BIO 111 Final

thawing permafrost

- permanently frozen areas are thawing -and soil microbes are respiring -- adds CO2 to atmosphere

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6 (glucose) is an organic molecule because it contains both carbon and hydrogen.

how does caffeine influence metabolic pathways

Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

second law of thermodynamics

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

light energy

Energy in the form of moving waves of light

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

1st Electron Transport Chain

High-energy electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The kinetic energy from the release of these ions is used to build ATP

in what phase does the cell spend most of its time

Interphase

energy movement through chlorophyll

Light energy bumps an electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a higher, excited energy level

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

polymers are formed by hydrolytic reactions of monomers

TRUE; Hydrolytic reactions break polymers into monomers

Calvin Cycle: Regeneration

The remaining G3P is used in reactions that regenerate RuBP

Dark "synthesis" Reaction

Used: CO2 , Rubisco, ATP,NADPH• Made: Glucose

Biomes

a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.

Which of the following monomers is correctly matched with its polymer?

amino acid--protein

electron shells

an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors, which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.

angiogenesis; Angiogenesis assists in "feeding" malignant tumors. This, in turn, allows the tumor to grow and enter into the bloodstream.

climate patterns

any recurring characteristic of the climate

The plasma membrane regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell. What process would be used to move a noncharged molecule across the membrane?

diffusion

Which of the following best describes enzymatic activity?

each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is the highest

viruses

evolve over time

Antigenic shift

major change in influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment

The appearance of cancerous cells differs from normal cells. If you were to view cancerous cells under the microscope, you would notice enlarged __________.

nuclei

protons

positive charge

If an influenza strain mutation results in the production of different H spikes, this could be life threatening because

h spikes are used as antigens to identify the virus by the immune system

flow of information in organisms

1. dna provides the blueprint for a protein 2. rna is synthesized to provide codons 3. amino acids are linked together to make a protein

The steps of the "photo" reaction:

1. water splitting photosystem 2. 1st electron transport chain 3. NADPH- producing photosystem 4. 2nd electron transport chain

coral bleaching

A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white.

B cells

B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow, carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces, when stimulated change into plasma cells that produce antibodies, and may become memory cells.

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms. Chromosomes condense

2nd Electron Transport Chain

High-energy electrons are passed to NADP+, creating. NADPH, a high-energy electron carrier.

global climate change

Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric CO2 levels from the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of global climate change. evidence: oceans, glaciers, extreme weather

water splitting photosystem

Light energy is used to transfer electrons to the primary electron acceptor. Electrons are donated by water, releasing oxygen and hydrogen ions as by-products

which B vitamins are used to manufacture coenzymes?

Niacin and riboflavin, manufacture FAD and NAD+

where is global warming the worst?

North Pole

NADPH producing photosystem

The NADPH-producing photosystem is identical to the water-splitting photosystem, except that electrons are donated by the electron transport chain.

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

The memory of the adaptive immune system is so effective that many times the body doesn't even present signs or symptoms of a pathogen.

how does the flu impact the respiratory system

The proteins produced by the virus interfere with the ability of epithelial cells to move materials in and out of lung tissue, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs.

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

polar ice caps

areas of thick ice covering the North and South poles

chemical bonds

atoms are attracted to each other to find electrons to fill their outer shell. when atoms share, gain, or lose electrons s chemical bond is created

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

If cancer invades the ______, this can cause an accumulation of blood calcium and may lead to a coma.

bone; Bone cancer can cause disruption in calcium homeostasis

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity

Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 1 of breast cancer?

cancer is found in a few lymph nodes

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 0 of breast cancer?

cancer is located and less than 2 cm

There are four classes of organic nutrients. Which of following correctly characterizes the given energy nutrient?

carbohydrates; provide the body with an immediate source of energy

G1 checkpoint

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

Where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplast (stroma and thylakoid)

The DNA is compacted into multiple ______ that condense and organize the genetic information before cells divide.

chromosomes; Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes that are organized before cell division

weather

day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors

ocean acidification

decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

exocytosis

1st law of thermodynamics

explains the transfer of solar energy into chemical energy

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

If you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would not be a similiar structure?

five finger digits

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes __________.

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates

roles of inflammatory response

increase blood flow, an increase in lymphocytes, and restricted movement of the infection

Topoisomerase inhibitors work by

interfering with the enzymes that separate DNA strands during the S phase of mitosis

Challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine

many strains of influenza, it evolves rapidly, it takes six months to develop the vaccine

Antimetabolites work by

mimicking nucleotides, which results in an incorrectly developed DNA molecule.

In normal cells, tumor suppressor genes

monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for damage before being passed on to daughter cells.

electrons

negative charge, no mass

Neutrons

neutral charge

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the ______.

nucleus; the nucleus is the location of the genome

three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

populations experience differential reproductive stresses, breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits, variation within a population is heritable

Cytotoxic T cell activation by cell-mediated immunity results in the ______ and apoptosis of infected cells.

production of memory T cells

Physicians will request an analysis of proteins in the blood of possible cancer patients because

proteins from cancer cells are different from normal cells

Calvin Cycle (fixation)

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars; rubisco + co2 ---> organic molecule---> Calvin cycle

key feature of glycolysis

splitting glucose into two pyruvates

chemotherapeutic drugs that would interfere with DNA synthesis.

taxanes, anitmetabodies, alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors

carbon cycle

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

the source of all energy is provided by ___

the sun

Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between the genome, genes, and proteins?

there is one genome; it consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

they have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

The enzyme ______ does not have a high degree of fidelity, and therefore more mutations can be introduced in the genetic material of RNA viruses.

rna polymerase

Role of NAD+ in cellular respiration

to move high-energy neutrons during the breakdown of glucose, moves electrons to ETC

Calvin Cylce

- three turns to make one g3p - six turns to make one glucose

Sugar Creation in Calvin Cycle

The organic molecule ismodified into a small sugarcalled G3P, using energy from2 ATP and 2 NADPH. Twomolecules of G3P arecombined to form six-carbonglucose

DNA

encodes for proteins that are involved in cellular regulation, genetic material called the genome, sections of DNA are called genes

The BRCA1 gene is involved in producing a protein that activates DNA repair enzymes, stopping the cell cycle, and putting the cell in G0 phase.

false

The closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information.

false; The closer two organisms are, the less time they have had to mutate.

The daughter cells produced through mitosis are genetically unique from the parent cell.

false; mitosis results in two identical daughter cells

p53 gene

involved in producing a protein that activates DNA repair enzymes, stopping the cell cycle and putting the cell in G0 phase

Like all nutrient class, carbohydrates are broken down at multiple points throughout digestion. In the small intestines,

monosaccharides and disaccharides are absorbed. The small intestines are the site of absorption of simple sugars.

two circumstances necessary for evolution

must be a variation for a trait within a population, an advantageous trait must be passed onto the next generation, the environment should remain constant, all traits in a population should be the same

anaphase

sister chromatids separate

Digestion of energy nutrients requires specific enzymes for each molecule. Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched with its corresponding molecule?

sucrose-maltase

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

the flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains

Which of the following statements relates most closely to a disease's R0?

the number of people who will contract an illness from a single individual in a population with no pre-existing immunity

Which of the following statements about mitochondria and chloroplasts provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

they have their own genomes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes, providing evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.

negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis within the body

true

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

true; Evolution is driven by changes in genetic information

Some scientists think viruses should be classified as living organisms because some viruses possess the ability to manufacture their own proteins.

true; Manufacturing proteins was believed to only occur in living organisms.

Enzymes are metabolic catalysts, which means they are involved in speeding up chemical reactions.

true; enzymes make chemical reactions occur faster

photo reaction

used: H20 and light energy made: ATP and NADPH released: O2 into atmosphere

energy drinks

energy drinks claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and reduce muscle fatigue. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate energy drinks because they are classified as food supplements, not food or drugs. Energy drinks do claim to increase energy levels, mental awareness, and to reduce muscle fatigue.

Roles of complement pro

enhancing inflammation, lysing cells, marking cells for phagocytosis, assisting in antigen presenting, secretion of antibodies

If a mutation occurs that results in the change of an amino acid, this will not alter the shape of the protein, and the protein will function the same.

false; the shape of the protein determines its function

In the small intestines, the role of the lacteals is to absorb __________.

fat-soluble nutrients

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system, that person may have trouble

regulating the water-salt balance of the blood