BIO 1103 TEST 3 STUDY GUIDE

Which of the following is a collection of organs? a. bone, tendons, and fat b. reproductive, immune, and integumentary c. heart, lungs, and liver d. neurons, smooth muscle, and skin

c. heart, lungs, and liver

Humans bred cows specialized for milk production by allowing female cows that produce large quantities of milk to mate only with male cows with mothers that also produced large quantities of milk. This is an example of ________ selection.

Artificial

Which of the following statements about evolution is true? a) Evolution only results in the addition of traits to existing organisms b) Evolution only results in the loss of traits from existing organisms c)Evolution can result in the addition or loss of traits in existing organisms d) evolution has nothing to do with the addition or loss of traits in existing organisms

C: Evolution can result in the addition or loss of traits in existing organisms

The increase in antibiotic resistance in E. coli as a result of treating healthy animals with antibiotics is an example of ________ driving evolution.

Natural Selection

Convergent evolution involves unrelated, or distantly related, organisms developing similar traits. How is coevolution similar to convergent evolution? a. Coevolution also involves changes in unrelated, or distant, organisms. b. Coevolution, like convergent evolution, often occurs in geographic isolation. c. Coevolution is a process that occurs when food sources change. d. Coevolution also leads to similar traits developing in two species.

a. Coevolution also involves changes in unrelated, or distant, organisms.

How does geographic isolation lead to speciation? a. Geographic isolation allows mechanisms of evolution to cause genetic divergence. b. Populations that are geographically isolated develop reproductive barriers. c. The habitats for geographically isolated species are always different and this leads to morphological differences. d. Geographic isolation does not lead to speciation.

a. Geographic isolation allows mechanisms of evolution to cause genetic divergence.

The genus Lycopodium includes plants that evolved before the breakup of Pangaea. The genus Sequoiadendron (Sequoia trees) evolved after Pangaea split into separate landmasses. Which genus would you expect to have the widest distribution of living representatives across the modern continents? a. Lycopodium c. Both should be equally distributed. b. Sequoiadendron d. Both should be extinct.

a. Lycopodium

As a muscle contracts, which of the following things happens? a. The Z disks move closer together. c. The muscle creates energy. b. The sarcomeres extend. d. The myofibrils break down.

a. The Z disks move closer together.

A lizard is attacked by a bird. The lizard escapes and survives without his hind legs. Fortunately for this lizard, the loss of his hind limbs allows him to live within a smaller crevice than other lizards of the same species so he experiences less competition. Which of the following is true for this lizard? a. The loss of his legs provided an advantage within his environment. b. The loss of his hind legs would be considered an adaptive trait. c. A lack of hind limbs should become more common in this population. d. This lizard will be unable to reproduce.

a. The loss of his legs provided an advantage within his environment.

Which of the following statements about hermaphrodites is true? a. They can mate with every individual of the same species that they encounter. b. They can generally fertilize their own eggs. c. They have either testes or ovaries. d. Most animals reproduce using hermaphroditic reproduction.

a. They can mate with every individual of the same species that they encounter.

If an athlete damages a ligament in his or her knee, he or she has damaged a. a connection between two bones. b. a connection between bone and muscle. c. a mineral-based component of his or her skeleton. d. a nonliving component of his or her skeleton.

a. a connection between two bones.

Which of the following organisms would best be identified as a species using the biological species concept? a. a population of mice living on a mountaintop where the nearest population of mice is 50 miles away b. a bacteria found living in the human gut with thousands of other bacteria c. dinosaurs identified by morphologically similar fossil remains located in a single valley in South America d. a rare plant living in a remote location in Peru that reproduces asexually

a. a population of mice living on a mountaintop where the nearest population of mice is 50 miles away

When is fetal development initiated? a. at the establishment of organ systems b. at the beginning of a heartbeat c. when the baby's sex is determined d. when hair begins to grow on the baby's body

a. at the establishment of organ systems

The formation of a new species a. can occur any time genetic divergence occurs. b. can only occur when two populations are geographically isolated. c. can only occur when two populations are sympatric. d. is a process that stopped occurring thousands of years ago.

a. can occur any time genetic divergence occurs.

Speciation a. can result from geographic isolation. b. occurs in the absence of genetic divergence. c. occurs only in species living on remote islands. d. reduces variation.

a. can result from geographic isolation.

The red-breasted nuthatch and the white-breasted nuthatch are similar in appearance and, in many regions of the United States, their ranges overlap. The two organisms do not interbreed. Based on this information, red-breasted and white-breasted nuthatches are a. different species. c. hybrids. b. different populations of the same species. d. polyploids.

a. different species.

Although populations of North American apple maggot flies are not geographically isolated, they appear to be in the process of diverging into two new species. Which of the following could be causing speciation between two populations in the lack of geographic isolation? a. feeding on two different types of food c. laying their eggs in the same location b. producing fertile hybrids d. increased gene flow between them

a. feeding on two different types of food

Populations within a species are connected by a. gene flow. c. continental drift. b. speciation. d. genetic drift.

a. gene flow.

Which of the following terms describes how the male sperm and the female egg typically fuse in animals? a. internal fertilization c. spermatogenesis b. hormonal contraception d. hermaphroditism

a. internal fertilization

Which of the following sequences places the direction traveled by an egg in the correct order? a. ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina c. uterus, ovary, oviduct, vagina b. oviduct, uterus, ovary, vagina d. vagina, uterus, ovary, oviduct

a. ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina

A genetic mutation has altered a signaling molecule found embedded within cell membranes. This signaling molecule is most likely a a. protein. c. fat. b. carbohydrate. d. dietary fiber.

a. protein.

The advantage of chewing food is that this process a. provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion. b. makes food immediately ready for nutrient absorption in the stomach. c. increases the amount of vitamins in the food. d. decreases the surface area of the food to speed digestion.

a. provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion.

Which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue? a. skin c. bone b. tendons d. neurons

a. skin

Disruptions to the development of a zygote can happen at any time during pregnancy. Which of the following would be the most vulnerable time period in the development of a zygote/fetus/embryo? a. the first week c. the thirtieth week b. the twentieth week d. the fortieth week

a. the first week

Bacteria reproduce asexually, so scientists classify them based on a. the morphological species concept. b. reproductive isolation. c. the biological species concept. d. the idea that they are all strains of the same species.

a. the morphological species concept.

Some species of orchids attract wasps to assist them in reproduction by producing flowers that look like female wasps. The flowers fool male wasps into attempting to mate with them. As a result, the wasp is covered with pollen that it takes with it to the next flower it attempts to mate with. This example shows adaptive evolution by a. the orchids. c. all flowering plants. b. the wasps. d. ancestral wasps.

a. the orchids.

Which of the following organs plays a role in producing vitamin D? a. the skin c. the stomach b. the small intestine d. the large intestine

a. the skin

How rapidly an organism can absorb nutrients generally depends on a. the surface area available for absorption. b. how quickly the nutrient can diffuse into the stomach. c. the passive mechanisms that carry the nutrient into the organism. d. the volume of the organism that is taking up the nutrients.

a. the surface area available for absorption.

Which structure in the male reproductive tract has a function similar to that of the female fallopian tubes? a. the vas deferens c. the penis b. the seminiferous tubules d. the testes

a. the vas deferens

Which of the following is most likely an example of coevolution? a. The color of a rodent's hair changes to better match a new environment. b. A parasitic worm develops a new mechanism to attach to the gut lining of an organism that has a special adaptation designed to shed parasitic worms. c. Two different species of plants produce flowers that are the same color, which attracts honeybees. d. Two unrelated rodent species on different continents develop flaps of skin between their front legs and bodies that allow them to glide between trees.

b. A parasitic worm develops a new mechanism to attach to the gut lining of an organism that has a special adaptation designed to shed parasitic worms.

Which of the following statements concerning evolution is FALSE? a. Natural selection requires variation in the population. b. An individual that is better adapted than others in a population will always be more reproductively successful. c. Genetic drift causes little evolutionary change in large populations. d. Evolution involves a change of frequency of alleles in the gene pool.

b. An individual that is better adapted than others in a population will always be more reproductively successful.

Which of the following things would you expect to happen if a knee joint was formed without any cartilage? a. The knee would lack any ability to bend. b. Bones within the knee would experience friction. c. The joint would be able to bend past its normal position. d. The knee would lack synovial fluid.

b. Bones within the knee would experience friction.

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in animals is true? a. Only one parent contributes genes to the offspring. b. Both parents contribute genes to the offspring. c. The offspring are identical to their parents. d. Only one parent is needed to produce offspring.

b. Both parents contribute genes to the offspring.

Which of the following statements best explains the role of coevolution in speciation? a. Coevolution leads to two species that are perfectly adapted to exist together. b. Coevolution may lead to benefits for both of the species involved. c. Coevolution only occurs in species like corals and sea urchins that live in marine environments. d. Coevolution always benefits one species and harms another species.

b. Coevolution may lead to benefits for both of the species involved.

Which of the following must occur for one species to split into two or more species? a. The species must move into a new habitat. b. DNA sequences of genes must accumulate differences. c. Morphological changes must be obvious within the population. d. One species must undergo geographic isolation.

b. DNA sequences of genes must accumulate differences.

Every year, environmental signals in Africa cause flycatchers to return to the Netherlands to breed. When they arrive, they depend on freshly hatched caterpillars for food. Global climate change has caused the caterpillars to hatch earlier in the Netherlands, but the environmental cues in Africa remain the same. Now, when the flycatchers return to the Netherlands the caterpillars are no longer available as a food source. Which of the following is most likely to happen to this species of flycatcher? a. Flycatchers may learn that caterpillars are hatching earlier and will begin flying to the Netherlands earlier. b. Flycatchers will adapt to environmental change if alleles that aid flycatchers in utilizing other food sources (besides caterpillars) are present. c. Flycatchers will not adapt to environmental change because bird species are unable to utilize new food sources. d. Flycatchers will remain in the Netherlands instead of returning to Africa.

b. Flycatchers will adapt to environmental change if alleles that aid flycatchers in utilizing other food sources (besides caterpillars) are present.

Which of the following statements distinguishes gamete formation in human males from gamete formation in human females? a. Human males have a shorter reproductive lifespan than human females. b. Human males make sperm throughout their lives, beginning at puberty, whereas human females are born with all the eggs that may be fertilized. c. Human males produce gametes in the gonads, whereas human females produce eggs in the gut. d. Human males make two polar bodies during spermatogenesis, whereas human females do not.

b. Human males make sperm throughout their lives, beginning at puberty, whereas human females are born with all the eggs that may be fertilized.

Two birds that are very similar in morphology and live in the same forest exhibit different courtship behaviors. Which of the following describes the relationship of these birds? a. These birds are the same species because they share morphology. b. Mating would be prevented because these birds would not respond to each other's behaviors. c. Allopatric speciation is occurring between these birds. d. Coevolution is causing these birds to have similar morphology.

b. Mating would be prevented because these birds would not respond to each other's behaviors.

How do living systems "know" the appropriate temperature or water content within that system? a. Living systems depend on signals from the environment to regulate these conditions. b. Organisms have a genetically predetermined set point that must be internally maintained. c. Living systems monitor positive feedback mechanisms and shut off negative feedback loops to regulate these processes. d. Actually, most living systems do not regulate temperature or water content, so these features typically fluctuate greatly.

b. Organisms have a genetically predetermined set point that must be internally maintained.

The two squirrel species shown in the figure arose from the same ancestor. The Kaibab squirrel lives on the north rim of the Grand Canyon and Abert's squirrel lives on the south rim. Which is the most likely explanation for their speciation? a. The population of ancestral squirrel occupied only one of the rims of the Grand Canyon. As the population grew, some members of the population crossed the Grand Canyon to form a new population. b. The population of the ancestral squirrel was split by the formation of the Grand Canyon. Since the habitats were different on each rim, the populations evolved differently and became reproductively isolated. c. When the Grand Canyon formed, competition for food and shelter became fierce. The two species arose through sympatric speciation as some individuals gathered food on the north rim rather than on the south rim. d. The ancestral squirrel was actually a hybrid of two squirrel species. When the populations were separated and could no longer mate, the characteristics of the two species became more obvious.

b. The population of the ancestral squirrel was split by the formation of the Grand Canyon. Since the habitats were different on each rim, the populations evolved differently and became reproductively isolated.

Some species of fish that live in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein. Why might this protein be important to homeostasis? a. The protein might be involved in transporting water into fish cells during cold weather. The more water in the cell, the smaller the chance that ice crystals will form inside it. b. The protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low. c. The protein might be involved in removing solutes from fish cells during cold weather. With fewer solutes in the cell, essential chemical reactions are more likely to occur. d. The protein might allow this species of fish to survive global warming by enabling the fish to carry out chemical reactions that would normally be prevented by warm temperatures.

b. The protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low.

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier? a. The gametes cannot join. c. The breeding seasons are different. b. The zygote fails to develop. d. The courtship behaviors are different.

b. The zygote fails to develop.

Which of the following statements best explains why starch molecules must be broken down before they can be absorbed by the small intestine? a. They are toxic to the cells of the small intestine. b. They are too large to pass through the plasma membrane of the intestinal cells. c. They must be broken down in order to extract the essential amino acids they contain. d. The cells of the small intestine are much too small to contain them.

b. They are too large to pass through the plasma membrane of the intestinal cells.

Babies may receive an injection of vitamin K at birth. Which of the following is the most likely reason why an injection of vitamin K would be given? a. Vitamin K is required for calcium absorption, and babies need to build strong bones. b. Vitamin K is required to prevent bleeding, and babies are born with low levels of this vitamin. c. Vitamin K is required for the formation of visual pigments in the eyes, and babies use their eyes more often than their other senses. d. Vitamin K is required to build cell membranes, and babies are growing rapidly.

b. Vitamin K is required to prevent bleeding, and babies are born with low levels of this vitamin.

A large population of animals is split in two by a physical barrier. Over time, the genetic makeup of the two resulting populations becomes more and more different until each population becomes a separate species. This is an example of a. sympatric speciation. c. genetic drift. b. allopatric speciation. d. natural selection.

b. allopatric speciation.

The human liver produces bile, a substance that a. aids in the absorption of vitamin C. b. allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut. c. neutralizes the acids that are produced by pepsin. d. breaks the bonds between amino acids. .

b. allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.

Which of the following would NOT be expected after a population undergoes geographic isolation? a. a decrease in gene flow c. allopatric speciation b. an increase in gene flow d. formation of adaptive traits

b. an increase in gene flow

As an experiment, a person who wishes to avoid getting ill during the winter significantly boosts his or her vitamin intake by taking multiple vitamin supplements. This action could a. help the person live decades longer. b. be dangerous, because the human body needs vitamins only in small amounts. c. help the person look decades younger. d. reduce the person's fiber intake.

b. be dangerous, because the human body needs vitamins only in small amounts.

Which of the following forms of contraception is chemical in nature? a. a female condom c. a contraceptive sponge b. birth control pills d. sterilization

b. birth control pills

As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, most of the nutrients are absorbed by a. lymphatic vessels. c. epithelial cells. b. capillaries. d. collagen.

b. capillaries.

Two species live in the same area but breed in different parts of their habitat. These species are a. geographically isolated. c. artificially isolated. b. ecologically isolated. d. likely to produce hybrids.

b. ecologically isolated.

The contraceptive method that seals the female oviduct is a. the intrauterine device. c. the diaphragm. b. female sterilization. d. the female condom.

b. female sterilization.

By the end of a normal first trimester, the zygote a. has not yet developed visible limbs. b. has developed recognizable arms and legs. c. has reached its birth length. d. has gained about 50 percent of its birth weight.

b. has developed recognizable arms and legs.

Where in the body would you expect to find voluntary muscle that has a banded appearance? a. within the wall of the esophagus c. in the heart b. in a muscle that bends the knee d. within the wall of the stomach

b. in a muscle that bends the knee

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a potato chip through our digestive tract? a. mouth to esophagus to stomach to liver to small intestine to large intestine to anus b. mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus c. mouth to stomach to esophagus to pancreas to small intestine to large intestine to anus d. mouth to esophagus to stomach to large intestine to small intestine to anus

b. mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

For two populations to accumulate enough genetic differences to cause speciation, the factors that promote these differences a. must operate in populations that are not physically separated. b. must have a greater effect than does the amount of ongoing gene flow. c. need to be combined with the forces of genetic drift. d. should include polyploidy.

b. must have a greater effect than does the amount of ongoing gene flow.

After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37°C, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of a. tissue shock. c. set point control. b. negative feedback. d. positive feedback.

b. negative feedback.

For homework, your instructor asks you to write a paragraph discussing how the mouth, stomach, and small intestines work together to process food items and provide nutrients to the body. Which level of biological organization are you studying? a. tissues c. cells b. organ systems d. organs

b. organ systems

Mature female eggs develop under the control of hormones within the a. cervix. c. uterus. b. ovaries. d. oviduct.

b. ovaries.

Which of the following hormones is partially responsible for initiating labor contractions? a. luteinizing hormone c. testosterone b. oxytocin d. progesterone

b. oxytocin

Minerals are a. organic compounds. b. required by the human body in small amounts. c. not harmful to humans when ingested in large amounts. d. created by chemical reactions within cells.

b. required by the human body in small amounts.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest component? a. myofibrils to sarcomeres to muscle fibers b. sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers c. muscle fibers to sarcomeres to myofibrils d. sarcomeres to muscle fibers to myofibrils

b. sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers

The power that moves food along your esophagus comes from a. skeletal muscle. c. cardiac muscle. b. smooth muscle. d. voluntary muscle.

b. smooth muscle.

The most likely potential problem faced by a person who is following a low-protein diet is the failure to a. take in the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen required for life. b. take in enough essential amino acids. c. take in enough calories to survive. d. produce vitamins and minerals required by living organisms.

b. take in enough essential amino acids.

Sperm that is ejaculated from the body would pass through which of the following structures last? a. the vas deferens c. the penis b. the seminiferous tubules d. the testes

b. the seminiferous tubules

Bending your elbow involves a. smooth muscle contraction. b. the use of voluntary muscles. c. the use of involuntary muscles. d. the lengthening of sarcomeres beyond their resting length.

b. the use of voluntary muscles.

During gestation, human development is divided into several stages called a. semesters. c. conceptions. b. trimesters. d. gestations.

b. trimesters.

Which of the following nutrients have the lowest energy content per gram? a. fats c. proteins b. vitamins d. carbohydrates

b. vitamins

Gene flow occurs a. as a result of genetic drift. b. when an individual migrates between two otherwise isolated populations of a species. c. as a result of mutations in one population but not in another. d. when individuals within a population interbreed.

b. when an individual migrates between two otherwise isolated populations of a species.

Your friend Tula, who is pregnant, learns that you are studying biology and tries to quiz you about your knowledge of pregnancy. She tells you that her baby has just starting kicking, and she asks you to guess how far along she is. Based on your understanding of life in the womb, you would answer that she is about ________ month(s) pregnant. a. 1 c. 5 b. 3 d. 7

c. 5

Which of the following statements gives an example of coevolution? a. Two unrelated species form at the same time after ancestral species populate a newly formed volcanic island. b. Two closely related mice species on different mountaintops in the southwest United States both adapt the same trait because food sources are similar. c. An ant species and a plant species both develop adaptations in response to changes in the other species. d. A wild cat species and a wild dog species both have similar bacteria living in their guts, which allow them to produce vitamin K.

c. An ant species and a plant species both develop adaptations in response to changes in the other species.

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is true? a. Cardiac muscle is like skeletal muscle, because skeletal muscle has involuntary contractions. b. Cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle, because smooth muscle has a banded appearance. c. Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle. d. Cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle, because it contains no bands.

c. Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.

Bears have thinner bones than whales. Hippopotami have intermediate bone thickness. What hypothesis does this support? a. Hippopotami live in dense, murky waterways. b. Whales and bears both evolved from hippopotami. c. Hippopotami spend part of their time living in water and part living on land. d. Hippopotami are an intermediate species in the evolutionary lineage between whales and bears.

c. Hippopotami spend part of their time living in water and part living on land.

One of the most common knee injuries is the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee? a. Ligaments attach muscle to bone, so tearing of the ligament would mean that the knee muscles would no longer be able to cause the joint to bend. b. Ligaments lubricate the cartilage in a joint, and tearing the ligament would let the lubricant leak out. This would cause bones in the knee to grind against each other, making it painful to bend the knee. c. Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend. d. Ligaments are the muscles that surround a joint. Muscle tears can be painful, but they heal quickly and they usually do not affect knee function.

c. Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend.

Which of the following statements about negative feedback is true? a. Negative feedback stops a process before it reaches its set point. b. Negative feedback determines what the set point of a process should be. c. Negative feedback slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached. d. Negative feedback prevents positive feedback.

c. Negative feedback slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached.

Which of the following correctly indicates a relationship between the morphological species concept and the biological species concept? a. Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot be defined as a species based on morphology. b. Organisms capable of interbreeding always have the same physical traits. c. Organisms capable of interbreeding might have different physical traits. d. The morphological and biological species concepts are always in agreement.

c. Organisms capable of interbreeding might have different physical traits.

Which of the following is an example of a prezygotic barrier that can isolate two species living in the same geographic area? a. The members of two populations of birds living in neighboring forests freely interbreed. b. One species of cichlid has the same mating behavior as another cichlid species in the same lake. c. The gametes of one species of orchid in a rainforest are unable to fuse with the gametes of another species of orchid in the same rainforest. d. Two species of wildflowers mate and produce a hybrid that is capable of successfully breeding with either species.

c. The gametes of one species of orchid in a rainforest are unable to fuse with the gametes of another species of orchid in the same rainforest.

Two populations of lizards live in the same area. Which of the following evidence would convince you that they are two distinct species? a. Individuals in one population display a different color pattern than individuals in the second population. b. Individuals in one population are noticeably larger than individuals in the second population. c. The two populations are not capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. d. The two populations are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile hybrid offspring.

c. The two populations are not capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Which of the following forms of contraception is LEAST likely to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant? a. an intrauterine device c. a male condom b. birth control pills d. a diaphragm

c. a male condom

Equus (horses) have a single toe on their hoof, while Hyracotherium (the ancestor to horses) had four toes. Which of the following evidence would support this conclusion? a. a transition fossil that has one toe c. a transition fossil that has three toes b. an Equus fossil that has four toes d. a Hyracotherium fossil that has one toe

c. a transition fossil that has three toes

Whales have tiny thighbones embedded in the skin next to their pelvis. This is an example of a. fossilization. c. a vestigial structure. b. genetic drift. d. an analogous structure.

c. a vestigial structure.

Which of the following would be found in the oviduct immediately after fertilization? a. an embryo c. a zygote b. an ovum d. a spermatocyte

c. a zygote

The lower region of the small intestine is structured to create large amounts of surface area so that it can more efficiently a. produce enzymes to break food down into smaller molecules. b. grind food down into smaller molecules. c. absorb the chemical building blocks that are produced by digestion. d. eliminate waste products.

c. absorb the chemical building blocks that are produced by digestion.

Adaptive evolution allows species to a. reduce mutation rate. c. adjust to environmental changes. b. decrease genetic variation. d. hybridize.

c. adjust to environmental changes.

Pangaea is a. the process of continental drift. b. the combined fossil record of ancient species. c. an ancient, giant continent. d. the result of natural selection.

c. an ancient, giant continent.

Which of the following methods of reproduction is NOT used by animals? a. sexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs b. asexual reproduction involving only one animal c. asexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs d. a piece of an animal breaking off and growing into a new individual

c. asexual reproduction involving sperm and eggs

The function of the esophagus is to a. break down food physically. b. break down food chemically. c. carry food to the stomach. d. prepare undigested material and waste for disposal.

c. carry food to the stomach.

Close ecological interactions between two different species may lead to a. allopatric speciation. c. coevolution. b. sympatric speciation. d. geographic isolation.

c. coevolution.

In many predator-prey relationships, evolutionary change in the prey will result in evolutionary change in the predator, a phenomenon known as a. polyploidy. c. coevolution. b. allopatrism. d. sympatric speciation.

c. coevolution.

20. The liver secretes bile to the a. pancreas. c. gallbladder. b. small intestine. d. large intestine.

c. gallbladder.

When a brightly colored guppy population is placed in an area containing many predators, the population changes in only a few generations to one containing only guppies with drab, dull colors that blend into their environment. This is an example of how natural selection can a. force new color mutations to occur. b. convert a dominant allele into a recessive allele. c. improve the match between guppies and their environment. d. change the color preferences of female guppies.

c. improve the match between guppies and their environment.

Adaptive evolution a. is large-scale movement of a single species over a new geographic area. b. occurs when a more adapted species causes the extinction of a less adapted one. c. is the process by which natural selection improves the match between an organism and its environment over time. d. is an increase in the adaptiveness of many species that have already evolved.

c. is the process by which natural selection improves the match between an organism and its environment over time.

If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only, which of the following body functions would be affected? a. movement of the arms b. movement of the legs c. movement of materials through the digestive system d. movement of the eyes

c. movement of materials through the digestive system

Muscle contraction is caused by a. movement of bones that anchor the muscles. b. sarcomeres moving along other sarcomeres. c. myosin filaments sliding along actin filaments. d. contraction of actin and myosin filaments.

c. myosin filaments sliding along actin filaments.

Using reproductive isolation as a method of defining a species is NOT useful for a. species whose ranges overlap. c. organisms known only from fossils. b. species that cannot produce hybrids. d. organisms that reproduce sexually.

c. organisms known only from fossils.

When certain hormones are added to the uterus, they induce thickening in the cells lining its walls. Which of the following hormones is likely to be responsible for this change? a. estrodiol c. progesterone b. testosterone d. follicle-stimulating hormone

c. progesterone

A human female has a diploid chromosome number of 46 (2n = 46). Based on this information, which of the following cells is NOT properly matched with its chromosome number? a. diploid precursor cell: 46 chromosomes c. secondary oocyte: 46 chromosomes b. egg: 23 chromosomes d. first polar body: 23 chromosomes

c. secondary oocyte: 46 chromosomes

Individuals of the same species generally a. experience prezygotic barriers to reproduction. b. do not interbreed extensively. c. share many common physical and behavioral characteristics. d. vary only very slightly in appearance.

c. share many common physical and behavioral characteristics.

Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs? a. the small intestine c. the large intestine b. the stomach d. the esophagus

c. the large intestine

The fossils of two adult birds are found in a nest containing several fossilized eggs. Physically, the bird fossils look very different. What are scientists most likely to use to classify these species? a. the biological species concept c. the morphological species concept b. the DNA-based species concept d. the evidence of reproduction concept

c. the morphological species concept

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in the woman's blood rises. This increase causes a. the fetus to develop more rapidly. b. the amount of prostaglandins secreted by the placenta to decrease. c. the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin. d. even more estrogen to be released from the pituitary gland.

c. the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.

Significant weight gain and the growth of hair on the head are events that occur during which trimester of pregnancy? a. the first trimester b. the second trimester c. the third trimester d. It varies, depending on when the mother eats the most.

c. the third trimester

Which of the following is NOT an example of speciation? a. two populations of sea urchins in the same territory, which are physically unable to mate b. two populations of small rodents that look similar but have genetic differences c. two populations of morphologically distinct lizards that lack differences in DNA sequences d. two populations of butterflies that live in the same area but breed in different seasons

c. two populations of morphologically distinct lizards that lack differences in DNA sequences

Carbohydrates and fats are both a. digested and absorbed in the human stomach. b. sources of amino acids. c. used as energy sources. d. indigestible unless they are consumed together.

c. used as energy sources.

If a given population has 30 RR individuals, 10 Rr individuals, and 10 rr individuals, what is the allele frequency of R? a. 0.1 c. 0.5 b. 0.3 d. 0.7

d. 0.7

A gene has two alleles, D and d. The frequency of the D allele is 0.2. What is the frequency of the d allele? a. 0.2 c. 0.64 b. 0.4 d. 0.8

d. 0.8

Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate a difference in fitness that would lead to evolution by natural selection? a. Male peacocks with larger, more colorful tails are more frequently chosen as mates. b. Moths with coloration that allows them to blend in with the bark of spruce trees are more difficult for predators to find. c. Wolves who are more successful hunting in packs find mates more frequently. d. A female panda living in a zoo in China is impregnated more frequently than a female panda living in a zoo in the United States.

d. A female panda living in a zoo in China is impregnated more frequently than a female panda living in a zoo in the United States.

Which of the following statements about the amino acids that are required by adult humans is true? a. The human body produces 20 amino acids. b. There are eight amino acids used as building blocks for human proteins. c. Amino acids are the building blocks of carbohydrates. d. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

d. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

How does coevolution lead to speciation? a. Coevolution is the mechanism that allows allopatric speciation to occur. b. Coevolution causes the extinction of species that have limited genetic diversity. c. The adaptations that occur during coevolution are passed on to other species. d. An adaptation in one organism drives adaptation in a second organism.

d. An adaptation in one organism drives adaptation in a second organism.

Which of the following statements accurately describes similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction in animals? a. Both processes increase genetic variation in offspring. b. Both forms of reproduction produce offspring that have double the amount of genetic information of the parent(s). c. Both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction rely on parental chromosomes to mix in new ways. d. Both processes generate offspring that carry parental genes.

d. Both processes generate offspring that carry parental genes.

The faster a cheetah can run, the more likely it is to capture its prey. Cheetahs with longer legs are able to run faster than those with shorter legs. Although the existing cheetah population shows a variety of leg lengths, cheetah legs are not continuing to increase in length from one generation to the next. Which of the following is a possible explanation? a. The genes that are involved in cheetah leg length do not undergo mutation. b. Cheetahs with long legs are reproductively isolated from cheetahs with short legs. c. Natural selection does not act on traits involved in predation. d. Longer cheetah leg bones are more likely to break.

d. Longer cheetah leg bones are more likely to break.

Which of the following statements about what happens during a muscle contraction is true? a. Actin and myosin filaments both shorten in length. b. Actin filaments shorten in length when myosin filaments bind to actin. c. Myosin filaments become attached to the Z disks in a sarcomere. d. Myosin filaments slide along actin filaments.

d. Myosin filaments slide along actin filaments.

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs? a. Organs consist of cells, whereas tissues do not. b. Organs are limited to one location in the human body, whereas most tissues move throughout the body. c. Each organ performs multiple functions, whereas a designated tissue performs only one function. d. Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

d. Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

Which of the following statements about human sperm and eggs is correct? a. Sperm are visible to the eye, whereas eggs are microscopic. b. A woman's supply of eggs is limitless. c. Eggs have twice as much genetic information as sperm have. d. Sperm are much smaller than eggs.

d. Sperm are much smaller than eggs.

Which of the following statements about myofibrils is true? a. They consist of a single sarcomere. c. They have no Z bands. b. They contain a single muscle fiber. d. They contain many sarcomeres.

d. They contain many sarcomeres.

Vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. Which of the following statements about the muscles she is strengthening is true? a. They lack myofibrils. b. They lack a banded appearance. c. They are involuntary muscles. d. They have tendons that are connected to bones.

d. They have tendons that are connected to bones.

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of geographic isolation? a. Two populations live in two valleys on opposite sides of a mountain range. b. Two populations live on different mountains with a valley between them. c. Two populations live on opposite sides of a river. d. Two populations live in different parts of a small lake.

d. Two populations live in different parts of a small lake.

A rainforest is a highly complex habitat with organisms living at various levels in the trees, on the ground, and underground. Is it possible to consider two populations of insects living in the same tree to be geographically isolated? a. No, because if they are in the same tree, they are in the same geographic area. b. No, because if they are in the same square acre, they cannot be considered geographically isolated. c. Yes, because insects only undergo allopatric speciation, and there are many species of insects. d. Yes, because there are so many habitats in one tree that the populations may never interact.

d. Yes, because there are so many habitats in one tree that the populations may never interact.

Before the cultivation of the apple tree, apple maggot flies laid their eggs exclusively on the fruit of Hawthorne trees. As apple orchards became more prominent, apple maggot flies began to lay their eggs on both the fruit of the Hawthorne tree and the fruit of cultivated apple trees. Now, apple maggot flies that live on apple trees mate and lay their eggs at different times of the year than apple maggot flies that live on Hawthorne trees. Is this an example of reproductive isolation? a. Yes; these two fly populations exhibit a postzygotic barrier that prevents hybrid individuals from developing properly. b. No; although these two fly populations do not mate in nature, they can be forced to mate in a laboratory because their DNA sequences are still the same. c. No; this is an example of speciation rather than reproductive isolation. d. Yes; these two fly populations exhibit a behavioral prezygotic barrier that prevents their gametes from encountering each other.

d. Yes; these two fly populations exhibit a behavioral prezygotic barrier that prevents their gametes from encountering each other.

During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of a. thermoregulation. c. osmoregulation. b. a negative feedback loop. d. a positive feedback loop.

d. a positive feedback loop.

Which of the following would NOT be found in the lower small intestine? a. microvilli c. a large surface area b. villi d. a smooth surface

d. a smooth surface

The human embryo develops in a fluid-filled sac called the a. uterus. c. umbilical cord. b. placenta. d. amnion.

d. amnion.

Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is a. the organ that produces and stores bile. b. the site of synthesis for all the essential amino acids. c. one of the organs through which food must pass on its way to the large intestine. d. an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.

d. an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.

Convergent evolution produces a. genetic drift. c. homologous characteristics. b. lines of common descent. d. analogous characteristics.

d. analogous characteristics.

The knee is part of the ________ skeleton, which is designed primarily for ________. a. axial; protection c. appendicular; protection b. axial; motion d. appendicular; motion

d. appendicular; motion

Some organisms switch from male to female, or vice versa. The most likely reason for the change is the a. loss of reproductive ability. b. loss of chromosomes from one year to the next. c. ability to reproduce asexually versus sexually. d. availability of environmental resources.

d. availability of environmental resources.

The rough-skinned newt produces one of the most potent toxins on the planet. Scientists in Oregon have found that as newts evolve to produce a more deadly toxin, their primary predator, the garter snake, evolves ways to resist the toxin. This is an example of a. ecological trade-offs in the evolution of the newt. b. an adaptation of the newt to living in aquatic environments. c. reproductive isolation in a population of garter snakes. d. coevolution of predator and prey.

d. coevolution of predator and prey.

Which of the following sequences places spermatogenesis in the correct order from start to finish? a. sperm, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes, diploid precursor cell b. diploid precursor cell, secondary spermatocytes, primary spermatocyte, sperm c. primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes, diploid precursor cell, sperm d. diploid precursor cell, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes, sperm

d. diploid precursor cell, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocytes, sperm

If you were a bird about to embark on a long migratory journey, which of the following nutrients would you want to have stored in large quantities? a. sugars c. vitamins b. proteins d. fats

d. fats

Geographic isolation limits the ________ between populations of a species. a. genetic differences c. directional selection b. adaptation d. gene flow

d. gene flow

Some freshwater snail eggs are accidentally introduced into a new habitat that is geographically isolated from the original population. Which of the following must occur before these snails are described as two separate species? a. gene flow c. adaptation b. sympatric speciation d. genetic divergence

d. genetic divergence

When comparing certain amino acid sequences in the protein hemoglobin of humans to those of other animals, scientists found that baboons had seven amino acids that were different than the human protein, dogs had 10 amino acids that were different than the human protein, gorillas had one amino acid that was different than the human protein, and lemurs had eight amino acids that were different than the human protein. Which of these animals is most closely related to humans? a. baboon c. lemur b. dog d. gorilla

d. gorilla

The number of chromosomes in secondary spermatocytes is fewer than in primary spermatocytes because a. sister chromatids are separated during meiosis II. b. sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I. c. homologous pairs are separated during meiosis II. d. homologous pairs are separated during meiosis I.

d. homologous pairs are separated during meiosis I.

Tails are found a. in all embryos. b. only in adults and begin forming late in development. c. only in embryos of organisms that will have a tail as adults. d. in embryos of a wide variety of organisms, some of which have a tail as adults and others do not.

d. in embryos of a wide variety of organisms, some of which have a tail as adults and others do not.

One of the advantages of the villi that line the small intestine is that they a. decrease the surface area available for food absorption. b. increase the speed at which vitamins are broken down. c. increase the amount of mechanical breakdown that occurs. d. increase the surface area available for food absorption.

d. increase the surface area available for food absorption.

New alleles arise by a. nonrandom mating. c. genetic drift. b. allele frequency. d. mutation.

d. mutation.

Sympatric speciation a. occurs only in plants. b. is impossible, because the populations of a species must be isolated from one another for speciation to occur. c. is always a result of polyploidy. d. occurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier.

d. occurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier.

In natural selection, ________ that increase survival and reproductive success become more common in a population. a. genotypes c. bottlenecks b. allele frequencies d. phenotypes

d. phenotypes

In general, geographical isolation occurs when a. populations migrate to new environments. b. gene flow is reduced by more than 75 percent due to climate change. c. mutations overcome genetic drift across physical barriers. d. populations are separated by a distance that is great enough to limit gene flow.

d. populations are separated by a distance that is great enough to limit gene flow.

Which of the following is a product of the first round of meiosis in males? a. primary oocyte c. first polar body b. sperm d. secondary spermatocytes

d. secondary spermatocytes

Genetic adaptations in two closely related species living within the same territory indicates that a. gene flow is extensive between the two species. b. geographic isolation is required for evolution. c. allopatric speciation has occurred. d. sympatric speciation has occurred.

d. sympatric speciation has occurred.

Insulin is a protein hormone that helps cells use glucose. In type 1 diabetes, insulin-making cells in the pancreas are attacked and destroyed. This is an example of a. the digestive, circulatory, and excretory systems affecting one another. b. the importance of only one system being needed to perform a function. c. the importance of the excretory system in removing wastes and other toxins from the body. d. the endocrine, digestive, circulatory, and immune systems affecting one another.

d. the endocrine, digestive, circulatory, and immune systems affecting one another.

After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of an accumulation of fluid within the knee. This condition is referred to as "water on the knee." Which of the following is a likely source of this fluid? a. the tendons around the knee c. spongy bone b. the ligaments around the knee d. the synovial sac

d. the synovial sac

Which of the following vitamins is NOT associated with building or maintaining bones and teeth? a. vitamin B12 c. vitamin D b. vitamin C d. vitamin E

d. vitamin E

Fossils of organisms that lived on Pangaea are likely found a. mainly in Africa. c. mainly in South America. b. mainly in Eurasia. d. widely dispersed throughout the world.

d. widely dispersed throughout the world.

Two populations of geese live near each other. As time passes, the populations are becoming more genetically alike. This is probably due to ________.

gene flow

A chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations is referred to as ________.

genetic drift

The original source of genetic variation within a population is ________.

mutation

Which dog would have DNA most similar to the Borzoi?

Afghan hound

A college student tracks his diet for several weeks as part of a nutrition project. During the tracking period, he realizes that his diet is rich in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits, nuts, and fish, but that he tends to avoid most leafy green vegetables. Which of the following vitamins is most likely deficient in his diet? a. vitamin B12 c. vitamin A b. vitamin K d. vitamin C

b. vitamin K

For which of the following would a mountain range most likely represent a geographic barrier that would block gene flow? a. birds c. mice b. deer d. butterflies

c. mice

Evolution is a. not supported by scientific evidence. c. not supported by the fossil record. b. strongly supported by scientific evidence. d. too obscure to study.

B: Strongly supported by scientific evidence

Natural selection a. is the principle cause of extinctions. b. is the principle cause of evolutionary change. c. occurs only in gametes. d. cannot occur without genetic drift.

B: is the principle cause of evolutionary change

A scientist is studying beak length in a species of hummingbird. The scientist establishes a population of birds with beaks ranging from very small to very long and allows the population to breed for 10 years. At the end of the experiment, she finds that the majority of birds in the population have very long beaks. This is an example of the ________ selection pattern of natural selection.

Directional

The study of organisms prior to birth or hatching is called ________.

Embryology

The preserved remains of formerly living organisms are called ________.

Fossils

Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.

Movement

The only mechanism of evolutionary change that is not influenced by chance events is ________.

Natural Selection

The human appendix is an example of a(n) ________ structure.

Vestigial

In the following figure, the flying bird moves permanently into the population shown on land. As a result, the allele frequency of A in the population changes from a. 1 to 0.75. c. 0 to 0.75. b. 0 to 0.25. d. 1 to 0.25.

a. 1 to 0.75.

Insecticides are used to kill insects. However, insecticide resistant insects are being found. What is the mechanism for this new insect trait? a. An insect with a random mutation is not killed by the insecticide and reproduces. b. Exposing insects to insecticides leads to mutations, which make the insects resistant. c. Human interference with natural processes leads to genetic drift, which results in resistant insects. d. Insecticides kill all the insects in a population, and a different species of resistant insects colonizes the available resources.

a. An insect with a random mutation is not killed by the insecticide and reproduces.

The following diagram shows the bone structure of a whale flipper and a bat wing. Which of the following suggests that these two structures are homologous rather than analogous? a. Both the flipper and the wing contain five fingerlike bone projections. b. The flipper is formed from the entire front appendage of the whale, but the wing is only formed from the hand part of the front appendage of the bat. c. The bones that form the five fingerlike projections in the flipper have much thicker bones than the bones that form these projections in the bat. d. The flipper of the whale contains more bones than the wing of the bat.

a. Both the flipper and the wing contain five fingerlike bone projections.

One of the reasons scientists have had so much difficulty finding a cure for HIV/AIDS is that the HIV virus is quick to evolve resistance to the drugs used to treat it. What is the most likely mechanism for this type of evolution? a. Certain versions of the virus persist longer in the presence of a drug than others. Those viruses may survive drug treatment and pass their genes to their offspring. b. Every time an HIV drug is taken, it randomly kills off most but not all virus particles. Those that survive repopulate the body of their host. c. Although all copies of a particular strain of the HIV virus are identical, some are better at "hiding" in regions of the body that drugs cannot reach, and those viruses "teach" their offspring where to hide. d. Some versions of the HIV virus produce chemicals that break down the drugs before they can harm the virus.

a. Certain versions of the virus persist longer in the presence of a drug than others. Those viruses may survive drug treatment and pass their genes to their offspring.

Examine the following figure. According to this figure, which two breeds have the LEAST similar DNA? a. Gun dog and Borzoi c. Gun dogs and Scent hounds b. Gun dog and Spaniels d. Sight hounds and Scent hounds

a. Gun dog and Borzoi

Human and fish embryos share a number of features. Why is this? a. Humans and fish share a common ancestor. b. Embryos of all organisms, plant and animal, look alike. c. Mutations in human and fish embryos have caused them to look alike. d. Humans and fish have exactly the same genes, but as they develop, different genes are turned on in fish than in humans.

a. Humans and fish share a common ancestor.

The following image shows genetic comparisons of human, chicken, mouse, and chimpanzee. The shaded regions show nucleotide differences. Which of the following statements is supported by this data? a. Humans are more closely related to mice than to chickens. b. Humans are more closely related to mice than to chimpanzees. c. Chickens are more closely related to mice than to chimpanzees. d. Chickens are more closely related to chimpanzees than to mice.

a. Humans are more closely related to mice than to chickens.

How do natural selection and sexual selection differ? a. Natural selection increases the frequency of alleles that contribute to survival, but sexual selection may increase the frequency of alleles that are not beneficial to survival. b. Natural selection contributes to genetic drift, but sexual selection contributes to gene flow. c. Natural selection is more random than sexual selection. d. Natural selection increases the fitness of an allele, but sexual selection increases the dimorphism of an allele.

a. Natural selection increases the frequency of alleles that contribute to survival, but sexual selection may increase the frequency of alleles that are not beneficial to survival.

A mutation in a gene produces the identical protein to the original gene and therefore, an identical trait. Will evolution act upon this mutation? a. No, because evolution acts upon phenotypes. b. Yes, because evolution acts upon phenotypes. c. Yes, because mutations do contribute to evolution d. No, because mutations do not contribute to evolution.

a. No, because evolution acts upon phenotypes.

Jean-Baptiste Lamark proposed that populations evolve when traits acquired during the lifetime of a parent are passed down to offspring. What is wrong with this proposal? a. Only changes in the DNA sequence of an organism can be inherited. Traits acquired throughout life generally do not involve DNA. b. The environment chooses which traits are necessary for survival rather than the individual. c. Changes in a species occur at the individual level rather than at the population level. d. The inheritance of acquired traits would not lead to speciation because it would cause all of the individuals in a population to become more similar.

a. Only changes in the DNA sequence of an organism can be inherited. Traits acquired throughout life generally do not involve DNA.

A fisherman catches one trout from each of two ponds. Pond A contains 100 trout and pond B contains 1,000 trout. Which population is more affected by the fisherman? a. Pond A; the fisherman has a greater likelihood of completely removing alleles from the gene pool by taking a fish from the smaller population. b. Pond A; fewer fish are able to move into a small pond and find mates. c. Pond B; the fisherman is more likely to catch a fish that is undergoing evolution in a bigger population. d. Pond B; the process of evolution occurs more slowly in large populations and removing a fish speeds up the process.

a. Pond A; the fisherman has a greater likelihood of completely removing alleles from the gene pool by taking a fish from the smaller population.

The hands of a human and the hands of a chimpanzee are similar in structure because humans a. and chimpanzees share a recent common ancestor. b. evolved from chimpanzees. c. and chimpanzees evolved from different organisms that lived in similar environments. d. artificially selected for chimpanzees with hands during domestication.

a. and chimpanzees share a recent common ancestor.

Both mammals and octopi have evolved similar eye structures. This is an example of a. convergent evolution. c. disruptive selection. b. divergent evolution. d. directional selection.

a. convergent evolution.

A used car is shipped from Australia to the United States. Stowed away in the trunk of the car is a piece of wood infected with Australian termites. Once in the United States, the buyer of the car finds the rotting wood and dumps it on the side of the road. The termites survive and establish a colony on the side of the road but do not mate with local termite populations. This is an example of a. genetic drift. c. natural selection. b. mutation. d. gene flow.

a. genetic drift.

Natural selection tends to a. increase the commonality of characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction. b. decrease the number of individuals in any given population. c. lead to an increase in genetic drift. d. decrease the likelihood of adaptation.

a. increase the commonality of characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction.

Gene flow between two populations a. makes the genetic composition of the two populations more similar. b. eliminates harmful alleles. c. magnifies the effects of genetic drift. d. creates genetic differences between the populations.

a. makes the genetic composition of the two populations more similar.

Sexual selection can result in an increased frequency of alleles, which a. may be harmful to the individual's survival but is always beneficial to its reproductive rate. b. are always beneficial to the individual's survival but may be harmful to its reproductive rate. c. are always beneficial to both the individual's survival and reproductive rate. d. may be harmful to both the individual's survival and reproductive rate.

a. may be harmful to the individual's survival but is always beneficial to its reproductive rate.

The fossils of organisms that existed when the continents were connected are distributed across ________ continents than the fossils of organisms that evolved after the continents separated. a. more c. older b. fewer d. younger

a. more

The proteins and DNA of organisms that share a recent common ancestor are ________ the proteins and DNA of organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor. a. more similar than c. identical to b. less similar than d. homologous to

a. more similar than

For a population to evolve, there must be genetic differences between organisms in that population. These differences arise by a. mutation. c. natural selection. b. a change in an organism's behavior. d. common descent.

a. mutation.

The result of ________ over evolutionary time spans is that alleles that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population. a. natural selection c. homology b. artificial selection d. gene flow

a. natural selection

Fossils found in deeper layers are ________ than fossils found in more shallow layers. a. older c. more informative b. younger d. less informative

a. older

A species of cave beetle that lives in total darkness is blind but has remnants of what looks like eyes. These "eyes" are a. vestigial. c. analogous. b. homologous. d. convergent.

a. vestigial.

Humans simulate the process of natural selection when they use ________ to develop new varieties of crop plants that better meet the needs of farmers. a. artificial selection c. habitat changes b. gene flow d. continental drift

a: artificial selection

The result of convergent evolution is ________ traits.

analogous

Which of the following is NOT a step in the evolutionary process? a. Mutation results in the formation of new alleles, and sexual reproduction results in new combinations of alleles. b. New genes are introduced into a population when members of that population mate with members of other species and produce offspring. c. Genetic variation is inherited by the next generation of a population. d. Genetic drift, gene flow, and/or natural selection cause allele frequencies to change over time.

b. New genes are introduced into a population when members of that population mate with members of other species and produce offspring.

Why do human embryos develop gill slits? a. The gill slits become the lungs. b. The ancestor of humans had gills. c. This helps the embryo breathe in the womb. d. This is an unexplained mutation in humans that does not exist in other animals.

b. The ancestor of humans had gills

Two fossils of the same species are found in both Africa and South America. What does this indicate? a. This organism evolved after the separation of Pangaea. b. This organism evolved before the separation of Pangaea. c. The fossil from South America evolved from the organism from Africa. d. The fossil from Africa evolved from the organism from South America.

b. This organism evolved before the separation of Pangaea.

Whales and Indohyus share a more recent common ancestor than whales and fish. Which of the following is true? a. Whales, fish and Indohyus will all have the same amount of genetic similarities. b. Whales and Indohyus will have more similarities in their DNA than whales and fish. c. Whales and fish will have more similarities in their DNA than whales and Indohyus. d. Fish and Indohyus will have more similarities in their DNA than fish and whales.

b. Whales and Indohyus will have more similarities in their DNA than whales and fish.

A student with Strep throat (caused by a strain of bacterium) is given a prescription for an antibiotic and is told to take the drug for two weeks. After a week, the student feels better and stops taking the drug. Two months later, the student again shows symptoms of Strep throat and decides to finish the leftover antibiotic rather than going to the doctor again. Two months later, the student develops Strep throat for a third time and returns to the doctor. This time, the antibiotic does not work. The doctor runs a test and discovers that the bacterial strain the student is carrying is antibiotic resistant. What most likely happened? a. Because the use of antibiotics lowers the effectiveness of the immune system, the student continually reinfected himself with the bacteria. The third time, the student happened to be reinfected with a resistant strain. b. When the student stopped taking the drug, a small number of bacteria—those that were more drug resistant—still survived in his body. Those bacteria repopulated his throat and over time, drug-resistant alleles became more common. c. The student must have eaten produce that had been genetically engineered with antibiotic-resistant genes. When he consumed them, the bacteria in the student's throat picked up these genes through horizontal gene transfer. d. The antibiotic caused mutations in the bacterium. The more exposure to the antibiotic, the more mutations.

b. When the student stopped taking the drug, a small number of bacteria—those that were more drug resistant—still survived in his body. Those bacteria repopulated his throat and over time, drug-resistant alleles became more common.

Neanderthal fossils a. are likely to be found in layers above human fossils. b. are likely to be found in layers below human fossils. c. provide evidence of artificial selection during ancient times. d. disprove evolutionary theory because they are not ancestors of humans.

b. are likely to be found in layers below human fossils.

40. Which of the following embryo will look similar to human embryos for the longest? a. bird c. fish b. cat d. reptile

b. cat

What is genetic drift? a. gene mutation within, or between, populations b. chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations c. natural selection acting on large populations d. shifts in allelic frequencies due to mutation

b. chance evolutionary change occurring in small populations

Genetic variation is based on a. the inheritance of alleles accumulated during the lifetime of an individual. b. differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population. c. the accumulation of mutations in somatic cells (as opposed to gametes). d. the formation of new combinations of alleles during asexual reproduction.

b. differences in genotypes between the individuals in a population.

Both insects and humans evolved jointed legs to allow locomotion on land. These structures are considered analogous because insects and humans a. stopped evolving at different times in Earth's history. b. evolved from different ancestors. c. cannot breed. d. faced different environmental challenges during evolutionary time.

b. evolved from different ancestors

The fact that small, nonfunctioning hind legs are found in the skeletons of many snakes suggests that snakes a. are in the process of evolving legs. b. evolved from organisms with legs. c. are really populations of lizards with severe mutation in limb development. d. evolved from eels (snakelike fish).

b. evolved from organisms with legs.

Kangaroos are found only in Australia; these organisms a. have few adaptive qualities. b. have a narrow biogeography. c. evolved few vestigial structures. d. evolved before the separation of Pangaea.

b. have a narrow biogeography.

Both humans and whales evolved from a common ancestor. Although our forelimbs are quite different, they are made of the same bones. This is an example of a(n) a. artificial selection. c. transition fossil. b. homologous structure. d. vestigial structure.

b. homologous structure

An example of evolution that has been readily observed is a. a chameleon changing colors as it moves from a leaf of one color to a leaf of another color. b. increased resistance of bacteria to an antibiotic that is used to kill them. c. chimpanzees learning sign language. d. humans teaching dogs to obey certain commands.

b. increased resistance of bacteria to an antibiotic that is used to kill them.

Although millions of prairie chickens once occupied Illinois, in 1993 only 50 remained. Starting in 1992, scientists moved almost 300 prairie chickens from large populations in other states to Illinois to ________ Illinois prairie chicken populations. a. prevent the development of nonheritable mutations in b. introduce genetic variation back into c. induce stabilizing selection in d. cause genetic drift in

b. introduce genetic variation back into

Evolutionary changes occur when ________ acts upon populations containing individuals with genetic differences. a. continental drift c. weather b. natural selection d. mutation

b. natural selection

Peppered moths are generally light in color and blend into the trunks of the trees they live on. Populations of peppered moths found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in color. This example demonstrates a. artificial selection. c. genetic drift. b. natural selection. d. vestigial coloration.

b. natural selection.

During gene flow, a. chance events alter the gene pool of a population. b. new individuals contribute their alleles to the gene pool of a population. c. alleles that make an individual more successful move from one population to another. d. crossing-over creates new combinations of alleles during gamete formation.

b. new individuals contribute their alleles to the gene pool of a population.

A group of scientists proposed that mammals with fur that contrasts with their background are hunted more by predators than mammals with fur that blends in with their background. After running several experiments, the scientists found that dark mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a dark habitat and 75 percent of the time in a light habitat. The light colored mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a light habitat and 75 percent of the time in a dark habitat. These data a. support the hypothesis because dark-colored mice are attacked more often in both light and dark environments. b. support the hypothesis because dark-colored mice were attacked more in light environments and light-colored mice were attacked more in dark environments. c. do not support the hypothesis because although dark-colored mice are captured more often in light environments, they are also captured more often in dark environments. d. do not support the hypothesis because light-colored mice are attacked more often in both light and dark environments.

b. support the hypothesis because dark-colored mice were attacked more in light environments and light-colored mice were attacked more in dark environments.

What is the total number of alleles present for any given gene in a population of 100 individuals? a. 50 c. 200 b. 100 d. 400

c. 200

Which of the following is true with regard to mutations? a. Mutations occur in response to environmental pressures. b. Mutations are more common in slowly growing organisms. c. Mutations appear without regard to environmental pressures. d. Several mutations must occur at one time for a new phenotype to appear.

c. Mutations appear without regard to environmental pressures.

UV light causes mutations within skin cells. Is UV light a major driving force in the evolution of animals? a. Yes. UV light is always present outside and can produce both favorable and harmful mutations in skin cells. Only the favorable mutations will be passed on to the next generation. b. Yes. A mutation in the skin cell will result in an organism that is better protected from the sun. This individual will be more likely to survive and pass on this mutation to the next generation. c. No. Only mutations in gametes will be passed on to the next generation. Only mutations that are passed on to offspring contribute to evolution. d. No. Only mutations that have a favorable adaptive quality will be passed on to the next generation. UV light produces only harmful mutations.

c. No. Only mutations in gametes will be passed on to the next generation. Only mutations that are passed on to offspring contribute to evolution.

Which of the following is an example of gene flow? a. Pollen from a population A plant lands on the same plant (mating with itself). b. Pollen from a population A plant lands on another population A plant. c. Pollen from a population A plant lands on a population B plant. d. Pollen from a population B plant lands on a population B plant.

c. Pollen from a population A plant lands on a population B plant.

Which of the following statements regarding the evolutionary history of an organism is FALSE? a. Predictions of evolutionary relatedness based on fossil records often agree with predictions based on continental drift. b. Predictions of evolutionary relatedness based on fossil evidence often agree with those based on protein sequences. c. Predictions of evolutionary relatedness based on DNA usually contradict those based on anatomical evidence. d. Predictions based on DNA sequences provide the strongest evidence that two organisms are related.

c. Predictions of evolutionary relatedness based on DNA usually contradict those based on anatomical evidence.

In the following figure, the region indicated by the arrow is the only modern-day location of the freshwater lungfish. Fossils of the ancestors of the lungfish, however, have been found all over the world (dots throughout the map). What does the distribution of these fossils indicate? a. When Pangaea separated to form smaller continents, the living ancestors of the lungfish were separated. When they died, some of them formed fossils in their new lands. b. The same species of lungfish evolved on all of Earth's major landmasses after continental drift had stopped. c. The ancestors of the lungfish existed on Pangaea. After they died, some were fossilized. Their fossils were separated by continental drift. d. Lungfish were much more successful in the climates of North America than they were in the climates of South America.

c. The ancestors of the lungfish existed on Pangaea. After they died, some were fossilized. Their fossils were separated by continental drift.

Some whales have teeth as embryos but do not as adults. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon? a. Whales are in the process of evolving teeth. b. Whale teeth appear as the result of a frequently occurring mutation. c. Whales evolved from organisms that have teeth. d. The allele for teeth is unusually common in some whale populations.

c. Whales evolved from organisms that have teeth.

Evolution can be described as a. predesigned change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time. b. sudden shifts in the genetic characteristics of an individual in a population. c. a change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time. d. isolation of populations due to geologic forces.

c. a change in the genetic characteristics of a population of organisms over time.

Which of the following is NOT likely to be a cause of rapid evolution in a population? a. a changing environment b. an organism that exhibits a rapid rate of mutation c. an organism that reproduces very slowly d. the immigration of individuals carrying a new allele that significantly increases reproductive success

c. an organism that reproduces very slowly

The wings of a bird and the wings of a bat both form from the front appendages (arms). The bird wing is covered by feathers, and the bat wing consists of a thin layer of skin stretched between the "finger" bones. Are the wings of the bird and bat homologous or analogous? a. homologous, because they evolved from the same body part b. analogous, because birds' flight requires feathers and bats use skin; both are wings, but they evolved differently c. both; they are homologous because they both evolved from a front appendage, but analogous because they evolved differently d. neither, because birds and bats do not share a recent common ancestor

c. both; they are homologous because they both evolved from a front appendage, but analogous because they evolved differently

Two unrelated species evolving to look more similar due to environmental pressures is called a. gene flow. c. convergent evolution. b. genetic drift. d. divergent evolution.

c. convergent evolution.

Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural selection? a. directional selection c. dormant selection b. disruptive selection d. stabilizing selection

c. dormant selection

While on a camping trip, you collect a white tadpole from a pond and take it home. The tadpole develops into a white bullfrog. When the frog gets too big, you release it into a local pond. The next year, several white bullfrogs are observed in the pond. This is an example of a. genetic drift. c. gene flow. b. natural selection. d. sexual selection.

c. gene flow.

Whale DNA is more similar to hippo DNA than to the DNA of any other mammal. This indicates that a. whales descended from hippos. b. hippos descended from whales. c. hippos are whales' closest living relatives. d. whales and hippos may be the same species.

c. hippos are whales' closest living relatives.

Compared to a large mainland population, genetic drift in a small island population is a. less important because there is less variation with which to work. b. less important because only a few individuals do all the breeding. c. more important because of a smaller gene pool. d. more important because of the absence of competition.

c. more important because of a smaller gene pool.

Several related bird species live in a desert. One species is much smaller than the other species. This species nests in holes in cacti. Because the bird is so small, it can easily squeeze between the spines of the cactus and create a well-protected nest. This is an example of a. genetic drift. c. natural selection. b. mutation. d. gene flow.

c. natural selection.

Which of the following is NOT a cause of evolution? a. mutation c. stable environmental conditions b. gene flow d. sexual selection

c. stable environmental conditions

Dolphin embryos develop hind limb buds, but these buds disappear after a short time. What is one mechanism to explain how this change occurs in the embryo? a. The hind limbs are not used and atrophy. b. The dolphin does not have the gene for the production of hind limbs. c. The hind limbs are not adaptive and dolphins with hind limbs do not survive as well. d. Genes that control the development of the embryo turn off the development of the hind limb.

d. Genes that control the development of the embryo turn off the development of the hind limb.

Cultivation of corn over thousands of years has resulted in a modern corncob that looks very different from the tiny ancestral cob. Does this support the concept of evolution? a. No. The change in corn was accidental and does not demonstrate the process of evolution. b. Yes. The change in corn is an example of natural selection and demonstrates the process of evolution. c. No. Artificial selection is driven by humans rather than natural selection and does not demonstrate what occurs in the wild. d. Yes. Artificial selection demonstrates that evolution can occur, even though the driving force was humans rather than natural selection.

d. Yes. Artificial selection demonstrates that evolution can occur, even though the driving force was humans rather than natural selection.

Breeding programs for farm-raised chickens result in a variety of unusual colors and feathers. Is this an example of evolution? a. No. Domesticated animals do not undergo evolution. b. No. Evolution occurs over long periods of time and cannot be observed. c. Yes. Chickens that are better adapted to the environment will survive and breed. d. Yes. The change in chicken coloration is a genetic change in the population over time.

d. Yes. The change in chicken coloration is a genetic change in the population over time.

A population of 8,250 mice occupies the sand dunes in a coastal area. A severe hurricane washes out several miles of sand dunes. As a result, only 50 mice remain. The population has experienced a. horizontal gene transfer. c. founder effect. b. gene flow. d. a bottleneck.

d. a bottleneck.

Disruptive selection operates whenever a. natural selection is disrupted by genetic drift. b. there is a balanced gene pool. c. only the smallest individuals survive. d. both extremes of the phenotype are more successful.

d. both extremes of the phenotype are more successful

What is biological evolution? a. the process of direct observation of the fossil record b. adaptations to common descent over time c. the unchanging nature of life on Earth d. change in the inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over generations

d. change in the inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over generations

Two different species may have similar features because of a. continental drift. b. artificial selection. c. the fossil record. d. descent from a common ancestor.

d. descent from a common ancestor.

Two different species may have similar features because of a. genetic drift. c. a bottleneck. b. the founder effect. d. descent from a common ancestor.

d. descent from a common ancestor.

Convergent evolution occurs when natural selection causes distantly related organisms to a. evolve into the same species despite the fact that they are members of separate populations. b. merge into one continuous population because of reversals in continental drift. c. evolve both analogous and homologous characteristics. d. evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges.

d. evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges.

Some finches on the Galápagos Islands eat insects, an unusual food for finches to eat. These finches a. evolved from a lineage of birds other than finches that ate insects. b. learned their habits from local birds. c. switched to insects because they tasted better than their usual food. d. fill roles that birds other than finches would fill in other places.

d. fill roles that birds other than finches would fill in other places.

The color of a certain species of beetle is determined by a single gene. Two beetles homozygous for green coloration (meaning they have two copies of the green allele) produce a single offspring with brown coloration. Brown color appeared in this offspring as a result of a. bottleneck. c. genetic drift. b. gene flow. d. mutation.

d. mutation.