following is true about homeotic genes?

All the listed responses are correct - master control genes - determine what body parts will develop in which locations

What would allow a researcher to study gene regulation to determine which genes are switched on or off?

DNA microarray

X chromosome inactivation is an example of _________ due to __________.

DNA packing; the long term inactivation of genes

Based on this research, which of the following is true?

Delivering Cas9 and sgRNA are more successful than editing efficiency.

How are embryonic and adult stem cells different?

Embryonic stem cells can divide indefinitely; adult stem cells can generate replacements for some of the body's cells.

Operator

In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon.

What is false about inherited cancer only?

Inherited cancers are more common than acquired cancers

You are an Alzheimer's patient. Which of the following tests should you have in order to see if your brain is shrinking? - X-ray - PET scan - CT scan - MRI scan

MRI scan

What is translation?

Process in which mRNA is used to make a protein

All your cells contain proto-oncogenes, which can change into cancer-causing genes. Why do cells possess such potential time bombs?

Proto-oncogenes are necessary for normal control of cell division.

Use the data table and your knowledge of cancer to identify which statements are true. Select all that apply.

Reducing risk factors might decrease the number of cancer cases, but would be unlikely to decrease the cancer deadliness percentages. The combined survivability of all types of cancer is about 65%.

How are genes regulated in bacteria when expression is turned off?

Repressor binds to an operator which blocks RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

what is the affiliation of the writer?

She is a health news writer and editor for TIME

What aspect of gene expression most commonly controls whether a protein will be synthesized?

The promoter region

gene regulation

The turning on and off of specific genes within a living organism.

You study adoptive therapy for a pharmaceutical company. What are you researching?

The use of CRISPR to remove a diseased cell from a patient, repair it, and put it back.

Which of the following proved key to allowing CRISPR-Cas9 to cross the cell membrane safely?

The use of nanoparticles

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Transcription factors - many proteins that act in concert to bind to DNA sequences

Which of the following is responsible for preventing uncontrolled cell growth?

Tumor suppressor genes

A DNA microarray is used to __________.

Visualize patters of gene expression

Researchers have now found that some adult cells can be used as stem cells. However, adult stem cells are not as successful as embryonic stem cells unless they are modified because_________________

adult stem cells are limited in their abilities to differentiate into other cells

You are a genetic engineer and discover a gene sequence that works in a similar fashion as CRISPR-Cas9 and can be isolated from the same organism as CRISPR-Cas9. What do you isolate this sequence from?

bacterium

What is the goal of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

Correct genetic errors.

Who is financing this large clinical drug trial? - private donors - federal government - drug company - federal government, private donors, and the drug company

federal government, private donors, and the drug company

Gene Expression

he process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype: DNA S RNA S protein.

Transcription factors

in the eukaryotic cell, a protein that functions in initiating or regulating transcription. Transcription factors bind to DNA or to other proteins that bind to DNA

What are the correct steps of conducting a DNA microarray analysis?

mRNA is collected and mixed with reverse transcriptase -> reverse transcriptase produces DNA that is complementary to mRNA sequence -> fluorescently labeled cDNA mixture is added -> cDNA binds to complementary DNA fragment -> cDNA glows in microarray

You can estimate the deadliness of each type of cancer by dividing the number of deaths by the number of cases. If nearly everyone who received a diagnosis of one particular type of cancer dies, the ratio will be near 1 (or 100% deadly). If many more people receive a diagnosis than die, the ratio will be near 0 (or 0% deadly). Rank these three cancer types from the most deadly to the least deadly.

most deadly - lung cancer middle - breast cancer least deadly - prostate cancer

What kinds of somatic cell gene mutations can frequently lead to the first stages of cancer?

mutations in genes that regulate cell division

Which of the following sources would provide you with the most reliable scientific context for the article you just read? Choose the best answer.

the original National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with additional details about how the survey was conducted

What seems to be the main purpose of the news article?

to inform the public of a new study's findings about the effects of consuming excessive amounts of sugar in soda

Signal transduction pathway

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.

mircroRNA (miRNA)

A small, single-stranded RNA molecule that associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence.

Promoter

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of a gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.

alternative RNA splicing

A type of regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns.

What is the process of gene regulation in bacteria when transcription is turned on?

Lactose interferes with the attachment of the repressor by binding to it and changing it's shape. Due to its new shape the repressor cannot bind the operator and the operator swich stays on. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcription can take place.

What is the correct order of a signal transduction pathway?

Signaling cell secretes the signal molecule -> signal molecule binds to a specific receptor protein -> activation of signal transduction pathway within the target cell -> activation of transcription factor that triggers transcription of a specific gene -> translation of mRNA

What do you find when you click the links provided in the second paragraph?

The links in the second paragraph all redirect the reader to more TIME Health articles.

The description of an operon is __________.

a cluster of related genes and the sequences that control them

As shown in this figure, nuclear transplantation is a process whereby __________.

a nucleus from an adult donor is placed into a cell without a nucleus, put in culture to produce an early embryo, and implanted into a surrogate mother