BIO 111 Chapters 6-9 Review

True statements about human gametes:

-meiosis in testes produces haploid sperm -meiosis in ovaries produces haploid eggs -both eggs and sperm contribute 23 chromosomes to the zygote

In photosynthesis...

-some of the energy in sunlight is captured by chloroplasts, -atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged, and -sugar and oxygen are produced.

In cellular respiration...

-sugar is broken down to carbon dioxide and water and -the cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP.

pyruvate oxidation inputs

2 pyruvate

Glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Meiosis results in

4 non-identical cells

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

_____ is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work.

ATP

ETC outputs

ATP and H2O

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following is not an output of glycolysis?

Acetyl CoA

Most human genes come in alternate versions called ________.

Alleles

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

An electron transport chain

The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Anaphase

_______ reproduction is a means of creating new individuals solely by _______, the form of cell division that creates genetically identical daughter cells.

Asexual, mitosis

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

CO2

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + sunlight --> O2 + sugar

dark reactions inputs

CO2, ATP, NADPH

photosynthesis inputs

CO2, light, H2O

What are the processes that produce energy for the cell?

Cellular respiration produces ATP from sugar and oxygen. In plant cells, an extra process, photosynthesis, is involved in producing energy for the cell.

Which molecule has excited electrons that bounce around within the photosystems

Chlorophyll

At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called _____________.

Cytokinesis

Identify a thylakoid.

D (coin looking objects)

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

E Stroma

Identify the stroma.

E.

citric acid cycle outputs

FADH2, ATP, CO2, NADH

Which of the following is true about the human life cycle?

Gametes are produced by meiosis.

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

H2O

Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis.

INPUTS---6 CO2 (source of carbon and oxygen) +6 H20 (source of electron and hydrogen) +light (energy that drives photosynthesis) --> OUTPUTS-- glucose (sugar) + 6 O2 (gas produced from splitting water)

light reactions inputs

Light, H2O

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?

Metaphase

A genetic cross involving parents that differ in a single character is called a _____________.

Monohybrid cross

ETC inputs

NADH, FADH2, O2

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?

NADPH

light reactions outputs

NADPH, O2, ATP

photosynthesis outputs

NADPH, O2, ATP

The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelope breaks up during which phase of mitosis?

Prophase

What molecule combines with CO2 to begin the Calvin Cycle?

RuBP

_______ reproduction, in contrast, generates genetically unique offspring. To accomplish this, an organism must produce _________-- sperm and egg -- through the process of _______. The cells produced this way will be ________, meaning that they contain a single set of chromosomes. Such cells are produced only in the ________.

Sexual, gametes, meiosis, haploid, gonads

Which of the following is not an output of the light reactions?

Sugar

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?

Telophase

What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?

The chromosomes must be duplicated, which occurs during interphase.

What is misleading about the following statement: plant cells perform photosynthesis and animal cells perform cellular respiration?

The statement implies that cellular respiration does not occur in plant cells. Almost all eukaryotic cells use cellular respiration to obtain energy for their cellular work.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which of the following is not an input for the Calvin Cycle?

Water

Can two plants with purple flowers produce offspring with white flowers?

Yes, if both parents are heterozygous for the trait.

Drag the genotypes and phenotypes from the left to correctly complete the Punnett square for the F2 generation. Drag only blue labels to blue targets and pink labels to pink targets. Labels may be used more than once.

a. GG b. Green c. Gg d. green e. Gg f. green g. gg h. yellow

Drag the terms to their correct locations on the figure below. (Genes and Chromosomes)

a. homologous chromosomes b. gene locus c. recessive allele d. centromere e. sister chromatids f. alleles g. dominant allele

citric acid cycle inputs

acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

pyruvate oxidation outputs

acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2

Crossing a plant with white flowers and a plant that is homozygous for purple flowers results in offspring with what color combinations?

all flowers will be purple

Homologous chromosome pairs have just been separated and are being pulled to opposite sides of the cell. What stage of meiosis are we in?

anaphase 1

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)

autotrophs

outputs of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

During ______, the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP.

cellular respiration

A ______ is an inherited feature that varies from individual to individual.

character

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?

chloroplast

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is expressed in the organism is called the ________ allele.

dominant

Reduction

gain of electrons

The ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

genotype

Glycolysis inputs

glucose

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

dark reactions outputs

glucose

inputs of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n) .

heterotroph

The turbine within ATP synthase is turned by the flow of _______ down the concentration gradient.

hydrogen ions

what occurs during pyruvate oxidation

it happens in the cytoplasm. Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA. also producing NADH and CO2

Oxidation

loss of electrons

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

The physical traits of an organism are called its _______.

phenotype

During _____, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.

photosynthesis

The stage at which chromosomes are condensed and the nuclear envelope dissolves is

prophase

If an organism has two non-identical versions of a gene, the one that is not expressed in the organism is called the ________ allele.

recessive

One chromosomes is made up of two

sister chromatids

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.

thylakoids; stroma

A ______ is one particular variation of a character.

trait

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

water ... NADPH