BIO 112 - Final Exam Study Guide, Pt. 2

Drag and drop each statement to the cavity it describes.

"Dorsal Body Cavity" Skull; Vertebral column "Thoracic Cavity" Contains both the heart and lungs; Bounded by the rib cage; Lower boundary is the diaphragm "Abdominopelvic Cavity" Contains the stomach; Contains the intestines; Contains the liver; Contains the bladder "Peritoneal Cavity" Coelomic space in lower trunk cavity "Pericardial Cavity" Contains only the heart "Pleural Cavity" Contains only the lungs

In many arthropods, body segments have become fused into functional groups called _____.

tagmata

Rotifers are often called wheel animals because they are radially symmetrical.

False

The following classes or superclasses of fish are matched with an example. Select the mismatched pair.

Placodermi—lobe-finned fish

Which statement about homeostasis is NOT correct?

Positive feedback mechanisms are common.

Which is NOT a cell or fiber type found in loose connective tissues?

chondrocytes

Nauplius, a unique kind of larva, is characteristic of

crustaceans.

Frog eggs most closely resemble

fish eggs.

The grasshopper equivalent of an ear is found

on the abdomen.

The only marsupial mammal living in North America is the

opossum.

Which of the following has the longest fossil record?

Homo erectus

The cell body of a motor neuron resides in the spinal cord, but it may control muscles a long distance away. In a giraffe, the ________ of a leg motor neuron may be six feet long!

axon

Spiders and certain other arthropods which lack jaws or mandibles are placed in a subphylum called

chelicerates.

A Tyrannosaurus rex's closest relative is a

chicken.

Interoctopus communication is facilitated by

chromatophores.

All of the following are true about prosimians except

they are widespread.

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

toads, salamanders

Mammals are thought to have evolved from

therapsids.

Apes and humans together make up a group called

hominoids.

The hominid australopithecines are generally accepted to be different from modern humans because

human brains on an average are at least twice as large in size.

A year or two after the surgery, temperature regulation often returns to normal. What part of the body has adapted to their new physiology?

hypothalamus

If the boys progressed into full-blown hypothermia, this would be a failure of which regulatory system?

temperature homeostasis

What is cartilage composed of?

glycoproteins and collagen fibers

A _________ is a circular or U-shaped ridge around the mouth, bearing either one or two rows of ciliated, hollow tentacles.

lophophore

The key specializations that occurred in the evolution of mammals include all of the following except

reduction in brain size.

Which of these methods of heat transfer is not relevant to biological systems?

reflection

The European Neanderthals were replaced about 34,000 years ago by

Cro-Magnons.

If a hiker picked up a mollusk on a trail in a rain forest, what class would it belong to?

Gastropoda

Inside its beak an octopus has a rasping tongue that is used to tear apart food, which gastropod structure is this analogous to?

Radula

What do echinoderms and chordates have in common?

endoskeletons

Which one of the following is not an adaptation shown by modern birds?

wings and a long feathered tail

All connective tissues share which of the following structural features? I-contain cells II-contain a matrix filled with extracellular material III-contain sarcomere units

I and II

Identify the class clams belong to and the correct distinguishing characters.

Bivalvia: about 10,000 species, lacks a radula, lateral orientation, protected gills.

A marine biologist is conducting research on animals that have a lophophore and two calcified shells. Based on this information, this animal must belong to the phylum

Brachiopoda.

Which of the following traits are possessed by amphibians but are not present in fish?

limbs

Scorpions have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae. Which taxonomic group are they a member of?

Chelicerata

How would an earthworm stretch its body to reach a patch of dirt after crossing a hot sidewalk?

Contraction of the circular muscles

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

In humans, one pair of pharyngeal pouches become the tube-shaped organ called the

Eustachian tube.

The side to side thrashing of a nematode is accomplished by contraction of its circular muscles.

False

The species shown in the video is the species that originally climbed out from the oceans onto land.

False

True or false: The axon of a neuron can only communicate with other neuronal cells.

False

At the Society for Neuroscience meeting, among presentations on Traumatic Brain Injury, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, scientists also gather to discuss their research on obesity. Why are these researchers at a neuroscience meeting?

In addition to acting as the integrating center for body temperature, the hypothalamus also regulates appetite.

Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue?

bone

Which of these factors would have the least effect on heat transfer processes in animals?

bone density

Lancelets and hagfish are

jawless.

The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of

jointed appendages.

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

Drag and drop each component or function to the correct division of the nervous system

"Central Nervous System" Brain; Spinal cord; Interprets input; Integrates input "Peripheral Nervous System" Motor neurons; Ganglia; Communicates signals to muscles or glands; Sensory neurons

Associate the following structures with the appropriate nonvertebrate chordate subphylum (i.e., Cephalochordata or Urochordata).

"Cephalochordata" A notochord that persists throughout the animal's life; Oral hood with tentacles; Myomeres "Urochordata" Tunic; Tadpole like larvae; Endostyle

Associate the following statements with the appropriate group of mammals.

"Monotremes" Mammals that lay shelled eggs; Possess a cloaca "Marsupials" Embryos use "short-lived" placentas; Many species live in Australia and South America "Placentals" Embryos nourished by a "long-lived" placenta; Includes humans

Match each connective tissue cell type to its function. 1. adipose cell 2. fibroblast 3. macrophage 4. chondrocyte 5. osteocyte 6. erythrocyte

1. stores fat 2. secretes collagen 3. defense against pathogens 4. builds cartilage 5. builds bone 6. transports oxygen

How does a ribbon worm differ from a flatworm?

A ribbon worm has a mouth and an anus.

According to the modern classification scheme, which animal would be a spider's closest relative?

A roundworm

When a tourist buys a sand dollar at a beach shop, what are they buying?

A skeleton

After learning about homeostasis and dynamic constancy, your lab partner says, "I'll have to remember that idea when I weigh myself every day!" Why did she say that?

Although her weight may fluctuate, as long as it stays within a narrow range this does not represent true weight gain.

Which one of the following incorrectly pairs a vertebrate group with its major evolutionary innovation?

Amphibians—paired lateral fins

Select the mismatched pair of Phylum Mollusca classes and their examples.

Bivalvia—snails

A snail in your garden and an oyster are quite different in appearance. What would be evidence to justify grouping them together?

Both have a mantle capable of secreting calcium carbonate.

Which is NOT a feature of muscle cells?

Individual cells are suspended in a matrix.

In order for frogs, and other amphibians, to live on land what adaptations did they develop? (check all that applies)

Legs; Lungs

Select the true statements about an epithelial membrane.

Usually one or only a few cell layers thick; Cover all body surfaces; Allow some substances through and act as a barrier to other substances

You are hungry and impatient, so you decide to use the oven to speed up the action of the papain enzyme. Which is the best approach?

Warm the oven to 350, then turn it off and put the bowl inside after it has cooled somewhat.

In your Ph.D. research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling. You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity. What is the most likely explanation?

When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from inputs from its dendrites.

In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have

a distinctive head or skull.

Which of the following is considered the key innovation that started chordates along the evolutionary path that led to vertebrates?

a flexible rod to which muscles are attached, which allowed lateral movement of the back

The phyla Bryozoa and Brachiopoda have which feature in common?

a lophophore

All of the following are either structures or characteristics of members of the Class Bivalvia of the Phylum Mollusca except

a radula.

The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of

actin and myosin fibers.

Which one of the following does not match a component of the amniotic egg with its primary function?

amnion—encloses embryo within an oxygen-filled cavity

Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?

cell body

Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called

chaetae.

Which one of the following annelid structures or events is not correctly paired with its role in locomotion?

chaetae—provides gas exchange surface for body muscles

Decapod crustaceans (shrimps, lobsters, and crabs) all lack

chelicerae.

Trochophores, the free-swimming larvae of many mollusks, are propelled through the water by

cilia.

The organ that is responsible for secreting cocoons in the oligochaetes is known as the

clitellum.

Members of the phyla Annelida and Mollusca belong to the spiralian group Lophotrochozoa because they both possess a ______________ and a have marine representatives that undergo a ciliated larvae stage called a _______________.

coelom; trochophore

Earthworms show all of the following features except

containing distinct head regions and parapodia.

What tissue type produces the tough coverings that package organs?

dense irregular connective tissue

Which one of the following is not an adaptation seen in birds that is necessary for winged flight?

elongation of the digits of the forearm

Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called

endothermic.

The molluscan class ________ includes the snails and slugs.

gastropoda

New World monkeys evolved approximately 30 million years ago. These animals are easy to identify because they

have flattened noses and prehensile tails.

When a dog's brain detects the need to dissipate excess heat and the dog begins to pant, the brain acts as the _________________, and the panting behavior acts as the ________________.

integrating center; effector

A bride-to-be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding. What organ system is being pampered?

integumentary system

The nitrogenous waste in mollusks is removed by

nephridia.

Of the primates listed below, a humans closest extant relative is a(n)

orangutan.

Some animals allow their body temperature to conform to the environment. What is the old term for these animals, and what is the newer preferred term?

poikilotherms; ectotherms

Annelids are characterized by serial ________.

segmentation

Homeostasis is maintained using negative feedback loops. Which part of a negative feedback loop detects conditions?

sensor

The partitions that separate the segments of the annelid body are known as

septa.

Bony fishes possess two features not found in other fish. Select the best choice from those listed below to complete the following sentence. Bony fishes have

swim bladders and gill covers called opercula.

Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called

trochophores.

Animals with pentaradial symmetry have 5 planes of symmetry.

True

The evolution of jointed appendages has made __________ very successful.

arthropods

Pulmonary veins carry

oxygenated blood.

The cephalopod mollusks have

tentacles.

After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________."

the water cooler; air conditioning

Cartilage and bone contributed to increased size in vertebrates. Evaluate the following statements about these endoskeletal tissues and determine if they are true or false. 1. A key element of vertebrate bone is a series of dermal ossicles made out of calcium carbonate. 2. Bone also contains crystals of a calcium phosphate salt. 3. Cartilage contains fibers of the protein collagen. 4. Vertebrate muscles work against bone to provide extraordinary powers of locomotion. 5. Compared to chitin, bone is much less dynamic and more brittle.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

The frogs in the video demonstrate that some part of their life cycle is associated with water. What evolutionary trait do the frogs lack, but reptiles have, that continue their association with water?

Amniotic egg

A friend of yours visited a natural history museum that had a replica of the Archaeopteryx. She told you the characteristics of Archaeopteryx that she either noticed or read at the display. Which one did she misread?

Archaeopteryx lacked teeth, as do modern birds.

Match the letter of each example from childbirth to the appropriate component of a positive feedback loop. A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information "Integrating Center"

E

The mammals share several characteristics, which distinguish them from all other classes of vertebrates. Check all of the features that are found in mammals.

Embryonic development often assisted by a placenta; Hair used for insulation, camouflage or as sensory structures; Endothermic metabolism; Mammary glands

What would be an easy way to determine if a skull is a mammal's skull?

Examine the teeth.

If a marine biology student discovered a dorsoventrally flattened marine worm, what would be an effective way to determine if the specimen was a flatworm or a ribbon worm?

Look for an anus.

Several features are unique to vertebrates. Complete the following sentences related to vertebrate characteristics by selecting from the terms provided. For the majority of vertebrates, the __________ is replaced by the vertebral column during embryonic development. Vertebrates also have a well-differentiated head with three pairs of well-developed __________. In addition to these two key characteristics, this group possesses a group of embryonic cells called the __________ that contribute to the development of many vertebrate features. These features include a heart and a __________. These and other internal organs are surrounded by an __________ that provides extraordinary powers of movement.

Notochord; Sensory organs; Neutral crest; Closed circulatory system; Endoskeleton

Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan group with a feature characterizing that group?

Nudibranchs—extensive gills in mantle cavity

A number of major evolutionary innovations arose in the fish lineage. Check all of the evolutionary innovations associated with the fishes.

Teeth arose from the rough scales of ancestral sharks; Skeletal developments leading to the amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finned fishes; The anterior gill arch formed the basis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?

Tendons secure muscles to bones and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

If a rat had a terminal anus, where would it be located?

The anus would be at the tip of its tail.

Paramecia use cilia for locomotion and to gather organic matter. How are rotifers similar?

The corona is used for feeding and swimming

What would happen to an egg that had a non-functional chorion?

The embryo would suffocate or dehydrate.

A leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques) stays in a fixed position in the water column as a tourist walks by the display in an aquarium. How is this possible?

The fish has an operculum and a swim bladder.

Dibenzoylhydrazines are a category of molecules that have been used as insecticides. They work by blocking ecdysteroid receptors. How does this kill an insect?

The insect cannot molt.

Due to a mutation in a smooth muscle gene, the blood vessels in the skin of a certain strain of mouse become dilated when temperature falls below a certain point. Based on the likely outcome of this mutation, what precautions should the researchers take to maintain the health of their mice?

The mouse room should be consistently maintained at a warm temperature.

Once of your closest extant fish relatives is a coelacanth. Where is its equivalent to your forearm?

The pectoral fin lobe

Select the correct term to complete each sentence about temperature regulation. Cells called __________ sense core temperature changes. Temperature-sensing cells synapse with neurons on the __________. Blood vessels, muscles, and glands, which are example of __________, are stimulated to promote heat loss or heat production. A stable body temperature is maintained through this process, known as __________.

Thermoreceptors; Hypothalamus; Effectors; Thermoregulation

Connective tissue includes adipose tissue, tendons, bone, cartilage, and blood. What do all these tissues have in common?

They all consist of few cells sparsely distributed in large amounts of extracellular material.

How could a palentologist distinguish between a bryozoan fossil and a brachiopod fossil?

Zoecia are always found in aggregates.

Label each tissue type on this image of a human leg executing a kick.

[Refer to Chapter 42 Homework #1, Question 25]

A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip. Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes. Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia. The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars. This shivering response was

an attempt to produce heat by burning large amounts of ATP.

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?

blood

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?

bones

Which muscle contraction is involuntary?

cardiac and smooth

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland.

exocrine

In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage?

knee cap

Which one of the following structures is not found in all adult and larval tunicates?

notochord

Which one of the following insect organ systems has placed the greatest limitation on body size compared to that of vertebrates?

respiratory system

It is generally accepted that the vertebrates that evolved during the early Devonian period are the

sharks and bony fish.

Which of the following would not provide protection to the epidermis?

simple squamous epithelium

Which type of cells line the lungs and blood vessels?

simple squamous epithelium

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called?

squamous

In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against

the exoskeleton.

An evil mastermind has created three new poisons. One interferes with gap junction function, another stimulates sebaceous glands, and a third inhibits goblet cell function. Recently, an unusually high rate of cardiac arrest has plagued the emergency rooms of local hospitals. Which poison is most likely to be responsible?

the poison that blocks gap junctions

Chimpanzees are considered to be our closest extant relative because

their genome is 99% identical to the human genome.

Antagonistic effectors are defined as two positive feedback mechanisms that work in the same direction to maintain homeostasis.

False

Muscles can carry out their unique motor function because they are the only cells which contain actin and myosin.

False

Neuroglia conduct electrical impulses, passing messages to neurons.

False

The major diversification of fishes occured in the Devonian period, since that time fish have changed little.

False

The scolex of a tapeworm contains the mouth and the anterior neural ganglia.

False

Drag and drop the appropriate name next to the image depicting each connective tissue.

Loose connective tissue; Dense connective tissue; Cartilage; Bone; Blood

How would the absence of chitin affect a land snail?

It would have difficulty feeding.

Associate the following statements with the appropriate reptile skull type.

"Synapsid" Skull present in the 1st dominant reptile group; Skull present in therapsids; Skull with a single temporal hole "Anapsid" Skull present in turtles; Skull without temporal holes "Dispsid" Skull with two pairs of temporal holes

Which one of the following statements about the phylum Brachiopoda is false?

As in bivalves, the valves in brachiopods are lateral (left and right) to the body axis.

What term best describes the bat's relationship to the frog?

Predatory

Bivalves lack a radula. How do they eat?

The gills filter water and extract organic matter.

You dissect a specimen of a vertebrate during an anatomy laboratory. It has the following characteristics: lungs, abundant blood capillaries in the skin, a three-chambered heart, a pulmonary circuit, and it has four walking legs. You conclude that the animal belongs to which vertebrate group?

amphibian

A recovering stroke patient complained about strange smells in his room, but no cause could be found. The doctor diagnosed this as phantosmia, or olfactory hallucination, and said it was likely due to stroke-related damage to which tissue?

central nervous system

Anthropoids or higher primates include all of the following except

lemurs.

Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their

laying of shelled eggs.

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?

osteocytes

You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into. Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it. Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by doing what?

running the oil pipes around the waste water pipes, to allow heat transfer from water to oil

The mucous sheet produced by the endostyle traps the microscopic food particles in the water. This sheet is located in the pharynx of what animal?

tunicate

To tenderize a tough cut of meat, you soak it in a bowl of papaya juice, which includes the enzyme papain. If a pound of meat needs to soak for one hour at your home in Brazil (27°C), how long will it take to become tender in your chilly Boston apartment (16°C)? (Use the rule of thumb of Q10 = 2 to make your prediction.)

two hours

Parasitic leeches possess a number of adaptations associated with blood-feeding. Evaluate the following statements about blood-feeding in leeches and determine if they are true or false. 1. All leeches are ectoparasites that suck blood from their hosts. 2. The muscular pharynx acts directly to pump the blood from the host into the leech. 3. Leeches secrete anticoagulant to keep the blood of their host flowing. 4. Leeches avoid being detected when biting their host by injecting an anesthetic into the host's wound. 5. Blood-feeding leeches often detect hosts by sensing gradients of nitrogen gas (N2) in the environment.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

While birds share several features with reptiles, two primary characteristics distinguish them from living reptiles. Evaluate the following statements about birds and determine if they are true or false. 1. Birds do not produce amniotic eggs. 2. Birds possess reptilian scales on their feet and lower legs. 3. Feathers are modified reptilian scales. 4. Many bones in the bird skeleton are fused, making them more rigid than a reptile skeleton. 5. Feathers are made of chitin.

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False

The tick, like all arthropods, has an exoskeleton. What are the possible advantages to this characteristic? (Check all that apply.)

Inhibits water loss; Muscle attachment; Protection

Pinworm is spread by contact, and the worms cause severe itching around the anus. Why is it so common?

Sometime people don't wash their hands after scratching their peri-anal region.

Label the cell types that make up each of the different types of epithelia shown.

[Refer to Chapter 42 Homework #1, Question 28]

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

lobe-finned fish.

What phylum do clams belong to?

mollusks

Turbellarian flatworms have a distinct head. When compared to the head of an insect, what is the flatworm head missing?

A mouth

You and another biologist are digging in the mud and you find what you think is a clam. Your fellow biologist disagrees with you. To explain yourself, point out which characteristics are unique to clams. (Check all that apply.)

Adductor muscle; Mantle; Foot

Annelids and arthropods were once considered closely related. Some juvenile forms of arthropods resemble annelids (maggots and caterpillars). However, modern classification schemes separate them into distant groups. What is an important feature that is different in the two groups of animals?

Annelids experience continuous growth, while in arthropods it is step-wise.

Identify and label the four most recognized classes in the phylum Mollusca.

Bivalvia; Cephalopoda; Gastropoda; Polyplacophora

Polar bears and snowy owls are found north of the Arctic circle where there are few terrestrial reptiles. How do they survive these conditions?

Both are endothermic and maintain elevated body temperatures.

In what way are a human and a crab similar?

Both have muscles that pull against rigid skeletons.

At a celebratory dinner for a recent publication, a marine biologist ordered the lobster claw appetizer. What part did she order?

Cheliped

There are advantages and disadvantages to having an exoskeleton. Complete the following sentences about exoskeletons with the correct terms. The exoskeleton is made of __________, which is extremely strong and flexible. The exoskeleton provides __________ for muscle action. The exoskeleton protects against __________ loss. As the arthropod grows, the exoskeleton must become thicker to bear the force from the __________. To grow the arthropod must undergo __________, during which time they are extremely vulnerable to predators.

Chitin; Antagonism; Water; Muscles; Ecdysis

Determine the arthropod class to which ticks belong and the correct identifying character(s) for the class. (Check all that apply.)

Class: Chelicerata; Mouthparts are pincers or fangs

Many parasitic flatworms have complex lifecycles involving several host organisms. For Asian liver flukes, humans are the primary host. What does that mean?

Egg production occurs in the human.

Cephalopods have several unique characteristics that set them apart from other mollusks. Complete the following sentences about cephalopods with the correct terms. The cephalopod ____________ has evolved into a series of arms, which are primarily used for handling prey. Among the invertebrates, cephalopods possess the largest __________. Unlike the other classes of mollusks, the cephalopods possess a(n) __________ circulatory system. Cephalopods can move using jet propulsion by pumping water through the __________ and out of their siphon. Cephalopods undergo __________ development and lack a larval stage.

Foot; Brains; Closed; Mantle cavity; Direct

If a clam were anchored such that the foot was at the 5 cm mark on a ruler and the shell extended to the 12 cm mark, when the foot contracted, which way would the shell move?

From the 12 cm mark in to the 8 or 9 cm mark

The lophophore of a brachiopod serves the same function as the __________ in a bivalve.

Gills

The arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum.

Growth takes place through ecdysis; A rigid exoskeleton made of chitin; Jointed appendages; Segments specialized into functional tagmata

The deer tick relies on sensory receptors to locate its potential host. What substances do these receptors detect?

Heat and carbon dioxide

As a group, the mollusks are morphologically diverse, but they do share several defining features. Complete the following sentences about mollusk characteristics with the correct terms. Mollusks have a thick epidermal sheet or __________, which covers the dorsal side of the body. The __________ has been adapted for a number of different functions across the phylum including locomotion, attachment, feeding, and digging. Mollusks have centralized digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems within a __________. Many mollusks feed using a rasping, tonguelike structure called the __________. The __________ is the principle structure used by mollusks to maintain osmotic balance.

Mantle; Muscular foot; Visceral mass; Radula; Nephridium

The phylum that includes snails, clams, oysters, and octopuses is the

Mollusca.

Humans have direct development, a closed circulatory system, well-developed eyes, and large brains. Which mollusk also shares these features?

Octopus

According to the information in the video, what association best describes the relationship of the deer tick to the deer?

Parasitic: one individual benefits while the other is negatively impacted.

If you examine a spider and an ant, you notice quickly that they are arthropods but they have different characteristics. Select the incorrect choice of characteristics.

Spiders and insects have a tracheal respiration system.

Elephantiasis is a human disease that is caused by a parasitic nematode that lives in the circulatory system. What causes the massive swelling of tissue that has given the disease its name?

The worms block the lymph vessels which causes the swelling.

Barnacles are sessile filter feeders but unlike bivalves they have internal fertilization. How do they solve this problem?

They are hemaphrodites with especially long penises.

There is a group of terrestrial salamanders called the lungless salamanders. These amphibians lack lungs; based on the general traits of amphibians, what is the most likely way that they obtain oxygen?

They exchange gasses across their moist skin.

Why is it important that the foot attach and anchor the clam?

When the longitudinal muscles contract, the clam is drawn into the sediment.

Which feature is an evolutionary novelty of hexapods?

Wings

Place the labels in the correct locations to show the muscular actions required for an earthworm to move forward through the soil.

[Refer to Chapter 34 Homework, Question 10]

A marine biologist makes a presentation about crustaceans to your biology class. He explains that he has recently received an NSF grant to study sessile crustaceans. You are only aware of one group of sessile crustaceans. This crustacean must be

a barnacle.

A marine biologist visits your biology class and begins his talk entitled, "Life as a Trochophore." A friend seated next to you asks, "What is a trochophore?" You explain that a trochophore is

a term used to describe a larval form of either the phylum Mollusca or Annelida.

The medicinal leech, once used to withdraw "unhealthy" blood from patients, produces ____________ to ensure blood flow from the host.

anticoagulants

Members of the class _______, which include octopuses, squids, and nautiluses, are highly intelligent.

cephalopoda

In some arthropods tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax known as a

cephalothorax.

You and your biology lab class take a field trip to a marine aquarium. Your guide is a marine biologist who studies squids. She explains to your class how squids are able to blend into their environment. She points out that squids have pouches of pigments embedded in their epithelium. The pouches are called

chromatophores.

Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan structure with its typical function?

ctenidia—secretion of the shell (when present)

Which of the following organs of cephalopods resemble those of the vertebrates?

eyes

Chelicerae function as

fangs or pincers.

In their basic body plan, mollusks have a visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium and a muscular ____ that is used in locomotion.

foot

In the Bryozoa and the Brachiopoda, the lophophore is a ciliated, circular or U-shaped structure that is used for both _________________ and __________________.

gas exchange; feeding

The rigid chitinous exoskeleton of an arthropod has all of the following functions except it

maintains a uniform size for all individuals of that species.

In mollusks, the folds of tissue that arise from the dorsal body wall and enclose a cavity surrounding the visceral mass are called the

mantle.

Squids and octopuses move by means of water movement through their

modified mantle cavity.

The high internal pressure and lack of circular muscles means nematodes cannot

move by changing their diameter.

Eyes with single lenses that respond to light and darkness are found in many arthropods; these are the

ocelli.

Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called

ommatidia.

Brachiopods develop as protostomes, but they show ______ cleavage.

radial

Examples of mollusks that live on land are the

snails and slugs.

An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies

the molting process.

Match each level of organization in the body with the appropriate image from the circulatory system.

Cell; Tissue; Organ; Organ System

Sea stars belong to the

Asteroidea.

What is meant by pentaradial symmetry?

Having 5 planes of symmetry

Although the bryozoans and brachiopods each possess a characteristic lophophore, recent molecular evidence suggests the two phyla are not as closely related as once thought. Associate the following characteristics with the appropriate phyla.

"Brachiopoda" Drosal and ventral valves; Individuals resemble clams; May have no anus "Bryozoa" Possesses a chitinous zoecium; Anus opening near mouth; Colonies resemble moss

Drag and drop each structure or function under the appropriate organ system.

"Circulatory System" Contains the heart, vessels, and blood "Digestive System" Contains the intestines; Absorbs nutrients "Endocrine System" Thyroid; Portion of pancreas that produces insulin "Urinary System" Bladder; Kidneys "Immune and Lymphatic System" Produces antibodies "Integumentary System" Skin and accessory structures "Skeletal System" Bone; Cartilage "Nervous System" Contains ganglia, sense organs, etc. "Reproductive System" Gonads "Respiratory System" Lungs; Trachea "Muscular System" Biceps

Drag and drop each function under the appropriate organ system.

"Circulatory System" Transports and distributes nutrients and gases; Uses bicarbonate to buffer body fluids "Reproductive System" Nutrition for developing young; Production of gametes "Nervous System" Processes and delivers electrical signals; Coordinates movement "Skeletal System" Provides rigid support for the body "Muscular System" Produces movement "Integumentary System" Prevents evaporative water loss "Lympathatic/Immune System" Defense against pathogens "Urinary System" Eliminates solutes and body fluid; Osmoregulation "Endocrine System" Coordinates processes by hormonal signaling; Secretes chemical signals "Digestive System" Ingestion, storage, digestion, absorption, and elimination "Respiratory System" Acquisition of O2

Label the four extant classes of arthropods and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

"Class" Chelicerata; Crustacea; Hexapoda; Myriapoda "Characteristics" Mouthparts are pincers or fangs; Mandibular mouthparts with biramous appendages; Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of three unique regions; Mandibular mouthparts and a body consisting of a head followed by numerous similar segments

Label the five extant classes of fishes and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

"Class" Sacropterygii; Actinopterygii; Chondrichthyes; Cephalaspidomorphi; Myxini "Key Characteristics" Ancestral to amphibitans; paired lobed fins; Most diverse group of vertebrates; Cartilaginous skeleton; no swim bladders; Jawless fish with no paired appendages; parasitic and nonparasitic types; Jawless fish with no paired appendages; scavengers

For many years, paleontologists were constrained to learning about dinosaurs from skeletal remains alone. However, unusual fossils and careful analysis of bone topology have allowed them to gain insights about a wider variety of tissues of the dinosaur body. Indicate which tissue each type of fossil data reveals information about.

"Connective Tissue" Fossilized bones; Fossilized teeth "Epithelial Tissue" Skin imprints; Fossilized feathers "Muscle Tissue" Attachment sites on locomotor bones "Nerve Tissue" Cranial cavity of skull

Drag and drop each organism or description under the appropriate thermoregulatory strategy.

"Endotherms" Birds; Mammals; Sweating may be used to dissipate heat; Sustained high energy activity is possible; Food intake is greater "Ectotherms" Low metabolic rate; Temperature regulation through behavior; Temperature conforms to environment; Insects; Fish; Reptiles

Drag and drop each characteristic under the tissue type it describes.

"Epithelial tissue" Barrier; Secretes and absorbs; Includes squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells; Has a free surface and a basal lamina; May be simple or stratified; Lines kidney tubules, nasal passages, intestines "Connective tissue" Surrounds, anchors, and supports; Includes bone; Includes fat; Includes blood; Includes cells scattered among an extracellular matrix "Muscle tissue" May be smooth or striated; One type produces the heartbeat; Surrounds and controls the emptying of hollow organs; One type causes limb movement "Nervous tissue" Conducts electrical impulses; Triggers rapid responses from neighboring cells; Cells vary considerably in length

A homeostatic system for temperature regulation uses effectors when the body temperature goes above or below the set point. Drag and drop the antagonistic effectors to the correct side of the system.

"If below set point" Blood vessels to skin contract; Muscles shiver "If above set point" Blood vessels to skin dilate; Glands release sweat

Match each type of connective tissue with its location, function, and one type of cell that plays a role in it.

"Loose Connective Tissue" Between organs; Energy storage; Adipose cell "Dense Connective Tissue" Sheath around muscles; Strong and flexible connections; Fibroblast "Cartilage" Joints; Reduce friction between bones; Chondrocyte "Bone" Skeleton; Rigid strength; Osteocyte "Blood" Circulatory system; Nutrient and gas transport; Erythrocyte

Sort the following structures according to the type of tissue each represents.

"Muscle" Rectus abdominus; Biceps; Quadriceps "Connective" Adipose cell; Knee meniscus; Earlobe "Nervous" Prefrontal cortex; Pain receptor; Auditory neuron "Epithelial" Alveoli of the lungs; Arterial endothelium; Ovarian ducts

Label the three orders of amphibians and match the appropriate characteristics to each group.

"Order" Anura; Caudata; Apoda "Key Characteristics" Adults compact, tailless body; rear limbs specialized for jumping; Slender body; limbs set out at right angles to body; Snakelike body, no limbs; little or no tail

Label the taxonomic names and the characteristics of the extant groups of reptiles.

"Order" Squamata: Sauria; Squamata: Serpentes; Rhynchocephalia; Chelonia; Crocodylia "Key Characteristics" Limbs set at right angles to body; No legs; Sole survivors of a once successful group that largely disappeared before dinosaurs; Armored reptiles with shell of bony plates; Advanced reptiles with 4-chambered heart and socketed teeth

Annelids have a basic body plan that is a tube within a tube. There are, however, major differences between the two principal classes within this phylum. Associate the following characteristics with the appropriate annelid class.

"Polychaeta" Primarily marine habitat; Parapodia; Many chaetae; Trochophore larvae "Clitellata" Thickened band on the body; Few or no chaetae; Hermaphroditic; Terrestrial or freshwater habitats

Associate the following characteristics with the correct group of primates.

"Prosimians" Possess large eyes; nocturnally active; Included the lemurs and tarsiers "Old World Monkeys" Lack prehensile tails, walk using palms of their hands "New World Monkeys" All species are arboreal; Possess prehensile tails; found in South America "Hominoids" Largest brain size; Truly bipedal

Imagine that the tissues of your body each have their own commercials advertising an important function. Match the most appropriate slogan to each tissue type. 1. "We keep the good stuff in and the bad stuff out" 2. "We deliver what you need where you need it" 3. "We get the message there right away" 4. "We've got the power to move you"

1. epithelial tissue 2. connective tissue 3. nerve tissue 4. muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue often functions as an impermeable shield, protecting the body from the outside world. However, in some cases epithelia function to facilitate the directed transport of important substances. Match each set of substances with the transport epithelium that regulates their passage. 1. kidney tubules 2. lining of lungs 3. small intestine

1. water, salt, urea 2. oxygen, carbon dioxide 3. amino acids, glucose

When did amphibians evolve?

350 million years ago

Match the letter of each example from childbirth to the appropriate component of a positive feedback loop. A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information "Effector"

A

The chordates share several features which have played a significant role in the evolution of the phylum. Check all of the features that one would use to exclusively classify members of Chordata and not members of Echinodermata.

A postanal tail during embryonic development; Pharyngeal pouches during embryonic development; A notochord on the dorsal side of the gut in the early embryo; A hollow nerve cord

Drag and drop each statement next to the image of the epithelial tissue it describes.

A. Simple squamous: one layer of flat cells that form a thin layer allowing diffusion B. Simple cuboidal: one layer of cube-shaped cells that secrete and absorb C. Simple columnar: one layer of elongated cells that protect, secrete, and absorb D. Pseudostratified columnar: one layer of elongated cells that secrete mucus, and provide protection E. Stratified squamous: multiple layers of cells that provide protection

Drag and drop each statement next to the image of the muscle tissue it describes.

A. Smooth muscle: Involuntary muscle that is not striated and has cells that taper at their ends B. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary muscle that is striated and has cells with multiple nuclei displaced towards their edges C. Cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle that is striated and has highly interconnected cells

To which group of fishes does the following description apply: swim bladder, bony skeleton, and paired fins supported by bony rays.

Actinopterygi

After their rapid weight loss, many bariatric surgery patients report that they constantly feel cold. How can you explain this?

Adipose tissue acts as an excellent insulator.

Homo erectus has been shown to have dispersed from

Africa.

Explain the significance of the evolution of the amniotic egg. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided. The evolution of the watertight amniotic egg with its series of membranes allowed reptiles to replace __________ and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate. Starting with the outermost membrane, the __________ lies just beneath the porous shell of the egg. The __________ encases the developing embryo within a fluid filled cavity. The __________ provides food for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut. The __________ surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted.

Amphibians; Chorion; Amnion; Yolk sac; Allantois

Which neuronal feature is incorrectly matched with its characteristic?

Axon--carries signals from other cells to the cell body

Match the letter of each example from childbirth to the appropriate component of a positive feedback loop. A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information "Response"

B

Explain the challenges of moving from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided. Because of their large __________, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting themselves out of the aquatic environment. Although there was far __________ oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the delicate structure of gills couldn't be supported in the terrestrial environment. The costs of locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and __________. These early amphibians could not venture too far away from water because __________ was restricted to moist environments.

Body size; More; Circulatory system; Egg deposition

If a boy falls off a swing and breaks his arm it will heal, however if a dragonfly breaks a wing it cannot be repaired. What explains the difference?

Bone contains living cells, chitin is acellular.

Match the letter of each example from childbirth to the appropriate component of a positive feedback loop. A. pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, which acts on the uterus B. uterine contractions increase C. fetus is pushed against uterine opening D. receptors detect stretch E. brain receives and compares stretch information "Stimulus"

C

Mammals have specialized teeth that reflect the food that they eat. Which animal would have teeth most similar to the bat's teeth?

Cat that consumes meat

Modern humans share the greatest similarities with which one of the hominids?

Cro-Magnons

Select the correct term to complete each sentence, then put the sentences in the order of the biological hierarchy from smallest to largest. A/an __________ may become specialized and may aggregate with others. A group of specialized type that grow and function as a unit is known as a/an __________. A structure composed of layers of cells of various types arranged in a specific pattern is a/an __________. Different structures working together to perform a common function are recognized as a/an __________.

Cell; Tissue; Organ; Organ system

Complete the phylogeny to show the relationship of the Chordates to the other major coelomate phyla by dragging the following labels to their proper positions on the branches.

Cnidarians; Flatworms; Nematodes; Annelids; Arthropods; Echinoderms

Select the true statements about connective tissue.

Examples of connective tissue include fat and blood; Cells are generally spaced widely apart; Connective tissue functions to support and connect other structures

All frog eggs must be laid in bodies of water.

False

All mammals have hair, mammary glands, and a placenta.

False

What unique trait do bats have that no other mammal has?

Flight

Which group of echinoderms is most likely to be mistaken for sea slug?

Holothuroidea

Because of its association with tools, the earliest human was called ____________ meaning "handy man."

Homo habilis

Of the following sequences, which one reflects the best scientific knowledge about the succession of Homo species from the past until the present?

Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens

Our own species, __________, appears to have evolved in Africa less than 200,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens

Whales have truly large body sizes. The only invertebrates that attain body sizes much larger than humans are giant squids. What feature do whales and giant squids share that allow them to attain such large sizes?

Internal skeletons

Select the true statements about Q10.

It usually measures between 2 and 3; It is a measure of temperature; It is a measure of the effect of temperature on a reaction

Select the true statements about epithelial tissues.

May serve as a covering for structures; May serve as a barrier; Can specialize to form glands; Classified according to cell shape; Classified according to the number of layers of cells that are present

DNA studies can be used to make all of the following conclusions except that

Modern man remained changeless for the last 1 million years.

If an adult human suffered a traumatic injury, could their notochord be damaged?

No; adult humans do not have a notochord.

What evidence in this video promotes the idea that frogs are amphibious?

The adult frog can spend part of its life on land, while the tadpoles must be in water after hatching.

If an animal suffered damage to the temperature sensor in its brain, what would be the result?

The integrating center would not receive inputs to compare to the set point. Body temperature could rise or fall to dangerous levels.

If the bat is able to distinguish poisonous from non-poisonous frogs, what conclusion can you draw?

The mating song of the poisonous versus non-poisonous frogs is different.

Why do some bread recipes suggest letting the dough rise in a warm place after kneading?

The metabolic rate of yeast speeds up at warmer temperatures, so more carbon dioxide is released and the dough rises more quickly.

Sharks have a number of fleshy gill slits instead of a bony gill cover. How does the affect the sharks' behavior?

The must swim to move water across their gills.

A vertebrate paleontologist is hunting through chalk deposits and find a set of fused clavicles and with some other bone fragments. What has she found?

The remains of a bird.

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St. Martin was accidentally shot with a musket. The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body. Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed. This allowed Dr. William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion. Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through?

The shot entered the thoracic cavity and exited through the abdominopelvic cavity.

Which statement describes a home heating and cooling system that functions in a homeostatic way?

The thermostat keeps the temperature within a narrow range.

Why could a biologist mistake a tunicate for a member of the plants or algae?

The tunic of a tunicate is composed of cellulose.

The hominoids share several characteristics, which distinguish them from other anthropoids. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into the hominoid group.

They exhibit adaptable behavior, more so than any other group of animals; They possess a larger brain size than the other anthropoid groups; Comparing DNA sequences, humans are closely related to chimpanzees; Hominids are bipedal, while apes are knuckle-walkers

Manta rays, sting rays, and eagle rays are similar to lampreys in that they have cartilagenous skeletons. How are they different from lampreys?

They have jaws.

Over 40% of amphibians are threatened with extinction. Considering an amphibian's lifestyle, which of the following explains why amphibians are called "indicator species" of environmental quality?

They have permeable skin and a life cycle that depends on both water and land.

Bats are active at night, therefore having acute hearing assists the bat in finding food.

True

Because ticks are arthropods they have exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

True

Tadpoles undergo a metamorphosis before being able to leave the water.

True

Select the true statements concerning echinoderms.

Tube feet are used for locomotion and grasping objects; Echinoderms are well represented in the fossil record; The blastopore of a sea star becomes its anus

A tunicate looks like a sponge. How could a biologist distinguish it from a poriferan?

Tunicates have a stomach.

Drag and drop each event into the proper sequence, starting with the first step in the negative feedback loop.

[Refer to Chapter 42 Homework #1, Question 18]

The changes that were necessary to cope with the heavy energy demands of flight in birds include all of the following except

a three-chambered heart.

What structure do myelin sheaths form along?

axons

Reptiles can maintain their internal body temperature by

behavioral mechanisms.

If you were the doctor of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia, what activity would you most strongly recommend against?

bikram (hot) yoga

Which of the following evidence obtained from fossil studies is generally accepted as marking the beginning of the hominids?

bipedalism

Birds are different from reptiles in all of the following features except

bipedalism.

In terms of number of species, the most successful terrestrial vertebrates that invaded the air are

birds.

Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do?

crocodiles

Which of the following types of epithelia would be likely to make up the tubules of the kidney?

cuboidal

The biggest threat to terrestrial life when compared to an aquatic one is

desiccation.

You excavate a fossil of a small reptile during a paleontology field trip. It has the following characteristics: skull with a pair of dorsal temporal openings and a pair of lateral temporal openings; bipedal with legs positioned directly under the pelvic girdle. Dating with radioisotopes shows that the specimen lived 100 million year ago (MYA). You conclude that the specimen belongs to which reptilian group (be specific as possible)?

dinosaur

Birds are sometimes thought as a special type of reptile because they share a common ancestor with the _________________, the crocodiles and alligators, and both birds and crocodiles and birds possess a __________________ heart.

dinosaurs; four-chambered

Features that have been retained by reptiles from the time they replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates include all of the following, except

endothermy.

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball. His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract. His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

The breast meat in the bucket of delicious fried chicken is responsible for

flying.

Which of these thermoregulation processes can be sustained for the longest period of time?

hibernation

A chimpanzee's closest extant relative is a(n)

human.

Dogs use panting to dissipate excess heat. What part of their brain detects the need for this response and sends the signal to pant?

hypothalamus

Damage to the integument may trigger action by cells of which system?

immune system

Which of these is not a method used by ectotherms to affect body temperature?

increasing metabolic rate

What feature of cardiac muscle helps the cells coordinate their contraction as a single unit?

intercalated disks rich in gap junctions

Apes and monkeys differ in two noticeable characteristics. These characteristics are that apes have

larger brains than monkeys do, and monkeys have tails and apes do not.

For human races to be considered valid biological groupings, the genetic diversity within the group would have to be _________ the genetic diversity between groups.

lower than

If the set point of the hypothalamus were to suddenly rise to 40°C (as in the induction phase of a fever), what would the initial response of the body be?

muscles contract to cause shivering

Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What is this an example of?

negative feedback

When we watch Olympic athletes perform, we are admiring the expert control of which systems working together?

nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

neurons

In addition to the senses of vision, taste, smell, hearing, and touch, we also have a sense called proprioception. It tells us the position of our bodies, based in part on stretch receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors are part of the ______________ nervous system.

peripheral

The problem with classifying people or other organisms into races is that the characteristics used to define races are usually _______________. Constant ____________ has prevented the human species from fragmenting into subspecies.

not well correlated; gene flow

Most bony fishes have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the

operculum.

All of the following features are true of Anthropoids except

opposable thumbs.

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below. (1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease. Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist. (2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any. (4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy. Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

organ system, tissue, organ, cell

In addition to its presence in desserts, the substance gelatin (derived from collagen) is included in some savory dishes. In the following recipe, which ingredient represents the richest source of collagen? "Oxtail Soup" water beef flank ox tail or bones mushrooms onions salt black ground pepper sesame oil

ox tail or bones

Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell). If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue?

peripheral nervous system

A biologist looking for synapomorphic traits for chordates would choose

pharyngeal slits or pouches.

Some individuals suffering from extended hypothermia engage in "paradoxical undressing", in which they remove their clothes despite a dangerously low body temperature. One hypothesis to explain this is that their blood vessels fatigue and suddenly relax, creating a false sensation of warmth. Not only does blood vessel dilation release body heat, but removing clothing makes the situation worse. How would you categorize this unfortunate effect?

positive feedback

The symptoms of patients with ectodermal dysplasia may include a complete lack of sweat glands. This is analogous to which of the following problems with your home heating and cooling system?

reduced function of the air conditioning system

A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist examine in this couple?

reproductive and endocrine systems

Which of the following types of muscles are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

skeletal muscle

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?

skeletal muscles

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children. What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?

skin, tendons, and cartilage

Which of the following is most likely to function as a defense system?

the integumentary system

New world monkeys have all of the following features except

they have ischial callosities (thickened rump pads).