BIO 112 Lab Practical Final Review - Combined Sets

Large intestine

-Absorbs water and forms feces -Principal site for synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms

Products of Fermantation

-Animals= Lactic acid + 2 ATP -Plants & Yeast= Ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP

Fats are digested to fatty acids and glycerol. As the reaction described in question 5 proceeds, the solution will become what type pH? Why?

-Basic -Fatty Acids & Glycerol are both basic

Esophagus

"Gullet"; no digestive/absorptive function

"Second Mouth" Blastopore becomes the anus Radial Indeterminate Enterocoelous (archenteron) ex: echinoderm, chordates

Deuterostome

Reptilia Chick Blood Nucleated Red Blood Cells These are nucleated and humans are not

Difference between these and human erythrocytes

Golgi Apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Process by which cells absorb the monomers resulting from digestion

Absorption

bisected in one plane to yield similar sections

Bilateral

Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. Can be acoelmoate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate.

Bilateria

chewed up food

Bolus

Hard palate

Bone supporting anterosuperior boundary of oral cavity

Given the following reaction: Catalase working on hydrogen peroxide to turn into water and oxygen: Which substance is the enzyme?

Catalase

Modern Phylogenetic Taxa

Domain -> Supergroup -> Group -> Subgroup -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Indehiscent

Seed does not split open when ripe

Dehiscent

Seed splits open when ripe

How populations deviate from equilibrium

Selection; Genetic Drift

Pathway of sperm

Seminiferous tubule-> rete testis-> epididymis-> ductus deference

Pick up information from the environment and relay to CNS

Sensory Neurons

Parietal peritoneum

Serous lining of abdominal cavity wall

prevents desiccation and allows gas exchange

Shell

Group Forams

Shell - porous; calcium carbonate Pseudopodia - extend through pores in shell Some photosynthetic Primarily marine

HbS/HbS

Sickle Cell Disease

Multicellular, light detecting organs

Sight in Cnidarians

Carbohydrates end product of digestion

Simple sugars

Nearly all digestion of food, and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine Vitamins, mineral and water are also absorbed in the small intestine but not digested

Small Intestine

longest section Longest in herbivores because of high protein diet Primary site of digestion and absorption

Small Intestine

Olfactory receptor cells (hair cells) Molecules dissolve into mucous layer Bind to hair cells and trigger release of neurotransmitters Information carried to the brain

Smell

Fibrous capsule

Smooth mm, tightly adhered to kidney surface

Appendix

Wormlike sac that out pockets from cecum

seedless vascular plants

ferns wind dispersed spores sporophyte dominant require water for fertilization

charophytes

closely related to land plants higher % of cellulose than other algae reproductive gametangia -oogonia -antheridia oogamous repro similar growth patterns with whorled branches and nodal regions

types of gymnosperms

coniferophyta cycadophyta ginkgophyta gnetophyta

Glomeromycota Mycorrhizae fungi

ectotrophic-cover outside of root endotrophic- penetrate root

sporopollenin

homologous trait found in plant spores and zygote of charophyta protects zygospore from desiccation. it serves a similar purpose in plant spores

ocular lens (eyepiece)

lens through which you view a magnified specimens. The right collar holds the pointer. The left has a diopter. Eye shoes can be extended or not.

hepatophyta

liverworts nonvascular gametophyte dominant separate male and female gametophytes

Sheep Liver Fluke

small, leaf shaped parasitic flat worms cuticles cover their bodies

heterocysts

specialized cells that help fix atmospheric nitrogen clear and round cells

Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea Class Crinoidea

Echinodermata Classes

Outermost later Becomes: skin, nervous system Forms the epidermis

Ectoderm

Fallopian tube

Egg typically fertilizes here

Ovulation

Ejection of immature eggs from ovary

Representation of the electrical activity of the heart. Plots the excitation and recovery of a heartbeat

Electrocardiogram

map brain waves

Electroencephalography (EEG)

How undigested waste material leaves the digestive system

Elimination

Protostome Deuterostome

Embryological Development

Developmental Similarities

Embryonic similarities across species

Bulbourethral glands

Empties a secretion into membrane is urethra

Prostate

Empties a secretion into prostatic urethra

Lack ducts Act slowly

Endocrine glands

Innermost layers Becomes: gut, liver, lungs Forms the gastrodermis

Endoderm

Molecular Biology

Evidence of common ancestry found in DNA sequences, protein, and gene similarities

Skeletal Body Cranium Jaws Amniotic Egg Protective integument

Evolutionary advances of chordates

Single-Celled Eukaryote Supergroups

Excavata SAR Clade Unikonta Archaeplastida

Eumetazoa

Except for poriferans, animals have true tissues and are placed in the clade

stage

Flat black work surface upon which the slide is placed and held with silver specimen holder.

Mutualistic

Fungi that work with a host to benefit both

Secrete a mucous cuticle that protects from desiccation and permits gas exchange across the epidermis. A closed circulatory system transports gas

Gas Exchange for Earthworms

Have a hard exoskeleton that protects from desiccation. An internal tracheal net with small openings (spiracles) transports gases

Gas exchange for Insects

Secrete a protective mucous. Some have a protective shell with an operculum to further retard desiccation. An open circulatory system transports gases

Gas exchange for snails and slug

Protected by keratinized skin or scales. A closed circulatory system transports gases. The respiratory surface is a large, thin, moist, highly vascularized region in contact with either the atmosphere or oxygenated water. It may take the form of skin, gills or lungs

Gas exchange for vertebrates

What 2 substances are free to pass back forth through the dialysis bag's semipermeable membrane?

Glucose and Potassium

Bilirubin

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of deliver

Scrotum

Location of testis in adult males

What is the formula to find magnification?

Ocular X objective

Prostate exam

Physician inserts finger through anterior wall of rectum to feel prostate gland

Proximal convoluted tubule

Primary site of tubular reabsorption

bisected in multiple planes to yield similar sections

Radial

Stomach modification of muscularis externa

-3 layers of smooth muscle -3rd layer is innermost oblique layer -pummels food and rams it into small intestine

Blood cells

-Cystitis (inflammation of bladder) - kidney stones

Group Rhizaria

-DNA evidence suggests monophyletic group -most members employ pseudopodia -supergroup SAR -subgroups foraminifera and radiolarians

Given the following reaction: Catalase working on hydrogen peroxide to turn into water and oxygen: Is this a synthetic or degradative reaction? How do you know?

-Degradative -How do you know? The larger molecule on the left becomes the two smaller molecules on the right.

Glucose

-Diabetes mellitus -eating lots of sweets

Keytone bodies

-Diabetes mellitus -pyelonephritis

Basic properties of an enzyme (biological catalyst)

-Does not get consumed -Speeds up a RXN -Substrate specific

Albumin

-Glomerulonephritis -pregnancy and exertion

Fat hydrolysis

-Litmus indicator changed from blue to pink -Colir change indicated presence of acids which is the case when fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

Ductus (vas) deferens

-Muscular passageway conveying sperm to ejaculatory duct -in spermatic cord

Bile

-NOT considered an enzyme -An emulsifier; it doesn't actually change chemical structure

Stomach

-One of the regions that breaks down foodstuffs mechanically -Initiates protein digestion

Lesser omentum

-One of the structures continuous with a representing modifications of peritoneum -Structure attached to lesser curvature of the stomach

Small intestine

-Primary region of food and water absorption -Organ distal to stomach -Location of hepatoprancreaticsphincter thru which pancreatic secretions and bile pass

Casts

-Pyelonephritis -glomerulonephritis

Pus

-Pyelonephritis -cystitis (inflammation of bladder) -gonorrhea

Subgroup ciliates

-SAR Clade -Group alveolates -cilia used for locomotion and feeding -may have 2 nuclei --macro: metabolic function and micro: genetic DNA and reproduction -paramecium is an example

subgroup dinoflagellates

-SAR Clade -Group alveolates -Red tide! -2 flagella in grooves, whirling motion -internal armor of cellulose plates -important to eco. primary production or symbiotic such as with coral

Subgroup apicomplexans

-SAR Clade -Group alveolates -animal parasites -infectious stage called a sporozoite -possess a plastid called a apicoplast -plasmodium vivax is an example

Group Alveolates

-SAR Clade -have membranous sacs beneath the cell membrane called alveoli -subgroups are apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates

High specific gravity

-Starvation -diabetes mellitus -pyelonephritis

Strict diets

-Stored fats begin to metabolize at an accelerated rate -Causes a decrease in blood pH; making pH become more acidic

Messentary

-Structure that suspends small intestine from posterior wall -Structure continuous with and repressing modifications of peritoneum

In the catalase activity, which tube showed the bubbling you expected? Why did this tube show bubbling? 1) Catalase and H2O2 2) Catalase and sucrose 3) H2o2 and water

-Tube #1 with catalase & hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide was the substrate, Catalase was the reactant. The product was water and oxygen (which creates bubbles).

Nitrogenous wastes in urine

-Urea -uric acid -creatinine

Lugol's iodine (IKI) test

-Used to test for presence of starch -Indicated by blue-black color

Penis

-copulatory organ -penetrating device

Hyman

-duct extending super laterally from uterus - partially closes vaginal canal, a membrane

photosynthetic eugelozoans

-have unique carbohydrate storage products called paramylon -similar to starch, produced in the pyrenoid -have the same photosynthetic pigments as green algae! suggests they descended from a secondary ancestor that acquired an algal symbiont through secondary endosymbiosis

field iris diaphragm

Located on top of the light, this controls the size of the field of view. Stopping it down will exclude extraneous light and improve contrast in the field of view.

1,12- 2- 3- 5- 6- 7,11- 8,10-

1,12-Epidermis 2-Guard cell 3-Chloroplast 5-Palaside layer 6-Mesophyll layer 7,11-Stomata 8,10-Guard cell

High pressure capillary bed

1. Bed is fed and drained by arterials 2. Afferent arterial is larger than efferent aterial

Functions of testis

1. Exocrine- sperm production 2. Endocrine-testosterone production

Nephron

1. Glomerulus 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Collecting duct 5. Peri tubular capillaries 6. Glomerular capsule

Absent in normal urine

1. Glucose because it is completely reabsorbed 2. Albumin because it is too large to pass through filtration membrane

Alimentary canal

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa (adventitia) -digestive tract -tubelike digestive system canal that extends from mouth to anus

Greater relative concentration in urine and glomerular filtrate

1. Phosphate ion 2. Sulfate ion 3. Potassium ions 4. Urea 5. Uric acid 6. Creatinine

Enzymes of digestive system

1. Salivary amylase 2. Trypsin 3. Lipase

Theory of Evolution (3 steps)

1. Species change over time 2. Species are related through descent from a common ancestor. 3. Biological change is driven by observable forces.

Enzymatic action

1. Substrate 2. Enzymes 3. Catalyst 4. Control

1) Define the neutron a) A subatomic particle with neutral charge b) A subatomic particle with a positive charge c) A subatomic particle with negative charge d) A particle that creates ions in solution e) The particle that identifies the atom

A

11. In biological membranes, the phospholipids are arranged in a A) bilayer, with the fatty acids pointing toward each other. B) bilayer, with the fatty acids facing outward. C) single layer, with the fatty acids facing the interior of the cell. D) single layer, with the phosphorus-containing region facing the interior of the cell. E) bilayer, with the phosphorus groups in the interior of the membrane.

A

12) Is Oxygen an electronegative element? a) Yes b) No c) Oxygen is electropositive d) Only in water e) None of the above

A

Monophyletic

A clade that consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants

Parsimony

A cladogram with the fewest character state changes that is consistent with the straits examined

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ulva

A truly multicellular alga with specialized structures; isogamous reproduction; flagellated gametes; Life-cycle divided equally into haploid and diploid stages; Only Chlorophyte with true alternation of generations

No true body cavity

Acoelomate

Lope finned fishes Coelocanth, others extinct Bones in appendages homologous to those of tetrapods Most members extinct Thought to have died out 70 million years ago Found 125-250 meters in ocean

Actinistia

Ray-finned fishes Most bony fishes bony rays with tissue in between Upper jaw bones free from skull Swim bladder allows for neutral buoyancy Mineralized skeleton Eg. Carp, perch , bass Operculum Cycloid scales

Actinopterygii

Bile in fat digestion

Acts as an emulsifier, breaking down fats

Reptilia Shell retains water Gas exchange Waste Storage Nutrient transfer to embryo

Adaptation?

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Addition of genomes from another organism through engulfing or parasitism

Oxygen Requirements of Bacteria

Aerobic - require oxygen Anaerobic - cannot tolerate oxygen Facultative Anaerobes - prefer oxygen but can survive w/o it.

Eudicot

African violet

Jawless Vertebrates Oldes vertebrate clade Lack jaws and paired appendages Myxini(Hagfish) Ptermyzontida(Lamprey) Structures made of protein keratin Notochord with a rudimentary cartilaginous cranium and a branchial skeleton

Agnathans/ Cyclostomes

High pressure of glomerulus

Aids in function of filtrate formation because the higher the capillary pressure, the more filtrate will be formed

Fastest medium that particles diffuse in? (Air, water, or solid)

Air

Trachea Rear air sacs Lungs Front Air Sacs Trachea Leaves Body One way air flow allows continuous movement of air

Air Flow for Birds

Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Bronchioles Alveoli

Air Flow in Humans

Membrane used in gas exchange and waste removal

Allantois

Mammalia Hair, hooves, and horns

Alpha keratin structures

Blind Sacs One cell thick Covered by capillaries Where gas exchange occurs

Alveoli

Group Alveolates

Alveoli - membrane bound sacs lying just under the cell membrane

Protein end product of digestion

Amino acids

fluid filled membrane that protects the embryo (amniotic fluid)

Amnion

Reptiles and Mammals

Amniotes

Eliminated the need for a wet environment for reproduction Egg shell retains water

Amniotic Egg

Three Chambered heart Right atrium is deoxygenated blood Left Atrium is oxygenated blood Ventricle is where the blood mixes

Amphibian Circulation

Increased surface area through folding-lungs Skin(primary for most amphibians) Specialized bird lungs Birds have air sacs Reptiles have keratinized skin

Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals Respiration

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Cladistics

Analyzes the distribution of traits

No holes (temporal fenestra) behind eyes Amphibians and turtles

Anapsid

Character states

Ancestral (Plesiomorphic) Derived (Apomorphic) - indicates evolutionary relationships

Plesiomorphy

Ancestral character state that is similar to the state present in a remote ancestor of the group

Resembled modern collared flagellate (choanoflagellate)

Ancient Animal Ancestor

Heterotrophs that ingest food and digest it with the aid of internal enzymes

Animal Nutrition

Metazoa

Animals share a common ancestry and comprise a monophyletic clade called

Class Polychaeta Class Oligocheta Class Hirudinea

Annelida Classes

Renal pelvis

Basin like area of the kidney, continuous with the ureter

Clitoris

Becomes erect during sexual excitement

humans lack the enzyme to break these bonds found in plant cell walls

Beta glucose bonds

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Bicuspid Valve

light intensity control

Located under the on/off switch, this knob regulates the amount of light. Keep in the middle.

Folded for increased surface area and to fit more neurons

Brain

Oldest part of the brain Heartbeat and breathing Swallowing, digesting, blinking

Brainstem

Outgroup

Branch of a cladogram that serves as a reference group to which the ingroups are compared

Cladogram

Branches diagram that illustrates relationships between adaptive characteristics of species

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate & ATP

Hydrolyses

Breakdown organic food molecules by adding water to molecular bonds, this cleaving bonds between subunits

Parabasala

Looks the same as Diplomonadida w/ one nucleus

Prepuce

Loose fold of skin encircling glans penis

crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth used for feeding (lophophorates)

Lophophore

Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Clade with 15-19 phyla using molecular techniques Lophophore Trochophore

Lophotrochozoans

Blue black in the presence of starch As starch is digested test moves from blue black to reddish brown to gold

Lugols

Primitive lungs Out pocketing of pharynx Gas exchange and swim bladder

Lungfish respiration

important in the absorption and transfer of lipids from the small intestine to the liver

Lymphatic System

Carbohydrates -> Simple sugars Fats -> Glycerol and fatty acids Proteins -> Amino Acids Nucleic Acids -> nucleotides

Macromolecules and their monomoers

Cell Membrane

Made of phospholipid bilayer

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Made up of Alveolates and Stramenopiles

Madreporite helps control hydrostatic pressure in the water vascular system

Madreporite

Diplomonadida

Mainly parasitic Two nuclei Multiple Flagella EX: Giardia

Acromion cells

Major population of secretory cells in pancreas that serves digestive process

Antheridia (moss)

Male gamete producing structure; uses water for transportation to female gamete

the role of pollen

Male gametophyte, transfers to female and produces sperm nuclei

Stamen

Male part of the flament and anther

Bean-shaped organs located typically behind the stomach and liver Composed of about 1 million nephrons (functional unit)

Mammalian Kidney

Mycelia

Mass of hyphae; feeding stucture

6.The rough ER is the portion of the ER that: A) lacks ribosomes B) contains genetic information C) has ribosomes attached to it D) is connected to the Golgi apparatus E) is the site of steroid synthesis

C

7) Define an ionic bond: a) Sharing of H atom b) Interaction of a polar compound with a non-polar compound c) Attraction of opposite charged ions d) Weak interactions between non-polar substances e) Sharing of electron pairs

C

The very large organelle shown below has genetic control of the cell's activities. This structure is the A) mitochondrion. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) vacuole. E) Golgi apparatus.

C

35. Define receptor-mediated endocytosis A) Cellular eating B) Cellular drinking C) Cellular capture of specific macromolecules using receptors D) Cellular traffic E) Cell death

C.

What is the formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion?

C=(F-32)/1.8

Products of Aerobic Reaction

CO2 + Water + 36-38 ATP

Subgroup Ciliates

Cilia - abundant and use for mobility and feeding Nuclei - many ciliates have two nuclei

smooth muscle ring that changes the shape of the lens to adjust the focal distance

Ciliary Body

Echinoderms and Chordates

Clade Deuterostomia

The ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoa

Clade Protostomia

Parsimony

Cladogram w/ fewest changes is best

Sickle Cell Anemia

Condition?

Pharynx

Conduit for both air and food

color detecting bright light fine detail concentrated at the center of the retina

Cones

outer epithelial layer of the cornea

Conjunctiva

Cercozoa

Contain a pseudopodia and calcium carbonate shell Supergroup: Rhizaria

Shape the body

Contour Feathers

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata

Deuterostome Phylums

Longitudinal groove of ciliate cells in pharynx, in vertebrates becomes the thyroid gland; involved in iodine metabolism

Endostyle/Thyroid Gland

The body cavity forms when pockets of the primitive gut ("archenteron") bud off.

Enterocoelous

Cartilaginous flap that closes off the trachea during swallowing

Epligottis

Outer, middle and inner ear Inner ear -semicircular canals -three planes -movement of fluid in canals allows sense of body position in space Eustachian tubes-drain middle ear

Equilibrium and Balance

the structures of the inner ear

Equilibrium or balance depends upon

involuntarily conducts food to stomach peristalsis

Esophagus

Eudicot

Eudicot or Monocot: Netted venation on plant

Monocot

Eudicot or Monocot: Parallel venation on leaf

Eudicot

Eudicot or Monocot: petiole; attaches to the stem at the node

Monocot

Eudicot or Monocot: sheath; attached directly to the stem

Eudicot

Eudicot or Monocot: the vascular bundles are arranged around the outside of the stem

Monocot

Eudicot or Monocot: the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem

One hold (top one) Extinct marine reptiles

Euryapsid

Speciation

Evolution of a species

Compensates for the fluctuations in arterial pressure during a heartbeat (mm Hg) Diastolic pressure + ((systolic pressure - diastolic pressure )/3)

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Touch Hearing Balance and Equilibrium Occur in skin, muscles, tendons, visceral organs, connective tissues, and large blood vessels.

Mechanoreception

Pacinian Corpuscles (Fast adaptation) Meissner's Corpuscles (Moderate Adaptation) Ruffini Endings (Slow adaptation)

Mechanoreceptors Adaptations

Kidney Traversed by long loops of renal tubules and by collecting ducts that carry urine

Medulla

Controls autonomic functions, relays nerve impulses between brain and spinal cord Heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, and constriction and dilation of blood vessels

Medulla Oblongata

Mobile

Medusa

1 seconds Located near the surface Sense Light touch

Meissners Corpuscles

Volvox

Exist as colonial spheres of 500-50,000 haploid cells; sexual reproduction by specialized cells; has many synchronized flagella; sperm are also flagellated; Chlorophyte

Spirogyra

Exists as filaments of haploid cells, reproducing via mitosis; undergoes sexual reproduction to produce zygospore in aversive conditions; isogamous reproduction; conjugative and vegetative forms; only gametes are flagellates; Chlorophyte

Ex: salivary glands ducted glands that direct secretions to specific locations

Exocrine glands

Chewing on bread

Expect a sweet taste because starch is broken down to glucose by amylase

Volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal breath

Expiratory Reserve

attached to the sclera move the eye within its socket

Extrinsic eye muscles

pax 6

Eye gene

Pseudopodia

False foot structure in some organisms; used for locomotion and engulfing

Fats end product of digestion

Fatty acids & glycerol

have tentacles and provide nutrients for the organism

Feeding Polyps

Archegonia

Female gamete producing structure; Hair-like in moss

Pistil

Female part of flower containing the ovary, stigma, and style

Prothalus

Fern gametophyte - top part = antheridia bottom part = archegonia

Fruticose

Fibrous lichen

Spirogyra

Filamentous isogamous flagellated gametes haploid dominant stage spiral chloroplasts

Radiolaria

Filamentous pseudopodia radiate from a central point; made of test silica supergroup: rhizaria

Afferent arteriole is larger than efferent arteriole Larger inlet and smaller outlet creates increased pressure

Filtration Pressure

Fimbriae

Finger like ends of uterine tube

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of intestinal mucosa that increase surface area for absorption

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

*Mollusca* Gastropoda Snail Radula Radula used to scrape algae off rocks

Function

Filters blood components Selectively absorbs filtered elements Secretes toxins Concentrates the filtrate

Function of Nephrons

*Platyhelminthes* Cestoda Taenia Pisformis Scolex and Young Proglottids

Function of hooked structure and what is it?

Mammalia Human Red Blood Cells Platelets Blood Clotting

Function of platelets

Cavernous body in penis

Function of tissue can become engorged with blood making penis stiff and more effective as a penetration device

Duodenum Digestion Villi absorb food molecules

Function?

Increased oxygen supply which would allow dinosaurs to survive an oxygen poor environment and birds to survive high altitude flight Pitch and roll control during flight Lightened skeletons for flight Skeletal and respiratory support required for gigantism in dinosaurs

Functions of air sacs

Removal of metabolic waste (ammonia to urea) Regulate the fluid balances (the pituitary gland and kidneys work together to maintain fluid levels through a negative feedback loop) Regulating electrolyte balance (K+, Na+, Cl-) Blood Pressure Regulation (Renin enzyme) Regulating pH levels

Functions of the Mammalian Kidney

Submucosa

Functions: nutrition, protection

Basidiomycetes

Fungi characterized by a lack of asexual reproduction; basidiocarp fruiting body; basidia line the gills

Parasitic

Fungi that attck a host

Chytridiomycetes

Fungi with flagellated spores and gametes; has a true alteration of generation; mostly saprophytic; Water Molds

Serves as both mouth and anus

Gastrovascular cavity

Founder Effect

Genetic drift as a result of the breaking off of a small group from a larger population.

Bottleneck Effect

Genetic drift from a catastrophic event leading to large reduction of a population.

DNA/Chromatin

Genetic information, which determines your traits; Has information for making proteins

Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

Germ Layers

fine focus adjustment

Gives refined movement for finishing focus on high power. Can make slight adjustments on low power too. Only slight adjustments should be necessary.

Capillary fluid exchange process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron.

Glomerular Filtration

Reactants of Fermentation

Glucose

Reactants of Aerobic Reaction

Glucose + O2

eyedropper

used to drop small amounts of fluids onto a designated area

forceps

used to grasp small items

In fermentation in yeast, what are their favorite sugars to use?

Glucose, then Fructose, then Sucrose

vertebrates with jaws Two sets of paired appendages (legs, arms, fins) Include: Sharks, ray finned fish, lobe finned fish, amphibians, reptiles (birds), and mammals

Gnathostomes

Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes Class Amphibia

Gnathostomes Classes

Group Chlorophyta

Green Algae -shift from isogamous to oogamous

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Green algae and Plants

Which Lens is the Oil Immersion Objective?

Grey Band with 100x magnification

Collenchyma

Ground tissue found in elongated sections of the plant; most abundant in shoot system and in leaves;

Sclerenchyma

Ground tissue that provides support to the plant; found in mature and dead areas

Stramenopila

Group that includes the subgroups Bacillariophyta and Oomycete

Supergroup Excavata

Groups: Diplomonadida Parabasala Euglenozoa

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Sperm in pelvic cavity

Happen sometimes because there is no anatomic continuity between ovary and first part of the duct system

Random mating

Hardy-Weinberg assumption that all individuals in a population have an equal chance of mating

No natural selection

Hardy-Weinberg assumption that all phenotypes have an equal chance of reproductive success

Large population

Hardy-Weinberg assumption that populations are sizable enough so that random events that change allele frequency do not occur

No genetic mutation

Hardy-Weinberg assumption that there is no introduction of new alleles that would disrupt the genetic equilibrium

No Imigration

Hardy-Weinberg assumption that there is no transport of alleles into or out of the population through transport of individuals

Sinoatrial (SA) Node Atrioventricular (AV) Node Bundle of His Purkinje fiber net

Heart Conduction

Prothallus

Heart-shaped fern reproductive structure with antheridia at top and archegonia at the bottom

Alkaline fluid

Helps buffer sperm against acid environment of female reproductive tract

Hemoglobin

Hemolytic anemias

Have both male and female gonads, and can function as either male or female to avoid self-fertilization

Hermaphrodite

Stores and processes memories Helps find memories Affects emotions

Hippocampus

Vestigial Structures

Homologous structures that are present in an organism but are no longer used; can be seen in fossils

Pancreas Insulin or Glucagon

Hormone produced by structure?

Photosynthetically

How do cyanobacteria product food?

Reptilia Ventral surface Scales Permit flexibility, while providing protection and maintaining a smooth surface against the substrate

How do these scales facilitate mobility

Echinodermata Crinoidea Feather stars lack stalk, and isnt sessile. It uses its arms to crawl along the substrate

How does this differ from a sea lily

Amphioxus Late Larvae Adult tunicates lose notochord, nerve cord and tail. Adult lancelets have all four chordate characteristics

How is this different from a tunicate

9

How many air sacs do birds have?

3

How many planes in semicircular canals

Vital Capacity/ (IRV+ERV)

How to calculate Tidal Volume

*Platyhelminthes* Trematoda Clonorchis sinesis egg aka Chinese Liver Fluke Parasite Eating raw fish and egg

How would you get this?

Hox genes provide positional information in the development of multicellular animals

Hox Genes

Body Superior and inferior vena cava Right atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Body

Human Circulation

Secreted by parietal cells Kill microbes Dissolves particulate matter

Hydrochloric Acid

Given the following reaction: Catalase working on hydrogen peroxide to turn into water and oxygen: Which substance is the substrate?

Hydrogen Peroxide

Far sightedness

Hyperopia

*Arthropods* Shield shaped calcified structure believed to be the mouthpart. Hypostome Morphology is a key trait used to differentiate fossil trilobite species

Hypostome

Homeostasis, links nervous system to endocrine system

Hypothalumus

Mammal Lung Larger than alveoli and lined with ciliated columnar epithelium

ID Bronchiole

Mammalia Human Red Blood Cells Leukocyte Platelets

Identify

the solid state is lost and the breakdown products form a liquid

If the protein molecules are chemically digested into amino acids then

0.17mm

If you have an organism in focus on high power that is about one-third of the field of view, approximately how long is the organism? (0.5mm/3)

left

If you want to make a number from larger to smaller, you move the decimal place to the ______.

right

If you want to make a number from smaller to larger, you move the decimal place to the _____.

During anaerobic respiration, where do the pyruvate molecules remain, what happens after?

In the cytoplasm, then they are further oxidized to either ethanol + CO2 + ATP in plants/yeast -or to lactic acid + ATP in animals

Where does Glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol of all cells, cytoplasm

Zygospore

In the spirogyra what form is created in aversive conditions?

Conjugative

In what state are the cellular contents of spirogyra when condensed forms are seen? (There is shrinking of the cytoplasm and it may be seen moving to neighboring cell)

Vegetative

In what state is spirogyra when its cellular contents are spread out like a spiral?

Diploid

(2n) two complete sets of chromosomes

Haploid

(n) one complete set of chromosomes

SAR Clade

*group alveolates--> subgroups are apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates *group stramnopiles: subgroup bacillariophytes(diatoms) , subgroup oomycetes(water molds) *group rhizaria --> which has subgroups foraminifera and radiolarians

Examples of Biogeography

Islands: isolated, with restricted gene pool leading to faster evolution

Secrete glucagon and insulin into the bloodstream which are the hormones responsible for regulating blood sugar levels

Islets of Langerhans

On the basis of the active site, explain why the following conditions speed a chemical reaction: More substrate

It is more likely that a substrate molecule will encounter an active site. Enzymes are also not destroyed when undergoing catalytic reactions.

Chloroplasts

Key characteristics that differentiates Unikonts from plants is the lack of

Linnaean Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Heterotrophic Multicellular No Cell Walls Have unique tissues (nervous and muscular) Predominantly sexual reproduction Embryological cleavage

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

Glomeromycetes

Lack sexual; structures; Endotrophic; mutualistic; commonly found on plant roots

Primary function to store and concentrate fecal matter before defecation and absorb some salt and water Cecum Colon Anus

Large Intestine

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium requirements

Large Population size; No immigration or emigration; no genetic mutations; random mating; no natural selection

Specialized respiratory structures and a circulatory system Spiracle/Trachea Skin Gills Lungs

Large aquatic organisms rely on what for gas exchange

Peyer's patches

Large collection of lymphoid tissue found in submucosa of small intestine

Mucosa (contains villi) Submucosa (has nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels) muscle layer (responsible for peristalsis with circular and longitudinal muscle) Serosa (covers the outer surface)

Layers of intestinal wall

focuses light

Lens

Foliose

Lettuce-like lichen

*Sponge* Choanocytes distributed along chambers that branch off from canals extending from spongocoel Most common

Leuconoid

Monocot

Lily flower bud

Digestion takes place entirely in the small intestine Major digestive enzyme is pancreatic lipase Absorption occurs int the small intestine

Lipids

condenser

Located beneath the stage, light must pass through the condenser to the slide. Regulation of light is provided by the two diaphragms.

aperture iris diaphragm

Located just beneath the condenser lens; regulates the amount of light passing through the stage aperture and specimen.

Parenchyma

Most common ground tissue; carries out photosynthesis and storage functions

Carry information from CNS to cause a response

Motor Neurons

objective lenses

Movable lenses on the revolving nosepiece. Always begin and end on the scan (shortest objective; w/ a red line). From there you move to low (yellow) and finally high (blue).

revolving nosepiece

Movable mount for selecting an objective lens to provide the desired magnification.

From saliva Protects the mouth and lubricates the food Helps prevent tooth decay by buffering pH changes in the mouth and contain antibacterial agents

Mucin

Aggregate

Multiple ovaries on fruit scattered over the surface (strawberry)

Near sightedness

Myopia

*Echinodermata* Asteroidea Tube feet used in locomotion and feeding

Name and function of the little extensions on arms

Supergroup Excavata!

Named based on shell morphology some members have an "excavated" groove may be predatory, photosynthetic, or parasitic -eugelozoans -diplomonads -parabasalids

Stinging organelles/ cells

Nematocysts

functional unit of kidney each consists of a capillary rich glomerulus enclosed by a Bowman's capsule Two principal parts: Renal Corpuscle (filter the blood plasma) Renal tubule (converts the filtrate to urine)

Nephrons

bundle of neurons

Nerve

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous System

specialized cell that conducts nerve impulses Functional unit of the nervous system

Neuron

Purple or yellow indicates the presence of amino acids

Ninyhydrin test

Uric Acid

Nitrogenous waste of birds, insects, land snails, many reptiles

Urea

Nitrogenous waste of mammals, sharks, most amphibians, and some bony fish

Ammonia

Nitrogenous waste of most aquatic animals

Speed the transmission of electrical signals gaps in myelin sheath electrical impulse skips to each node

Nodes of Ranvier

Bryophytes

Non-vascular; gametophyte dominance; need water for reproduction (splash cup)

HbA/HbA

Normal hemoglobin

Polyphyletic

Not a clade; includes groups with more than 1 direct ancestor

Longitudinal flexible supporting rod of cartilage between the guy and nerve cord. Replaced by vertebral column in adult vertebrates except for remnant disks between vertebrae

Notochord

Separates the nucleus from cytoplasm & controls the movement of material

Nuclear Membrane

Control center for the cell and hold genetic information

Nucleus

Any organic or inorganic substance consumed by an organism that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction

Nutrient

Endosymbiosis

- mitochondria resulted from the engulfment of aerobic bacteria - chloroplasts resulted from the engulfment of cyanobacteria

cork cambium

bark produces a layer of cork on the outside and cork parenchyma on the inside

Megaspore

becomes female gametophyte

Microspore

becomes male gametophyte

rhodophyta

between 6,500-10,000 species mostly multicellular marine "seaweeds" probably gave rise to chloroplasts found in some alveolates and stramenopiles

Water and oil don't mix so liver produces bile which emulsifies fat to make it more soluble. Produced in the liver and stored in the pancreas

bile

scalpel

blade used to make precision cuts

anabaena

can "fix" atmospheric nitrogen

Process of consuming and using food and nutrients

Nutrition

10x, 40x, 400x, 0.47mm

Objective lens: High (blue)

10x, 10x, 100x, 1.97mm

Objective lens: Low (yellow)

10x, 4x, 40x, 4.8 mm

Objective lens: Scanning (red)

When populations are small

When does genetic drift have a greater effect on a population?

on/off switch, light intensity, aperture iris closed, objective not in position, power not plugged in

When you look through the oculars you see no light at all. Describe all the possible reasons and how to correct for them.

Leukocytes Primarily protect the body from infection Have a nucleus

White Blood Cells (WBC)

*Mollusca* Gastropoda Snail Radula Gastropoda or Polyplacophora have radula

Who has this structure?

Fuel Organic Building Blocks Nutrients

Why do we need to eat?

Reptilia (Aves) Down Feather Open form traps air for insulation

Why does it lack hooklets?

Echinodermata Holothuroidea Penta radial symmetry and five rows of tube feet

Why is this a echinoderm

Trypsin in stomach

Would not work well because the stomach is acidic and trypsin works well in basic environments

Which Lens is the Low Power Lens?

Yellow Band with 10x magnification

is H2O2 toxic to cells?

Yes, it oxidizes their DNA

As substrate increases, does enzyme activity increase?

Yes, until the enzyme activity reaches a maximum point

Should germinating peas consume more O2 and produce more CO2 than non-germinating peas? Yes or no?

Yes.

Nourishes the embryo

Yolk sac

Multiple

Ovaries of two or more flowers in one (pineapple)

Simple

Ovary from a single flower

depolarization wave over the atria

P Wave

time between activation of the SA and AV nodes

P-R Interval

0.1 seconds Located further beneath skin, sense deep touch

Pacinian Corpuscles

Ciliates

Paramecium; Cilia used for locomotion and feeding; many have 2 nuclei (micro and macro). Group: alveolates

Subgroup Oomycetes

Parasitic Cell Wall - Cellulose

Spermatic cord structure

Passes from scrotum sack through and inguinal canal into abdominal cavity 1. Connective tissue sheet 2. Ductus deference 3. Blood vessels 4. Lymphatic vessels

Dendrites Cell Body Axon

Path of Nerve Impulses

*Squids-Cephalopods* Reduced shell Hard, feather shaped structure that stabilizes the squid while swimming

Pens

converted to pepsin when with hydrochloric acid to begin protein digestion Secreted by chief cells

Pepsinogen

Includes sensory and motor neurons Everything else but brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Esophagus Involuntary action compared to swallowing which is voluntary Rhythmic, spontaneous waves of muscle contraction and relaxation

Peristalsis

Pouches separated by grooves along the sides of the embryonic pharynx. Develop into gill slits in invertebrate aquatic taxa and slits in aquatic vertebrates. Incorporated into structures of the head or neck in terrestrial vertebrates Openings between the pharynx and outside in primitive organisms Filter food and particles, can also be used for gas exchange Develop into head/ neck structures in terrestrial vertebrates

Pharyngeal Slits

"Adams apple" junction of esophagus and trachea Moves the epiglottis to protect the trachea

Pharynx

decreases when subjected to bright light and increases in low light conditions This adaptation extends visual acuity over a wide range of light intensities 2 side effect of generating negative after images

Photoreceptor sensitivity

Segmented worms Free living Truly segmented body cavity (divided by septa) Complete digestive tract Closed circulatory system Have a trochophore larval stage

Phylum Annelida

Sessile

Polyp

go back to the previous field of view and center it

You have an object in focus on low power and when you switch to high power it disappears. What has happened and how could you correct it?

digested into peptides and amino acids Absorbed in the small intestine Pepsin breaks down protein in the stomach Pepsin and Trypsin(produced in pancreas) Trypsin and chymotrypsin is activated in the small intestine to break down proteins Absorbed in the small intestine

Protein Digestion

"First Mouth" Blastopore becomes the mouth Spiral Determinate Schizocoelous (split) Ex: Molluscs, Annelids

Protostome

Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda

Protostome Phylums

Control

Provides a standard of comparison for test results

"False" body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm

Pseudocoelomate

Amoebozoans

Pseudopodia- lobe shaped Shell - absent

what the light passes through

Pupil

Ventricular Contraction

Purkinje fiber net

represents electrical systole of ventricular contraction

Q-T interval

ventricular depolarization

QRS complex

Which lens is the Scanning Objective Lens?

Red Band with 4x magnification

Population

a group of interbreeding individuals

Axillary Bud

a lateral bud

Recessive Refuge

a phenomenon that enables a deleterious recessive allele to persist in a gene pool by "hiding out" in heterozygous individuals

test

a shell

Erythrocytes Hemoglobin pigment Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide No nucleus in human RBC Low counts is anemia High counts is high blood pressure

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Anus

Region containing two sphincters thru which feces are expelled from body

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Region of the nephron that plays an important role in forming concentrated urine

Chemoautotrophs

Rely on chemicals, not light, to make their own food

Kidney Collecting ducts merge

Renal Pelvis

increases blood pressure Enzyme Kidney

Renin

Predominantly sexual with a dominant diploid stage. Sperm cells are flagellated and eggs are nonmotile

Reproduction of animals

Lack tentacles and release medusae that are capable of sexual reproduction

Reproductive polyps

Group Radiolarians

See-through ones Shell - silica Pseudopodia - filamentous, radiating from central body Marine habitat

Sense changes in the environment such as pressure, heat, vibrations, and internal changes. These receptors synapse with sensory neurons

Sensory Receptors

Simple photoreceptors

Sight in Free living flatworms

Camera lens type

Sight in cephalopod, molluscs, and vertebrates

Compound eyes

Sight in insects

Kinetoplastids

Single, large mitochondria called a kinetoplast; undulating membrane; Looks like flat worm. supergroup: excavata

"Pacemaker" Starts the depolarization wave Atria contract Right atrium Controls heart rhythm

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Two taxa with a common ancestor at the point the two lineages diverges

Sister Taxa

Glomerulus

Site of filtrate formation

Uterus

Sites of fetal development

Anapsid Diapsid Euryapsid Synapsid

Skull Types

Diffusion Their movement allows enough contact with oxygenated water for gas exchange Often these organisms are sluggish

Small aquatic eukaryotes rely on what for gas exchange

Cell body, contains nucleus

Soma

Nerve cells and muscle cells are unique to animals

Specialized Cells of animals

Heterocysts

Specialized structures in cyanobacteria that allow for nitrogen fixation

Founder Effect

a small portion of the parent population forms new population which lacks the genetic diversity of the parent population

Fundamental Concepts of Theory of Evolution

Species change over time Species are related through descent from a common ancestor Biological change is driven by natural forces

Epididymis

Sperm maturation site

*Sponge* Prickly like structure maintains shape

Spicules

Spirillum

Spiral shaped bacteria

Engulf and digest food and transport nutrients Manufacture skeletal spicules Able to move around the mesoglea (mesohyl) with amoeboid movement to collect food, secrete calcium carbonate and silicon dioxide

Sponge Amoebocytes

Asconoid Synconoid Leuconoid

Sponge Body Types

Can be made of silica, calcite, (calcium carbonate), or the protein spongin spicules

Sponge Skeletons

*Sponge* Cavity within the sponge

Spongocoel

Sori

Spore holding structure on ferns

Akinetes

Spore-like cells in cyanobacteria that allow for survival in harsh conditions

Node

Spot that taxon branch off of

Have pens Have three hearts Dioecious 8 tentacles and 2 arms

Squids

What substance can't pass through the dialysis bag?

Starch, because the pores in the dialysis bags are too small

Food storage organ Lined by mucus Highly folded interior surface HCl and pepsin break down protein Pyloric sphincter separates stomach from intestine

Stomach

Change of pH and a higher temperature makes an enzyme

Stop working, it denatures it.

Gallbladder

Stores bile

Kidney Glomerulus within the Bowman's capsule First stage of filtration of waste materials from the bloodstream

Structure and State Function

Mammal Lung Respiration or gas exchange

Structure and function

Stomata

Structure that allows for gas exchange in leaf; produced by guard cells of plant

Collecting duct

Structure that conveys processed filtrate (urine) to renal pelvis

Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Myriapoda Subphylum Hexapoda Subphylum Crustacea

SubPhylums of Arthropoda

Muscularis externa

Subdivisions: inner (circular)& outer (longitudinal) layers of smooth muscle Function: regulates GI motility

Mucosa

Subdivisions: surface epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Serosa (adventitia)

Subdivisions: visceral peritoneum, meaothelium Functions: anchors, protects, reduces friction

Gnathostomes have limbs Amphibians Reptiles Mammals

Tetrapods

"way station" for information from the lower brain centers and the cerebrum visual and auditory information relayed to cortex

Thalamus

molecular biological evidence

The clade Deuterostomia is defined chiefly on ______

Natural selection

Theory by Charles Darwin; Individuals in a population interacting with their environment and, due to their differing genetic traits, reproduce with varying success

Gene Theory

Theory that DNA is blueprint for protein expression

Endosymbiont Theory

Theory that explains the origins of chloroplasts and mitochondria

Cell Theory

Theory that organisms consist of one or more cells, cells are capable of replication

Theory of Evolution

Theory that states that biodiversity is the result of natural processes; Unique genotypes may result in survival advantage; more offspring = greater contribution to next generation

Theory of Inheritance

Theory that states that the genetic code may be changed through mutation/crossing over; independent assortment of chromosomes leads to unique combinations of genes

On the basis of the active site, explain why the following conditions speed a chemical reaction: More enzyme

There are more active sites available for substrates

X and Y-axis controls

These controls position the slide over the condenser lens.

During aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvate molecules?

They are shuttled from the cytoplasm to the Mitochondria, where the molecules are then further oxidized to yield CO2 + water + lots of ATP

Name three other conditions (other than the ones mentioned in question 2) that maximize enzymatic reactions.

a. specific enzyme for a given substrate b. optimum pH c. optimum temperature

Thinner walled Mostly deoxygenated blood to the heart Have one way valves

Veins

Greater nervous system and skeletal development Backbone that replaces the notochord and encases the nerve cord Cartilaginous or bony skull surrounding the brain Jawless (Agnathans) Jawed (Gnathostomata)

Vertebrate Chordata

Paired fins turned into paired legs Amniotic egg -amniotes (Reptiles, birds, and mammals) Protective integument, keratin

Vertebrates Adaptation

Excavata

Very diverse supergroup of organisms (includes euglena)

caused by abnormally shaped lenses, corneas, or eyeballs

Vision problems

lies between the lens and the retina Filled with a transparent, jellylike substance called the vitreous humor

Vitreous Humor chamber

Given the following reaction: Catalase working on hydrogen peroxide to turn into water and oxygen: Which substances are the end products?

Water & Oxygen

Turgor Pressure

Water Vacuole swells and pushes against cell wall, but does not burst

Antheridia

What structure in Charophytes produces sperm?

Chordata Salivary Gland Digestive System

What system

Pancreas Digestive System

What system does this organ belong to?

Human Skin Sebaceous Gland

What type of gland opens into a hair follicle

Supergroup Archaeplastida

algaes, including red algae.

Gene Pools

all of the alleles present in a population and the relative proportions of those alleles

Deleterious Allele

alleles that negatively affect an organism; usually negative and sometimes causing sterillity

Niche

an organism's role in its environment (i.e. Predator, insectivore)

supergroup Unikonta

animals, fungi and protists in this group 2 subgroups: amoebozoans and opisthokonts

Adaptation

When a population of organisms undergoes Natural Selection and obtains inherited characteristics that enable those organisms to better survive and reproduce

between the cornea and the lens and is divided by the iris Filled with liquid aqueous humor Maintain both the shape of the cornea, and the proper eye pressure

aqueous humor chamber

HbA/HbS

asymptomatic, has sickle cell trait

genus volvox

colonial spheres has many synchronized flagella asexual repro with specialized cells oogamous repro

Volvox

colonial; oogamous; many flagella synchronized

parenchyma

comprise the bulk of plant body

Lichen

comprised of fungal and green algae components

safety goggles

eye protection used when working with chemicals or when heating glassware

Pollen Grains

haploid

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

has no ribosomes.

Gonionemus

have both a medusa and polyp stage can form buds reproduces sexually by releasing gametes which will form into polyps

Monilophyta-ferns

have prothallus (hairy heart)

Amoebozoa

lobe-shaped pseudopodia; Supergroup: Unikonta

vascular cambium

located between xylem and phloem, produces secondary xylem and phloem growth rings in a tree are formed by this

Portuguese Man of War

made of 4 types of polyps: gas filled (float), defense (tentacles), reproductive; feeding painful sting

Isogamous

male and female gametes appear the same

Oogamous

male gametes are small and motile; female  gametes are large and stationary

Archaea

many but not all live in extreme environments

Aurelia

marine class containing true jellyfish medusa: main stage of life nematocysts cause painful sting some use bio luminescence to attract prey and/or scare predators

Apical Meristem

mass of dividing cells at the tip of shoot, primary growth

Phylogenies

models that show evolutionary history based on ancestry

human liver fluke

monoecious suckers used to attach to host feeding: food enters the mouth then passes to the pharynx, to the esophagus, to intestinal ceca life cycle: snail eats the egg, larvae produced and burrowed into fish; improperly cooked fish enters the human

Planaria

monoecious: both male and female parts auricles: sensitive to touch eyespots: photoreceptors feeding: pharynx sucks the food up (larvae and small animals)

Parabasala

no plastids, functional mitochondria, Golgi Complex, multiple flagella. Supergroup: excavata

group amoebozoans

no test present lobe-shaped or tubular pseudopodia food engulfment or movement ex: amoebas!

Oogonium

nonmotile egg nuclei are produced within a specialized structure

green algae

not a monophyletic group two taxa -chlorophytes -charophytes plastid pigments used to ID mainly aquatic eukaryotes, no multicellular sex organs

Eye moves in the opposite direction of the rotation

nystagmus

Heterozygote advantage

occurs when the heterozygous genotype has an advantage over either of the homozygous genotypes

point where the optic nerve fibers converge on the retina Lacks rods or cones Causes a blind spot

optic disk

nerve fibers extend from the retina to the brain

optic nerve

Cell Theory

organisms consist of one or more cells, cells are capable of replication

Frequency of Alleles

p + q = 1

Frequency of Genoytpes

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Hardy-Weinberg equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Ground Tissue

parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma

Genotypic Frequency

percentage of population w/ a specific genotype

fleshy simple fruits

pericarp is fleshy and has three layers: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

dry simple fruit

pericarp(ovary wall) is dry. fruits may be dehiscent(split at maturity) or indehiscent

Rhizopus (phylum zygomycota)

phlyum?

mixotrophic

photosynthetic autotrophs when light is present, absorb organic nutrients as heterotrophs when light is absent

Penicillium (phylum ascomycota)

phylum?

Penicillium conidia (phylum ascomycota)

phylum?

Peziza cup with asci (phylum ascomycota)

phylum?

Rhizopous sporangia (phylum zygomycota)

phylum?

Rhizopus zygotes (phylum zygomycota)

phylum?

Phenotype

physical appearance of an organism (based on genotype and environment)

symbiotic relationship

plants and arbusle fungus

weigh boat

plastic container used to hold material being weighted; protects the electronic balance

Node (stem)

point on the stem where the leaf is attached

Gram staining

positive is purple negative is pink (lack peptidoglycan)

slides

prepared or blank glass surfaces for microscopic specimen

Diatoms

primary producers to the food chain "organisms that live in a glass house" deposits of dead diatoms form diatomaceous earth used for reflective roadway paint, filters for pools, toothpaste, DNA purification

Convergent evolution

process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

Bacteria

produce oxygen, absorb excess carbon dioxide, primary producers for marine ecosystems

bunsen burner

provides flame for heating objects

Supergroup Rhizaria

pseudopodia - false feet

Gram Staining

reaction indicates a resistance to certain antibiotics Gram Positive = appears purple Gram Negative = appears pink (generally more resistant to antibiotics)

Penecillium

reproduces asexually conidiophore: asexual fruiting structure; brush like structure containing condia condia = spores

Hydra

reproduces asexually by budding reproduces sexually: testes release free swimming gametes to fertilize the egg

Obelia

reproduces asexually: polyp reproduces sexually: medusa stage; produce gametes; gametes fuse to form a polyp tentacles contain stinging cells

eurotium

reproduces both sexually and aseually conidiophore: produces conidia conidia = spores spores carried by the wind to various areas to germinate sexually reproduce in the same manner of Peziza

secondary growth

results from the differentiantion of lateral (secondary) meristems

sclerenchyma

rigid, supports mature areas such as vascular bundles

Coccus

round shaped bacteria

Taxonomy

science of classifying organisms

Zea Mays Stem (Monocot)

screaming monkies

Ulva

sea lettuce! true alternation of generations

genus ulva

sea lettuce, so multicellular isogamous repro flagellated gametes life cycle divided equally into haploid and diploid stages

Radiolarians

silca test

kinetoplast

single large mitochondrion

Chlamydomonas

single-celled isogamous two flagella haploid dominant stage large cup shaped chloroplast

mesophyll in eudicots

spongy pallisade

monilophyta

sporophyte dominant spores produced by sporangia most are homosporous first true vascular tissue sori-clusters of sporangia on underside of leaf prothallus- has antheridium and archegonium on same plant prothallus is small "giant hairy heart"

collenchyma

stretches, supports actively growing shoot and root tips, uneven cell walls

Systematics

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Sea Anemone

stump like body oral end: mouth and tentacles opposite end: pedal disc some form symbiotic relationships with other sea creatures

spirogyra

filaments asexual reproduction: a portion breaks off and grows sexual reproduction: conjugation tube pass isogametes to fuse with the other gamete

genus spirogyra

filaments of haploid cells, repro by mitosis isogamous repro only gametes are flagellated spiral shaped chloroplasts

Genotype

genetic make up of an organism

cuvette

glassware designed to fit in spectrophotometer chamber

fermentation tube

glassware or plastic; used to generate a measurable, anaerobic environment

chlorophyta

green algae free living and symbiotic fresh and salt water, also soil volvox, ulva, spirogyra and chlamydomonas

Evolution

the change in allele frequency from one generation to the next

Crenation

the contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis.

Rhizopus zygospores

the dark part

Population Genetics

the genetic study of specific populations

Sclera Choroid Retina

three layers of the eye

micropipette tip

tip for the end of a micropipette; always use a new tip for each new solution

Flatworms

tissues from the three primary germ layers (the same as humans) evolutionary transition: organ system level of organization; cephalization = definite head with sense organs

purpose of the dense arbuscles at the end of the hyphae

to facilitate nutrient transfer between the fungus and the plant root cell

Phloem

transports products of photosynthesis moves all over the plant

Xylem

transports water moves from roots to the rest of the plant

Trypanosoma (Blood Smear)

undulating membrane! this is african sleeping sickness

genus chlamydomonas

unicellular 2 flagella isogamous repro usually exists as a haploid, repro by mitosis, will undergo sexual repro under adverse conditions

Chlamydomanas

unicellular starch grains: store photosynthate stigma: eyespot, light receptor 2 flagella pyrenoid: starch synthesis

Genes

unit of DNA that determines a trait

function of heterocysts on Anabaena

used for nitrogen fixation

funnel

used to channel solids and liquids into a smaller area

utility clamp

used to clamp objects onto ring stand

coverslips

used to cover speceimens on slides

hot plate

used to heat items

test tube holder

used to hold and transfer many test tubes when heatin them

spot plate

used to hold small amounts of multiple solutions for comparison

propipette

used to load serological pipettes with fluid

water bath

used to maintain a constant temperature for samples

metric ruler

used to measure distances in a given range

beaker

used to measure out liquids in a given range

erlenmeyer flask

used to measure out liquids in a given range

graduated cylinder

used to measure out liquids in a given range

micropipette

used to measure out small quantities of liquid in a given range; used with a tip

serological pipette

used to measure out small quantities of liquid in a given range; used with propipette

test tube

used to mix and contain specific samples of material being tested

glass stirring rod

used to mix solutions or obtain materials from fluid

wash bottle

used to rinse items

scoopula

used to scoop small amounts of solid matter

transfer pipette

used to transfer a small designated quantity of fluid

inoculating loop

used to transfer bacteria colonies onto media

capillary pipette

used to transfer small amounts of liquid onto paper

spatula

used to transfer small amounts of solid matter

electronic balance

used to weigh out solids in a given range; used with weigh boat

Dermal Tissue

waxy cuticle in some plants stomata are here protects plant from injury and water loss

parafilm

waxy paper used to cover test tubes

Competition

when 2+ organisms occupy the same niche; limited resources

a solid object

when might a dissecting microscope be preferable to a compound light microscope?

Zygomycetes

zygospore; contain sporangia; Bread mold

Deka-

10

Taxonomy

Naming and classifying organisms

sight

Photoreceptor

Ulva

true multicellular plant

mitosomes

-highly reduced mitochondria -lacks mitochondrial DNA -lacks electron transport chains -and lack enzymes associated with the citric acid cycle -the reduction is a derived trait from a secondary reductive evolution

Single-Celled Eukaryotes

-membrane bound organelles and DNA contained in a nucleus -most diverse group of organisms in terms of both structure and function

Ectopic pregnancy

-occurs when an embryo implants insights other than uterus -May occur when Fallopian tubes are blocked or when an egg is lost in peritoneal cavity and fertilization occurs there

double fertilization

-one sperm fuses with egg to form a 2n zygote -other sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form a (3n or 5n) polyploid called an endosperm -endosperm provides nutrients and energy to the developing embryo

Cortex

-portion of the kidney containing the bulk of nephron structures -superior region of the kidney tissue

Trypsin

-produced by pancreas -site for action is small intestine -substrate is protein -optimal pH is 8.0

Lipase

-produced by pancreas -site of action is small intestine -substrate is fats -optimal pH is 6.5-7.0

Salivary amylase

-produced by salivary gland -site of action is the oral cavity -substrate is starch -optimal pH is 6.7-7.0

Semen structures

-seminal vesicles also containing fructose -bulbourethral glands

Semen composition

-sperm -Alkaline secretion of prostate

Subgroup foraminifera

-supergroup SAR -Group Rhizaria -test composed of calcium carbonate -symbiotic with algae sharing test -filamentous pseudopodia for food engulfment

Subgroup radiolarians

-supergroup SAR -Group Rhizaria -test made of silica -filamentous pseudopodia radiate from a central point

Subgroup Bacillariophytes (diatoms)

-supergroup SAR -Group stramenopiles -cell wall of hydrated silica plates -carbs stored as laminarin: oils may also be stored -used in filtration and nanotechnology

Subgroup oomycetes (water molds)

-supergroup SAR -Group stramenopiles -parasitic or saprophytic -cell wall of cellulose -oogonia makes a sessile egg nuclei ex: saprolegnia, potato blight

Group stramenopiles

-supergroup SAR -subgroups are bacillariophytes(diatoms) , subgroup oomycetes(water molds) -hairy and smooth flagella --may only be seen in reproductive cells

group euglenozoa

-supergroup excavata -flagella with crystalline or spiral rod of unknown function -free-living photosynthetic autotrophs to blood parasites -mixotrophic -2 subgroups, kinetoplastids and euglenids

subgroup euglenids

-supergroup excavata -group euglenozoa -2 flagella from an infolded structure -most are photosynthetic -ex: euglena

subgroup kinteoplastids

-supergroup excavata -group euglenozoa -undulating membrane -kinetoplast -this is what african sleeping sickness is! --> trypanosoma -this disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly

parabasalids

-supergroup excavata -lacks plastids -golgi complex that is connected by parabasal fibers -many flagella -one nucleus -most live as symbionts, few as pathogenic parasites -trichomonas vaginalis! is a parabasalid, leads to trichomoniasis -mainly anaerobic

diplomonads

-supergroup excavata -lacks plastids -parasitic -2 nuclei -many flagella -highly reduced mitochondria, they have mitosomes!

Litmus test

-used to test for presence of fatty acids -color change from blue to pink

Benedict's solution test

-used to test for presence of reducing sugars -color change from blue to green or orange

BAPNA test

-used to test for protein hydrolysis -indicated by yellow color

adaptations for life on land

-vascular tissues -waxy outer layer-limits water loss -stomata -seeds and fruits -wind or animal dispersed male gametes -multicellular repro organs -homospory to heterospory -reduction of gametophyte in favor of sporophyte dominance

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

...

Simple columnar epithelium

...

Simple cuboidal epithelium

...

Simple squamous epithelium

...

Stratified squamous epithelium

...

Gel Electrophoresis

... that's easy nigggga

Milli

.001

Centi-

.01

Deci-

.1

Meter, Liter, Gram

1

Daily urine volume

1.0-1.8 liters

Absent in both urine and glomerular filtrate

1.Albumin 2.red blood cells 3.puss (white blood cells) 4.nitrates

Dicot stem 1. Dark green 2.Orange 3.Yellow 4.Light green 5.Light pink

1.Epidermis 2.Collenchyma 3.Pith 4.Phloem 5.Xylem

Lesser concentration in your and then glomerular filtrate

1.Water 2.sodium ions 3.amino acids 4.glucose

Substances present in urinary tract infection

1.White blood cells (puss) 2.red blood cells 3.casts

1.Light pink (12) 2.Light green (11) 3.Orange (10) 4. 12+11+10

1.Xylem 2.Phloem 3.Bundle sheath 4.Vascular bundle

Hecto-

100

Kilo

1000

the chlorophytes

2 major adpatations necessary for life -increased cellular organization and specialization -shift from isogamous to oogamous sexual repro

Diplomonadida

2 nuclei, multiple flagella, lack plastids, no mitochondrial DNA. supergroup: excavata

Dinoflagellates

2 whorling flagella in grooves; internal armor made of cellulose; some are toxic; causes red tides; Group: Alveolates

2H2O2 + Catalase = (What products?)

2H20 + 02

Anaphase

3rd stage of Mitosis where the spindle fibers pull towards opposite poles

Gymnosperms

4 extant phyla: Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgos, Gnetophytes

Telephase

4th phase of cell division. the chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct. the nucleur membrane forms. the neocleolus reappears and cell division is nearly complete

Sight Sound Smell Taste Touch

5 Senses

Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami

5 types of taste

13) Which of the following is the correct order (in decreasing order) for the relative strengths of chemical bonds? (Assume physiological conditions). a) Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions , van der Waals forces b) Van der Waals forces, covalent, hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic interactions c) van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, covalent, ionic, hydrogen d) Hydrogen, covalent, van der Waals forces, ionic, hydrophobic interactions e) Hydrophobic interactions , ionic, van der Waals forces, hydrogen, covalent

A

13. Are membranes present in prokaryotes? A) Yes, an external membrane is present but not internal membranes B) Both external and internal membranes are present C) No, prokaryotes lack a plasma membrane D) Sometimes a membrane is present and sometimes is absent E) Yes, but only for a short time before being degraded

A

14. Which of the following is not a function of plasma membranes? A) Conversion of glucose energy to ATP B) Arrangement of enzymes C) Turning off of a specific cell function D) Conduction of nerve impulses E) All of the above are functions of plasma membranes.

A

15) The following is a disaccharide: a) Sucrose b) Ribose c) Deoxyribose d) Starch e) Glucose

A

17. What are microfilaments? A) Filaments made of actin; help in cell movement and stabilization B) Filaments made of keratin; anchor structures and resist tension C) Hollow cylinders made of tubulin; provide rigidity and facilitate movements D) Filaments and cylinders; provide fluidity to the cytosol E) Protein networks; provide porosity to plasma membranes

A

19) What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? a) Ribose contains a hydroxyl group at carbon 2 that is missing in deoxyribose b) Ribose is a pentose, deoxyribose is a hexose c) Ribose is a component of nucleic acids, deoxyribose is a component of proteins d) Ribose is a monosaccharide, deoxyribose is a polysaccharide e) Their differences are negligible there is no functional difference between them

A

21) What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? a) In saturated fatty acids all the bonds in the carbon atoms are single; unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds b) Saturated fatty acids are very long; unsaturated fatty acids are very short c) Saturated fatty acids contain carbon atoms, unsaturated fatty acids contain sulfur atoms d) Saturated fatty acids are polar; unsaturated fatty acids are non polar e) Saturated fatty acids are present only in plants; unsaturated fatty acids are present only in animals

A

21. Two important factors that affect membrane fluidity are: A) Lipid composition and temperature B) Energy and entropy C) Protein composition and gravity D) Atomic structure and humidity E) None of the above

A

23) What are the components of a nucleotide? a) A nucleic acid sugar, a nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group b) A nucleic acid sugar and a nitrogen containing base c) A nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group d) The purines and pyridimines e) None of the above

A

24. What is a hypertonic solution? A) A solution with a higher solute concentration as compared to another solution B) A solution with equal solute concentration as compared to another solution C) A solution with lower solute concentration as compared to another solution D) A solution with low diffusion rates E) A solution in which osmosis takes place

A

29 . Define primary active transport A) A form of transport that involves the use of ATP as energy source B) A form of transport that use gradients established by primary active transport C) A form of transport in which diffusion is enhanced by increased polarity D) The random movement of molecules toward equilibrium E) The increase in entropy of a system

A

29) Describe the components of an aminoacid a) An alpha carbon, a carboxyl and an amino group, a hydrogen atom and a radical (R) group b) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,H and O) c) Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule d) A phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen base e) None of the above

A

30) What defines a protein primary structure? a) The precise sequence of aminoacids in a polypeptide b) Repeated spatial α-helix and β-pleated sheet patterns in polypeptide chains c) The polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back d) Two or more polypeptide chains, called subunits, are connected and fold to create this level of structure e) There is no primary structure in proteins

A

36. The process by which materials are secreted in vesicles from the cell is called: A) Exocytosis B) Phagocytosis C) Pinocytosis D) Receptosis E) Endocytosis

A

39) A non-aminoacid group that is attached permanently to enzymes is called: a) Prosthetic group b) Cofactor c) Coenzyme d) Active site e) Substrate

A

40) The change in shape of an enzyme due to regulation is defined as: a) Allosterism b) Activism c) Cooperation d) Condensation e) Hydrolysis

A

40. What is a protein kinase? A) A protein that catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur group B) A protein that is embedded in the plasma membrane C) A protein that transfers carboxyl groups D) A protein that interacts with lipids to produce energy E) A protein that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group

A

9) What is a hydrogen bond? a) Sharing of H atom b) Interaction of a polar compound with a non-polar compound c) Attraction of opposite charged ions d) Weak interactions between non-polar substances e) Sharing of electron pairs

A

Define phagocytosis A) Cellular eating B) Cellular drinking C) Cellular capture of specific macromolecules using receptors D) Cellular traffic E) Cell death

A

When KI and starch encounter one another, they react and form what?

A black solution

Nucleus

A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities.

Feces are eliminated via the anus

Anus

Thermophiles

Archaea inhabiting very hot environments

Methanogens

Archaea that live in anaerobic environments and use CO2 to oxidize hydrogen to methane

Halophiles

Archaea that live in saline environments

Pterophyta

Archaeplastida phylum that includes ferns;wind-dispersed spores; Sporophyte dominant; require water for fertilization

Reptilia Snake Blood Frogs because they share nucleated red blood cells

Are snakes closely related to frogs or to humans

Vestibule

Area between teeth and lips/cheeks

Renal column

Area of cortical tissue running between medullary pyramids

Thicker wall Mostly oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit Branch into smaller and smaller arterioles

Arteries

"Lamp Shells"- look like ancient oil lamts Articulated valves have teeth and a complex hinge 3 layered valves -Outside- protein, CaCO3 -Middle- protein -Inner- CaCO3 Most common brachiopods Pedicle permanently attached to substrate Lophophore supported Blind gut Complex, toothed hinge Inflexible and calcareous shell Pedicle aperature present Chitin absent on outer layer Habitates on rocks

Articulata

it moves to the left

As you move the slide to the right, what direction does the image move?

Tropical parasites *Nematoda* Females are larger and tapered on both ends Males are smaller and have a curl on their posterior ends

Ascaris

Ascospores

Ascocarp that produced a diploid zygote, which then undergoes meiosis to produce.___

*Sponge* Choanocytes lining open spongocoel Large spongocoel is "dead space" and limits their size

Asconoid

lack symmetry and cannot be dissected to yield similar sections

Asymmetrical

Types of Derived Character States (2 types)

Autapomorphic - Unique to a taxon Synapomorphic - Shared among a set of taxa

manages the distribution of oxygen rich blood through the body May redirect blood flow in response to factors such as extreme temperatures, a heavy metal, blood plasma, ph imbalance, dissolved oxygen balance, excess carbon dioxide buildup, fear.

Automatic Nervous System (ANS)

Conducts nerve impulses move signals away from the cell body insulated by myelin sheath

Axon

11) The attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons is called: a) Electricity b) Electronegativity c) Ionic force d) Polarity e) Relativity

B

16) The main function of oligosaccharides is to: a) They act as an external plant support b) They serve as recognition signals c) They degrade toxic cellular metabolites d) The induce cellular death e) Their function is unknown to science

B

18) What characteristic of ribose makes RNA less stable than DNA? a) The fact that ribose is a pentose with five carbon atoms b) The presence of a highly reactive hydroxyl (OH) group in ribose which is absent in deoxyribose c) The fact that uracil is present in RNA and not in DNA d) The fact that ribose creates a very long RNA molecule e) The presence of a mutation in ribose

B

18. What are intermediate filaments? A) Filaments made of actin; help in cell movement and stabilization B) Filaments made of keratin; anchor structures and resist tension C) Hollow cylinders made of tubulin; provide rigidity and facilitate movements D) Filaments and cylinders; provide fluidity to the cytosol E) Protein networks; provide porosity to plasma membranes

B

2) Define the proton a) A subatomic particle with neutral charge b) A subatomic particle with a positive charge c) A subatomic particle with negative charge d) A particle that creates ions in solution e) The particle that orbits the nucleus

B

2. A large organelle found in eukaryotic cells that genetically controls the cell's activities is the A) chloroplast. B) nucleus. C) flagellum. D) vacuole. E) centriole.

B

25. What is a isotonic solution? A) A solution with a higher solute concentration as compared to another solution B) A solution with equal solute concentration as compared to another solution C) A solution with lower solute concentration as compared to another solution D) A solution with low diffusion rates E) A solution in which osmosis takes place

B

26) The 5' to 3'directionality means: a) The direction in which proteins grow b) The direction in which DNA and RNA grow c) The direction of polysaccharide synthesis d) The plane in which cells are divided e) The orientation of phospholipids within cellular membranes

B

27) What is transcription? a) The process of DNA replication b) The synthesis of RNA using DNA as template c) The synthesis of proteins using an RNA template d) The synthesis of "non-coding" DNA in cells e) None of the above

B

27. When placed in a hypertonic solution, animal cells A) shrink B) swell C) burst D) grow E) reproduce

B

30. Define secondary active transport A) A form of transport that involves the use of ATP as energy source B) A form of transport that use gradients established by primary active transport C) A form of transport in which diffusion is enhanced by increased polarity D) The random movement of molecules toward equilibrium E) The increase in entropy of a system

B

31) What defines a protein secondary structure? a) The precise sequence of aminoacids in a polypeptide b) Repeated spatial α-helix and β-pleated sheet patterns in polypeptide chains c) The polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back d) Two or more polypeptide chains, called subunits, are connected and fold to create this level of structure e) There is no secondary structure in proteins

B

34) Abnormal elevated temperatures may degrade proteins. Possible reason(s) for this is (are): a) Elevated temperatures destroy the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins b) Proteins may abnormally react with compound in cells under heat stress c) Elevated temperatures increase reaction rates d) High temperature increase the concentration of non-polar substances e) The proteins are not transcribed under elevated temperatures

B

37) An inorganic ions that binds certain enzymes is a: a) Prosthetic group b) Cofactor c) Coenzyme d) Active site e) Substrate

B

4. The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous with the membranes of the A) nucleus. B) Golgi apparatus. C) nucleolus. D) plasma membrane. E) mitochondria.

B

8. Which of the following organelles were once independent prokaryotic organisms? A) Mitochondria and lysosomes B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts C) Chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus D) Golgi apparatus and ribosomes E) Ribosomes and lysosomes

B

Define pinocytosis A) Cellular eating B) Cellular drinking C) Cellular capture of specific macromolecules using receptors D) Cellular traffic E) Cell death

B

Facultative Anerobes

Bacteria that like oxygen but can survive without it

Anaerobic

Bacteria that require low or no oxygen in their environment to live

Aerobic

Bacteria that require oxygen for growth

Cnidarians, diploblastic, radial

Basal eumetazoans _____., which are ______ and have _______ symmetry.

Filtration Reabsorption

Basic Functions of Kidney

Enzymes

Biologic catalyst; protein in nature

suck my ass

Biology Can...

Reptiles Hollow skeleton, allows flight Feathers- warmth and flight and mating Flight feathers no bladder Eggs laid externally Flight adaptations (keeled sternum, hollow bones, feathers, wings)

Birds

Transports dissolved gasses, nutrients, wastes, metabolic products Contains red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets

Blood

Peritubular capillaries

Blood supply that directly received substances from tubular cells

Which Lens is High Power Objective?

Blue Band with 40x magnification

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

Body Cavity (Coelom Type)

Polyp Medusa

Body Forms of Cnidaria

10. The compounds in biological membranes that form a barrier to the movement of hydrophilic materials across the membrane are A) integral membrane proteins. B) carbohydrates. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. E) peripheral membrane proteins.

C

12. When vesicles from the Golgi apparatus deliver their contents to the exterior of the cell, they add their membranes to the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane does not increase in size, because A) some vesicles from the Golgi apparatus fuse with the lysosomes. B) membrane vesicles carry proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. C) membrane is continually being lost from the plasma membrane by endocytosis. D) new phospholipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. E) the phospholipids become more tightly packed together in the membrane.

C

19. Define microtubules: A) Filaments made of actin; help in cell movement and stabilization B) Filaments made of keratin; anchor structures and resist tension C) Hollow cylinders made of tubulin; provide rigidity and facilitate movements D) Filaments and cylinders; provide fluidity to the cytosol E) Protein networks; provide porosity to plasma membranes

C

20) Lipids are not strictly considered biopolymers because: a) There is no single monomer to synthesize lipids b) Lipids are composed of aminoacids and sugars c) Lipids are not easily metabolized d) Lipids are polar e) Lipids are hydrophilic

C

22. What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins? A) Peripheral proteins are embedded in the membrane; integral proteins are external B) Peripheral proteins produce water during osmosis, integral proteins are dry C) Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane; peripheral proteins are external D) There is no difference, both are identical proteins E) Integral proteins are in chromosomes; peripheral are in mitochondria

C

23. What is the difference between active and passive transport? A) Active transport requires entropy; passive transport requires energy input B) Active transport uses enzymes; passive transport involves lipid signaling C) Active transport requires energy input; passive transport does not require energy input D) Active transport occurs in the nucleus; passive transport occurs in mitochondria E) Active transport is very slow; passive transport is fast

C

24) What are the names of the purines and their main structural feature? a) Adenine and thymine; they form complementary bonds in DNA b) Guanine and cytosine; they are prone to mutation c) Adenine and guanine; they are double ring bases d) Uracil and thymine; both are components of DNA e) Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil; they are single ring bases

C

26. What is a hypotonic solution? A) A solution with a higher solute concentration as compared to another solution B) A solution with equal solute concentration as compared to another solution C) A solution with lower solute concentration as compared to another solution D) A solution with low diffusion rates E) A solution in which osmosis takes place

C

28) What is translation? a) The process of DNA replication b) The synthesis of RNA using DNA as template c) The synthesis of proteins using an RNA template d) The synthesis of "non-coding" DNA in cells e) None of the above

C

3) Define the electron a) A subatomic particle with neutral charge b) A subatomic particle with a positive charge c) A subatomic particle with negative charge d) A particle that creates ions in solution e) The particle that identifies the atom

C

3. Of the following structures of an animal cell, the one with the largest volume is the A) cilium. B) mitochondrion. C) lysosome. D) nucleus. E) ribosome.

C

32) What defines a protein tertiary structure? a) The precise sequence of aminoacids in a polypeptide b) Repeated spatial α-helix and β-pleated sheet patterns in polypeptide chains c) The polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back d) Two or more polypeptide chains, called subunits, are connected and fold to create this level of structure e) There is no tertiary structure in proteins

C

38) A carbon-containing molecule required for the action of enzymes is a: a) Prosthetic group b) Cofactor c) Coenzyme d) Active site e) Substrate

C

38. Autocrine signals: A) affect all cells in an organism B) travel to distant parts of the body C) affect the same cell that release them D) are neutral signals with no effects E) diffuse to and affect nearby cells

C

4) What is the atomic number? a) The number of neutrons (identifies the atom) b) The number of electrons (identifies the atom) c) The number of protons (identifies the atom) d) The number of protons and electrons in an atom e) None of the above

C

5. Ribosomes are the structures in which A) chemical energy is stored by making ATP. B) cell division is controlled. C) genetic information is used to make proteins. D) sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy. E) new organelles are made.

C

6) The attractive force that links two atoms together is called: a) Gravitational bond b) Electrical bond c) Chemical bond d) Electron shells e) Atomic reactivity

C

Metaphase

Chromosomes align themselves along the center of the cells.

Akinetes

Can be used as a way to survive harsh environments

Enlarged prostate

Can restrict urethra and block passage of urine and sperm

Smallest and thinnest Allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide Generally circular

Capillaries

Begins in mouth with salivary amylase Small intestine uses pancreatic amylase Absorbed in the small intestine

Carbohydrate Digestion

Ecological importance of Bacteria

Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen cycle

Apicomplexans

Cause of some animal parasites, malaria. Group: alveolates

Where the large intestine connects to the small intestine Chyme enters through sphincter

Cecum

Four Unifying Theories of Biology

Cell Theory; Gene Theory; Theory of Inheritance; Theory of Evolution

Found only in Plants, function as the cells protection and structure

Cell Wall

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls and rely on proteins for structural support

Cell structure of Animals

Mammal Kidney Section Cuboidal Epithelium of kidney medulla

Cell type

Subgroup Diatoms

Cell wall - silica Storage product - Laminarin (carbohydrates) , oil Uses: Filtration, nanotechnology

Carnivorous 1 pair of legs/ segment Possess Poison Fangs

Centipedes

Brain and Spinal Cord

Central Nervous System

*Invertebrate* Sea Lancelots Most basal group of living chordates Dioecious Adult retains all 4 chordate characteristics Bilateral Symmetry Notochord extends to front of head Burrow in the sand and only leave anterior end exposed Filter Feeders

Cephalochordata

Chromatophores Many fish have these too Octopi have 8 tentacles Squid have 8 tentacles and 2 arms Hooks on tentacles to grab prey Pen is remnant of shell, is internal Octopi have no pen All octopi are venemous

Cephalopods

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms

Moves fluid over cell surface or moves cell through fluid

Cilia & Flagella

Autapomorphic

Derived character traits that are unique to a taxon

coordinates most muscles Learned skills Movement and timing way station for messages to brain Equilibrium, posture, and movement

Cerebellum

Thinking and learning creativity decisions problem solving memory and emotion five senses

Cerebral cortex

Synapomorphy

Character trait shared among a set of taxa

Apomorphy

Character trait that is derived

Annelida Earthworm Segmentation with a closed circulatory system

Characteristic

*Echinodermata* Asteroidea Five or more arms Star shape Ventral mouth Dorsal Anus tube feet with suckers

Characteristics

*Echinodermata* Echinoidea Spherical shape No arms 5 rows of tube fee Aristotles lantern

Characteristics sand dollars and sea urchins share

*Echinodermata* Ophiuroidea Central disk Long flexible arms Tube feet without suckers

Characteristics?

Chlamydomonas

Characterized by having 2 flagella; typically produces a haploid cell, reproducing via mitosis; will undergo sexual reproduction under aversive conditions (isogamous reproduction); Chlorophyte

Group Stramenopiles

Characterized by single "hairy" flagella

Taste and Smell

Chemoreceptors

Green Algae

Chlorophytes and Charophytes

*Sponges* Sponge's filter feeding cell Similar to choanoflagellate collar cell in structure and function Line pores and collect food using flagellum Line the inner spongocoel and strain particles from the water

Choanocyte

Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Gill Slits Post anal Tail Endostyle/ thyroid gland

Chordate Characteristics

Encloses the embryo and all internal membranes

Chorion

Provides the blood supply to the eye

Choroid

pigmented cells that help these animals change color

Chromatophores

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell (important for even distribution of genetic material)

Frogs and Salamanders Incompletely terrestrial, still tied to water Live on land Skin contains keratin to protect against some dessication Gas exchange through their moist skin (also have lungs) Eggs laid in water and fertilized externally Not amniotic Legs

Class Amphibia

*Cnidaria* ex: Sea anemones, most corals No medusa stage Polyp body form only Sessile Often Colonial Sexual reproduction Asexual reproductino by fragmentation All marine Symbiotic associations with clownfish

Class Anthozoa

*Echinodermata* Sea Stars Star Shaped 5+ arms ventral mouth Dorsal anus tube feet with suckers Regeneration Most are carnivorous (some even cannibals) Madreporite

Class Asteroidea

*Mollusca* Clams "Twice leaf" clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels Animals contained within two hinged valves Head reduced Paired gills No radula Mantle forms siphons for filter feeding Abductor muscles keep clam together Open circulatory system with a heart that has one ventricle and two atria

Class Bivalvia

*Mollusca* Squids, octopuses, Nautilus " head foot" Modified foot forms part of the siphon and tentacles in the head region Probably the most advanced invertebrates Predators Closed circulatory system Head Eyes Tentacles Jet Propulsion

Class Cephalopoda

*Platyhelminthes* Tapeworms Endoparasites of vertebrates; scolex; proglottids; no head or digestive system; life cycle usually has an intermediate host Proglottids are a reproductive unit Parasitic Definitive host is a vertebrates No digestive system

Class Cestoda

Sharks, Skates, and Rays Skeleton made up entirely of cartilage Have jaws Have paired appendages Teeth and some vertebrae are calcified but not rue mineralized skeleton Placoid scales (look like teeth) Paired fins

Class Chondrichthyes

*Echinodermata* Sea Lilies Sessile (Sea Lilies) Mobile (Feather Stars) Feathered Arms surrounding dorsal mouth Typical attach to coral or sponges Filter/ Suspension Feeders Tube feet do not have suckers and help to move food toward their mouth Feather stars lack stalks

Class Crinoidea

*Cnidaria* Box Jellies Four tentacles (or bunches of tentacles) Box shaped medusa Well developed eyes! Visual predators of fish

Class Cubozoa

*Echinodermata* Sand dollars and Sea Urchins Unevenly spherical (Sea Urchin) or disk shaped (Sand Dollars) No arms 5 rows tube feet 5 teeth on the oral surface are part of a feeding apparatus called Aristotle's Lantern Able to move but slowly Can move individual spines Some edible, many have poisonous spines Most are grazers

Class Echinoidea

*Mollusca* Snails and Slugs "gut foot" Some exhibit torsion: 180 degree rotation of the visceral mass some have shells many snails have radulas Asymmetrical body Coiled shell

Class Gastropoda

parasitic and predatory leeches Mostly fresh water Do NOT possess chaetae Predatory or parasitic Several medicinal uses like anti coagulant drugs

Class Hirudinea

*Echinodermata* Sea Cucumbers Cucumber shape No arms 5 rows tube feet, plus modified tube feet act as feeding tentacles No spines Reduced skeleton Elongated shpe Eviscerate intestines to avoid predators then regenerates eviscerated parts Pentaradial symmetry

Class Holothuroidea

*Cnidaria* Occurs in both polyp and medusa Polyp stage is often colonial Sexual or asexual reproduction ex: Obelia

Class Hydrozoa

Humans, Cats, Dogs Warm blooded Young are born alive Have hair or fur on their bodies Vertebrate Lungs to breathe air Feed milk to their babies (mammary glands)

Class Mammalia

*Platyhelminthes* parasitic ectoparasites of fish ciliated larvae

Class Monogenia

Hagfish Most basal group of craniates Skeleton made of cartilage Jawless Well developed notochord Ring of tentacles around their mouth Good sense of touch and smell (bad sight) Feed upon carcasses Will excrete Copious amounts of mucous as defense mechanism skull 13 sets of hox genes neural crest Extensive organ development Two chambered heart red blood cells hemoglobin

Class Myxini

Earthworms and freshwater annelids Few hair Earthworms Possess few setae (bristles) and a clitellum which secretes cocoon around eggs Soil conditioners Reciprocal hermaphrodites Closed circulatory system Lack formal respiratory structures Circular and longitudinal muscles

Class Oligochaeta

*Echinodermata* Brittle Stars Central disk with long flexible arms Do not have bumpy skin extensions Long flexible arms Tube feet without suckers and are used for sensory perception(no locomotory function) Sea stars and brittle stars can reproduce asexually by breaking themselves in half and regenerating

Class Ophiuroidea

Bony Fish Actinopterygii Acinistia Dipnoi Sarcopterygii Bony skeleton Swim bladder Scales Protective operculum

Class Osteichthyes

Lampreys Most basal lineage of living vertebrates Jawless Larvae resembles lancelet Adults are parasitic Rudimentary backbone consisting of cartilaginous skeleton Rasping tongue to suck blood No mineralized skeleton Notochord is primary support Mouth is a sucking organ and then tongue has keratinized teeth

Class Petromyzontida

free living marine sand worms Many hair Bristle worms Largest class of Annelids Possess fleshy parapodia with chitinous chaetae aka setae (bristles) on each segment which aid locomotion Possess well developed sense organs

Class Polychaeta

*Mollusca* chitons "many plate to bear" shell with eight plates radula no head

Class Polyplacophora

*Cnidaria* Reduced polyp stage Free-swimming medusa Medusa body form prominent Ex: True Jellies

Class Scyphozoa

*Platyhelminthes* flukes Endoparasites of vertebrates Two suckers Usually has an intermediate host Primary intermediate host is an aquatic snail Secondary intermediate host are arthropods or fish Definitive hosts house adult Parasitic Complex life cycle with multiple hosts Definitive host is always a vertebrate Have two suckers (anterior and posterior) that attach to their host

Class Trematoda

*Platyhelminthes* Planarians Free-living Predators and scavengers of moist or aquatic environments May be ciliated Have protonephridia (flame cells) used for osmoregulation "eyespots" photoreceptive neurons (ocelli) Protrusible pharynx used for eating and voiding feces Negative phototaxis (move away from light)

Class Turbellaria

Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Anthozoa

Classes of Cnidarias

Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda

Classes of Mollusca

Class Turbellaria Class Monogenia Class Trematoda Class Cestoda

Classes of Platyhelminthes

Cladistics

Classifying species into hierarchical groups based on shared, derived character states

Vertebrates (except for mammals and bony fish) Common cavity for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products

Cloaca

Hydras Jellies Corals Anemones

Cnidaria examples

Radial symmetry Diploblastic Hydrostatic skeleton Gastrovascular Cavity Primitive Nervous System

Cnidarians

Specialized cells that contain stinging organelles called nematocysts.

Cnidocytes

Bacteria Shape

Cocci; Bacilli; Spiral

Bacteria Shapes

Coccus = spherical Bacillus = rods Spirillium = spirals

A fluid filled body cavity formed within the mesoderm

Coelom

Body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissue

Coelomate

3 Ascending Transverse Descending

Colon Segments

Vagina

Copulatory Canal

transparent outer layer of the sclera Admits light into the eye

Cornea

Right and left are connected by these nerve fibers Relays information from one hemisphere of the cerebrum to the other - larger in women than in men

Corpus Callosum

Kidney Contains the fluid filtering chambers

Cortex

Chordates possessing a head Class Myxini (Hagfish) is the most basal group Skeleton made of cartilage No backbone= not vertebrates

Craniates

Crustose

Crusty lichen

Minor calyx

Cup shaped extension of pelvis that encircles apex of pyramid

Angiosperm

Current dominant plants on Earth; covered seed (fruits); highly reduced gametophyte; pollination results in double fertilization

Where does Fermentation (Anaerobic Reaction) occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does Aerobic Reaction occur?

Cytoplasm & the Mitochondria

. The Golgi has several roles including: A) It concentrates, packages and sorts proteins B) It adds some carbohydrates to proteins C) It is where some polysaccharides for plants are synthesized D) All of the above E) None of the above

D

10) What are Van der Waals forces? a) Sharing of H atom b) Interaction of a polar compound with a non-polar compound c) Attraction of opposite charged ions d) Weak interactions between non-polar substances e) Sharing of electron pairs

D

17) The following are examples of polysaccharides: a) Cellulose b) Starch c) Glycogen d) All of the above e) None of the above

D

32. What is endocytosis A) A process that transport materials to the exterior of cells B) A mechanism that regulates osmotic pressure in cells C) The maintenance of an internal equilibrium in cells D) A process that bring small and large particles into cells E) A process that brings small ions into cells

D

33) What defines a protein quaternary structure? a) The precise sequence of aminoacids in a polypeptide b) Repeated spatial α-helix and β-pleated sheet patterns in polypeptide chains c) The polypeptide chain is bent at specific sites and then folded back d) Two or more polypeptide chains, called subunits, are connected and fold to create this level of structure e) There is no quaternary structure in proteins

D

36) The site of the enzyme where catalysis takes place is the: a) Prosthetic group b) Cofactor c) Coenzyme d) Active site e) Substrate

D

Gene Theory

DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> Cell Structure and Function

Circular fold

Deep folds of mucosa & submucosa that extend completely or partially around circumference of small intestine

resolution

Definition: the ability to distinguish two objects from each other; the level of detail

magnification

Definition: the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making a microscopic organism visible.

contrast

Definition: the difference in light value between two objects next to each other.

Vasopression or antidiuretic hormone is released to reabsorb water so urine output decreases ADH regulates urin concentration

Dehydration

receive messages

Dendrites

Embryological cleavage: mitotic divisions of a zygote without cell growth. Forms a gastrula where invagination forms embryonic tissue layers that differentiate into specific structures as development proceeds

Development

Low specific gravity

Diabetes insipidus

Two holes Dinosaurs, Reptiles (not turtles), birds

Diapsid

Bottom number Ventricles relax Arterial pressure drops Normal 60-90

Diastole

Bacillariophytes

Diatoms; cell wall composed of hydrated silica plates; Group: Stramenopila

Coiling is the direction the shell spirals. Torsion is the rotation of the visceral mass so the anus and siphon are above the head

Difference between coiling and torsion

Amphibia Frog lacks scales

Difference between frog and snake skin

*Chordata* Amphibia Frog Skin Shark has placoid scales

Difference between shark skin and this?

*Chordata* Amphibia Frog nucleated red blood cells Human red blood cells lack nuclei

Difference between these cells and human red blood cells

Allele

Different forms of a gene; dominant or recessive

chemical process of breaking down macromolecules to their component monomers No lipid or carbohydrate digestion

Digestion

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Dioecious (male and female plants) Pollinated by beetles Pollen tube does not reach egg

Ginkgophyta

Dioecious - stinky females Ovules on branch tips

Two layers (ectoderm and endoderm)

Diploblastic

Lungfishes Gills and lungs Can breathe when water levels low Can walk on their fins for short periods of time Have lobed fins

Dipnoi

Euglenozoa

Diverse group with many lifestyles; contain 1-2 flagella

Yes

Do deleterious alleles persist in a population overtime?

Eukarya

Domain that has membrane bound organelles and nucleus

Archaea

Domain that is commonly found in aversive conditions

Bacteria

Dominant domain on earth; most ancestral domain; peptidoglycan cell wall

Rolled tube of ectodermal tissue located dorsal to the notochord. Forms the brain and spinal cord in adults. Unique to chordates. Most others have solid ventral nerve cord Develops into the nervous system

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

provide insulation

Down Feathers

Having a four chambered heart allows for the blood to be pumped to the lungs and then back to the heart before moving to the body It keeps blood pressure higher and compensates for drop at gas exchange More efficient to meet high energy demands

Dual Circuit Circulation

14) The building blocks of sugars are: a) Aminoacids b) Nucleotides c) Simple lipids d) Oligosaccharides e) Monosaccharides

E

15. What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) protein synthesis and modifications B) transport of oxygen to tissues C) provides protections and guides cellular signaling D) selective restriction of alcohol molecules in cells E) chemical modification of small molecules, including drugs and pesticides .

E

20. What biochemical property allows phospholipids to create a bilayer in cells? A) Phospholipids are an essential component of nucleic acids B) Phospholipids have a non-polar chain and a polar phosphate group C) Phospholipids float freely in the cytosol D) Phospholipids dissolve in water very rapidly E) Phospholipids are rigid and provide protection in membranes

E

22) Why should we limit our dietary intake of saturated fatty acids? a) Saturated fatty acids provide a lot of energy b) Diabetes has been linked to diets with high contents of saturated fatty acids c) Saturated fatty acids are mutagenic d) Saturated fatty acids have a high melting point; they can burn our body e) Saturated fatty acids are more stable; the accumulate in the body causing weight problems

E

25) What are the names of pyridimines and their main structural feature? a) Adenine and thymine; they form complementary bonds in DNA b) Guanine and cytosine; they are prone to mutation c) Adenine and guanine; they are double ring bases d) Uracil and thymine; both are components of DNA e) Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil; they are single ring bases

E

28. Some functions of ion channels include: A) Respiration within the mitochondria B) Electrical activity of the nervous system C) Opening the pores in leaves D) Allow diffusion of polar molecules E) All of the above and many more

E

31 Secondary active transport is involved in: A) The transport of potassium ions in cells B) The transport of sodium ions in cells C) The uptake of amino acids D) The uptake of sugars E) All of the above and many more

E

35) The name of the reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is called: a) Prosthetic group b) Cofactor c) Coenzyme d) Active site e) Substrate

E

37. A signal transduction pathway is: A) The metabolic reactions occurring in cells B) The pathway that produces sugars from sun energy C) A signal that is stored in the nucleus of cells D) A process of transport of materials within cells E) Sequence of molecular events that respond to a signal

E

39. Paracrine signals: A) affect all cells in an organism B) travel to distant parts of the body C) affect the same cell that release them D) are neutral signals with no effects E) diffuse to and affect nearby cells

E

5) What is a molecule? a) The electron shells in a compound b) A pure substance that contains only one kind of atom c) The fundamental unit in chemistry d) An atom with low molecular weight e) A stable association of atoms

E

7. Lysosomes are important to eukaryotic cells because they contain A) photosynthetic pigments. B) starch molecules for energy storage. C) their own DNA molecules. D) nucleolus. E) digestive enzymes.

E

8) Define a covalent bond: a) Sharing of H atom b) Interaction of a polar compound with a non-polar compound c) Attraction of opposite charged ions d) Weak interactions between non-polar substances e) Sharing of electron pairs

E

1. The roles of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells include which of the functions listed below? A) Separating a cell from its environment B) Selecting what goes into and out of the cell C) Maintaining a constant internal environment D) Communicating with adjacent cells E) All of the above

E.

Testis divided into number of lopes by connective tissue

Each lobe contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules : these converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called reti testis

"Ecdysis" = molting Nematoda and Arthropoda More Ecdysozoans than all other eukaryotes combined Triploblastic Protostome

Ecdysozoans

Two chambered heart One atrium and one ventricle Atrium collects blood from the body Ventricle gets blood from the atrium Blood moves from gills to the body, back to the heart Fish have 2 capillary beds

Fish Circulation

Subgroup Dinoflagellates

Flagella - Two in perpendicular grooves cause a whirling motion Armor - Internal, reinforcing cellulose plates

Euglenozoa

Flagella - one or two ; w/ crystalline rod of unknown function

Euglenids

Flagella originating within an infolded structure. photosynthetic. supergroup: excavata

Rugae

Folds of gastric mucosa

coarse focus adjustment

For initial focus. Only use this knob under scan or low power. Never use this knob on high power. NEVER!

Testis in scrotum

For temperature control because sperm cannot survive in normal 37°C body temperature

Increased surface area

For what reason does spirogyra have spiraled cellular contents?

Chemical Responses Simple Reflexes Complex Reflexes Voluntary Responses

Forms of Responses

7 Areas of Evidence of Evolution

Fossil Record Biogeography Homology Vestigal Developmental similarities Molecular genetics Observation

Ascomycetes

Fruiting fungi; produces ascus; conidiophores for asexual reproduction; ascocarp for sexual reproduction

Saprophytic

Fugi that feed on dead material

no

Is the image inverted on a dissecting microscope?

*Brachiopoda* Primitive No complex hinge or teeth on valves Use muslces to open and close Lingula- oldest known animal genus Anchored by pedicle in soft sediment Pedicle temporarily attached to substrate Lophophore not supported Complete gut Hinge is simple and smooth Shell is flexible and made of protein Absent pedicle aperature Chitin on outer layer Habitates in vertical burrows in soft sediment

Inarticulata

Paraphyletic

Includes an ancestor with some but not all of its descendants

Coniferophyta (Conifers)

Includes tallest and oldest Heterospory

Coniferophyta

Includes tallest; heterosporous; many pollinated by wind, some fire; Gymnosperm

Catalyst

Increases rate if chemical reaction without becoming part of the process

*Sponges* Water is drawn into these pores

Incurrent Pores

Positive starch and maltose test

Indicates that starch digestion (hydrolysis) is incomplete

Subgroup Apicomplexians

Infectious stage - Sporozites infect host cells via a specialized complex of organelles at the apex Plastid - Apicoplast -synthesizes fatty acids

Act of eating Mechanical fragmentation breaks food into smaller pieces Begins in the mouth Saliva begins initial processing of food

Ingestion

Glomerular capsule

Inner (visceral) membrane forms part of filtration membrane

Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Process information in CNS

Interneurons

Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Urochordata

Invertebrate Chordates

controls how much light comes in

Iris

less than

Is the high power depth of field greater than or less than the low power depth of field?

Middle layer Becomes: Skeleton, heart, kidney, muscle, blood

Mesoderm

Cnidarian have outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis which is separated by the gelatinous matrix also known as the mesoglea

Mesoglea

Herbivorous 2 pair of legs/ segment (fused segments)

Millipedes

Tongue

Mobile organ that manipulates food in mouth and initiates swallowing

Phylogenies

Models that show evolutionary history based on ancestry

Lost connection to pharynx, just swim bladder for buoyancy regulator Gills

Modern bony fish respiration

Stem Cell Research

Modern use of indeterminate Cell Cleavage

Lophotrochozoa Ecydysozoa

Molecular evidence

Charophytes

Molecular, cellular and structural characteristics indicate that this group of algae is more closely related to terrestrial plants (oogamous)

Charophyta

Molecular, cellular, and structural characteristics indicate that this group of green algae is more closely related to terrestrial plants; oogamous reproduction; Have reproductive gametangia

Sporophyte domanance

More diploid than haploid stages in reproductive cycle

Gametophyte dominance

More haploid than diploid stages in life cycle

Mitosis

One cellular division that yields two identical daughter cells ; Can occur with haploid and diploid cells

Oral cavity

One of the regions that breaks down foodstuffs mechanically

Frenulum

One of the structures continuous with a representing modifications of peritoneum

Testis Reproductive system

Organ and Organ System?

Taxon

Organism at any level of the Linnaean naming system (plural taxa)

Autotrophs

Organisms that can make their own food

Heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot make their own food; break down complex compounds for nutrients

*Sponge* Water exits through this opening

Osculum

Process by which an organism regulates the fluid balance and balances the concentrations of solutes and ions In vertebrates the primary osmoregulatory organ are the kidneys

Osmoregulation

*Ecdysozoa* Arthro=joint Podos=foot Ex: Spiders, Insects, and Crustaceans Most numerous and diverse and successful group of animals Characteristics -Jointed Appendages -Segmented body -Exoskeleton composed of chitin Coelomate Protostome Well developed nervous system with effective sensory receptors

Phylum Arthropoda

*Lophophorates* Sessile Triploblastic Coelomate Lophophore and peidcle present Used to be very abundant not only 350 species Are NOT mollusks Shells of Calcite, CaPO4, proteins Perpendicular to valves Two unequal valves, folded mantle, lophophore, digestive tract, and pedicle Inarticulata and Articulata

Phylum Brachiopoda

Tunicates, Lancelets, and Vertebrates Includes vertebrates and two groups of invertebrates All exhibit 5 traits sometime in their life

Phylum Chordata

"spiny protective skin" Larvae have bilateral symmetry Adults have penta radial symmetry Slow moving/ Sessile Water vascular system with tube feet used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration Skeleton composed of calcite plates Coelom has circulatory, respiratory, and excretory functions Madreporite Tube feet used to pry open bivalve shells Internal skeleton composed of calcite plates called ossicles Spines extended from ossicles

Phylum Echinodermata

Snails, Clams, and Cephalopods Mostly marine Bilateral symmetry Lack segments True coelom Foot for movement and food capture Visceral mass contains the organs Mantle secretes shells Radula scrapes food Open circulatory system

Phylum Mollusca

*Ecdysozoa* Roundworms Abundant in aquatic habitats and moist soils Complete Digestive Tract Seperate Sexes (Diocious) Pseudocoelomate Longitudinal muscles Ex: trichinella and ascaris

Phylum Nematoda

Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Acoelomate Hermaphroditic have both female and male structures Simple nervous system, exhibit primitive organ systems First example of cephalization (development of head) Majority are parasitic

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Chlorophyte

Phylum of Archaeplastida characteristed by being aquatic, typically reproducing asexuallly in good conditions and sexually in aversive conditions

Gymnosperm

Plants that produce naked seeds

Eukarya (characteristics)

Plants, animals

Controls movement in and out of the cell

Plasma Membrane

Aid in blood clotting Low counts lead to uncontrolled bleeding High counts lead to stroke and heart attack

Platelets

Human Sperm Haploid (1N)

Ploidy?

Sori

Pollen clusters on underside of fern

Pollination

Pollen on ovary structure; NOT fertilization

coordinate movements on both sides of the body

Pons

*sponges* Asymmetrical No tissues, only cells Mobility -Adults are sessile -Larva are free-swimming Asexual by budding and fragmentation Hermaphrodites

Poriferans

Basal Animals Lack True Tissues Asymmetrical

Poriferans are ____. They lack _________ and are usually ______.

Medulla

Portion if the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts

Present during some embryonic stage, may be lost in later stages Sometimes only seen in development

Post-anal Tail

Soft palate

Posterosuperior boundary of oral cavity

Ketonuria

Presence of Keytone bodies (acetone and others) in urine

Albuminuria

Presence of albumin in urine

Hematuria

Presence of erythrocytes in urine

Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in urine

Hemoglobinuria

Presence of hemoglobin in urine

the protein molecules sticking to produce a gel state

Presence of protease enzymes may be determined by

Pyuria

Presence of puss (white blood cells) in the urine

Symmetry Tissues Body Cavity Embryological Development Molecular Evidence

Primary morphological traits that help determine animal relationships include

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination

Process of food

Ingestion and Elimination occur in the same place

Process of food in Cnidaria

Heterosporous

Produces both male microspores and female megaspores

Dioecious

Produces male and female plants (i.e. Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta)

Ovaries

Produces oocytes, estrogen and progesterone

*Platyhelminthes* Cestoda Reproductive, break off Mature proglottids look veiny Immature proglottids look smooth

Proglottids

Microvilli

Projects of plasma membrane of mucosal epithelial cells

Pancreatic-intestinal enzymes

Proper pH for functioning us ensured by the pancreas delivering its enzymes to the small intestine in an alkaline rich fluid

spatial awareness joins, ligaments, and muscles Stimulated by movement and integrate visual signals from the eyes and rotational input from the inner ear

Proprioceptors

Ventricle has a septum Crocodiles have an almost completely closed septum (considered four chambered heart) Lizards, Snakes and turtles have a septum that does not fully divide so the blood mixes (considered a three chambered heart)

Reptile Circulation

Most are strictly terrestrial Tough skin made of keratin (epidermal scales) does not need water and prevents water loss Leathery shells on amniotic egg prevent water loss Includes Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, Tuataras, and Birds Feathers

Reptiles

Air has a higher concentration of oxygen Less work Faster Diffusion

Respiratory advantages to living on land

Fertilization

Result of pollination that leads to the development of an embryo

back of eye cones and rods contains photoreceptors and sensory neurons

Retina

Tiktaalik Transitional between fish and early tetrapods

Rhipidistia

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

active in low light situations insensitive to color more numerous at the edge of the retina active at night

Rods

Moisten and lubricate food to facilitate swallowing Dissolve food particles to facilitate taste Kill ingested bacteria Initiate digestion of polysaccharides through the action of the enzyme salivary amylase

Role of Saliva

Root cap-brown Phloem-light green Apical meristem-light pink Region of elongation-dark pink before light pink Cortex-yellow Endodermis-orange Pericycle-dark green Metaxylem-rest of dark pink

Root cap Phloem Apical meristem Region of elongation Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Metaxylem

10-100 seconds

Ruffini Endings

the time at which the entire ventricle is depolarized

S-T segment

Haustra

Sacculations of large intestine

Analogous Traits

Same function, different structure (convergent evolution)

Homologous Traits

Same structure, but not necessarily same function (denotes common ancestor)

Fleshy paired fins Coelacanthiformes Dipnoi Rhipidistia Lobed fins Some with lungs or lung derivatives

Sarcopterygii

Reptillia Epidermal Cells

Scales from shell derived from what cell type

The body cavity forms when the mesodermal tissue "splits"

Schizocoelous

provide the insulating myelin sheath for axons

Schwann Cells

tough outer layer and point of attachment for the extrinsic muscle

Sclera

Distal convoluted tubule

Secondarily important sites of tubular reabsorption

*Arthropoda* Ex: Horseshoe Crabs, Scorpions, Ticks, Spiders Lack antennae and mandibles First pair of appendages, the chelicerae, is modified into pincers or fangs Two body part plan with an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen Body has 1-2 parts; 6 pairs of appendages (4 legs, chelicerae, pedipalps)

Subphylum Chelicerata

*Arthropoda* Body with 2-3 parts; 2 pair antennae; mandibles, 3+ pair of legs ex: Crabs, lobsters, barnacles Characteristics -2 pairs of antennae -Biramous (branched), specialized appendages Crustaceans are the dominant arthropods in marine environments, but they also live in fresh water and in moist soils Eat plants and scavenge dead animals

Subphylum Crustacea

*Arthropoda* Body has 3 parts; 1 pair antennae; 3 pair legs; 2 pair wings (occasionally 0-1) INSECTS Flight Single most important factor in their success it the ability to fly Most diverse Success is due to specialized locomotor and feeding appendages, as well as advanced sensory organs. Characteristics -3 body segments (Head, Thorax, and abdomen) -3 pairs of legs

Subphylum Hexapoda

*Arthropoda* 1 pair of antennae; 3 pair mouthparts (1 pair mandibles); millipedes 2 pair legs/ segment; centipedes 1 pair legs/segment; segments variable 5-372 ex: Centipedes and millipedes Terrestrial Lack compound eyes

Subphylum Myriapoda

Substrate

Substance on which a catalyst works

Urochrome

Substance responsible for normal yellow color of urine

How substrate, and active site tie together with an enzyme

Substrate goes to active site, which is where it fits the enzyme

Metabolism

Sum of chemical processes taking place in the body

Chromalveolata

Supergroup including the groups Alveolata and Stramenopila

Rhizaria

Supergroup that included the groups Cercozoa and Radiolaria; characterized by a pseudopodia primarily used for feeding and containing hard shells

Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral

Symmetry

Chitin and glucose storage

Synapomorphies between animals and fungi

Gap between two neurons Signals are passed between the two cells via neurotransmitters

Synapse

One hole (bottom one) Mammals

Synapsid

*Sponge* Choanocytes line canals extending from spongocoel Ex: Glass sponge made of silicea

Synconoid

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Top number Ventricular contraction Extra pressure on arteries Normal range 90-130

Systole

Repolarization of ventricles

T Wave

"eye shine" In nocturnal animals, posterior area of the choroid behind the retina has this pigment layer

Tapetum lucidum

controls auditory and visual responses

Tectum

Four conditions that maximize enzymatic activity

Temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme, and presence of the correct substrate

Theory of Inheritance

The genetic code may be changed through mutation/crossing over

Ingroup

The group of taxa being studied in a cladogram

A color change in Benedict's Test indicates what?

The presence of sugar

Specialized respiratory structures Transport Tissues Protection from Desiccation

The primary animal adaptation for life on land are

Hemolysis

The rupture of cell due to exposure of hypotonic solution

Unikonta

The supergroup of amoebae

Oogonia

What structure in Charophytes produces eggs?

Alveolata

This group contains membranous sacs underneath the cells membrane called alveoli

1.Electromyographic (EMG) Muscle activity from movement of face or scalp 2. Electrode displacement. The electrode/ scalp contact can be complicated by hair 3. Electro-oculographic (EOG) electrical potential from eye movement

Three common causes of electrical artifacts

Support Cells Basal Cells Olfactory receptor cells

Three types of cells on the roof of each nasal cavity

Volume in a normal breath 10% of total lung capacity

Tidal Volume

May lack true tissues Dipoblastic (two primary germ layers) Triploblastic (three primary germ layers)

Tissues (Germ Layers)

What is the formula to find displacement?

Total Volume - Original Volume

Monocot

Tradescantia

Spongy urethra

Transports both sperm and urine

causes trichinosis From eating infected pork Cysts in muscle tissue *Nematoda*

Trichinella

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Most abundant fossil arthropods Abundant during the Paleozoic

Trilobites

Three layers (ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm)

Triploblastic

larval stage present in annelids and molluscs

Trochophore

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that digests fat droplets in the basic conditions (NaHCO3 is present) of the small intestine. Indicate which of the following test tubes would show digestion following incubation at 37°C, and explain why the others would not. Tube 1: Water, fat droplets Tube 2: Water, fat droplets, lipase Tube 3: Water, fat droplets, lipase, NaHCO3 Tube 4: Water, lipase, NaHCO3

Tube 1: Water, fat droplets No enzyme Tube 2: Water, fat droplets, lipase Wrong pH Tube 3: Water, fat droplets, lipase, NaHCO3 Digestion occurs Tube 4: Water, lipase, NaHCO3 No substrate

Support Cells Receptor Cells

Two cell types in each taste bud

Meiosis

Two cellular divisions that yield 4 haploid, non-identical daughter cells

Tunicate Larvae Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Slits Muscular Post Anal Tail

Two characteristics

aqueous humor chamber vitreous humor chamber they maintain the shape of the eye

Two eye chambers

Left side is words and logic Right side is art music and intuition Most likely false

Two hemispheres of brain

Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons

Types of Neurons

Theory of Evolution

Unique genotypes may result in survival advantage

Kidney Carries urine away from the kidneys into the urinary bladder

Ureter

*Invertebrate* Tunicates (Sea Squirts) Closer to other chordates than they are to lancelots Larvae (free swimming) have all 4 chordate characteristics Notochord, nerve cord and tail lost as an adult Filter Feeders Sac with two sipohns in which water exits and enters Skin made of tunicin

Urochordata

Photoautotrophs

Use light energy to fix CO2 and make food.

Heterocysts

Used for nitrogen fixation

Benedict's Test

Used to analyze whether or not sugars are present in the beaker solution

Sperm pathway in female reproductive tract

Vagina-> cervix-> fallopian tube-> peritoneal cavity

Illiosecal valve

Valve at junction of small and large intestines

Pyloric valve

Valve controlling food movement from stomach into duodenum

Phloem

Vascular tissues that transport the products of photosynthesis

Xylem

Vascular tissues that transport water

Oomycetes

Water molds; lives on dead or organic matter; produces sessile egg nuclei. cellulose in cell wall. Group: Stramenopila

Plant adaptations for life on land

Waxy outer layer to limit water loss; openings in epidermis for gas exchange; multicellular reproductive organs; development of seeds and fruits; wind or animal dispersed male gametes; shift from homosporous to heterosporous condition; reduction of gametophyte in favor of sporophyte dominance; vascular tissues

In nature, these tastes are associated with poisonous, harmful, or acidic substances

We avoid sour and bitter

Essential for neurological and muscle function

We prefer salt

we need carbohydrates Essential for cell function

We prefer sweet

taste of the amino acids that we need to build proteins

We prefer umami

45x

What amount of magnification is possible with the dissecting microscope?

Transports and provides nutrients to the sperm

What are some benefits of a pollen tube?

Chondrichthyes Dogfish skin Fish scales Protection, streamlining

What are the dorsal pointy structures and what it their purpose?

Mammal Lung Alveoli

What are the holes?

Bottleneck and Founder effect

What are two things that can hasten the effects of genetic drift?

Protection and enhanced seed dispersal

What benefit does fruit provide a plant?

Sarcopterygii Coelacanthiform Lobe finned fish with homologous bone structures to tetrapod Once believed to be extinct

What distinguishes these

Lungs

What do mammals use to breathe

High rain

What environmental conditions correlate to higher malaria instances?

Chordata Salivary Gland Salivary amylase is produced

What enzyme is produced

Zygomycetes

What fungi phylum is characterized by a resting stage zygospore?

Lichen

What is a mutualistic association between a fungi and a cyanobacteria or green algae?

Human Skin Hair Follicle

What is at the bottom center?

Secondary Growth

What is bark (woody stems) on trees?

Needs to be kept moist for gas exchange

What is the disadvantage of the mammalian lung?

HbA and HbS

What is the genotype for normal hemoglobin and sickle-cell trait?

Human Red Blood Cells Hemoglobin (ans)

What is the pigment carried by red blood cells

Increase in surface area

What is the purpose of basidiospores on gill?

Null hypothesis

What is the purpose of using Hardy-Weinberg as a model of evolution

Theoretically, a Great Many Kids Have Dropped dead converting metrics under never-ending pressure.

What is the statement used to memorize the metric system?

Endothermic like (birds and mammals)

What kind of animals require the most energy?

Chondrichthyes Jaws Paired fins Cartilaginous skeletons

What makes this class special

Human Skin Epidermis Integumentary system

What organ system

95%

What percent of earth's organisms are invertebrates?

Ascomycetes

What phylum is penicillium and mildew?

Rhizopus

can reproduce asexually: sporangia contain spores can reproduce sexually: two fungal bodies in close proximity; chemical messengers cause production of protuberances and then gametangia; multiple haploid gametangia fuse to form diploid zygotes called a zygospore; produce zygosporangia where meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores

Plasmodium vivax

causes one type of malaria in humans female mosquito: vector for transmission (transmits organism from one host to another) sporozoites: develop from the parasites zygotes, passed to humans by bite (broken down in liver and reproduce after entering the bloodstream)

mortar and pestle

ceramic ware used to grind up solids; placed in mortar, ground using pestle

contractile vacuoles

control movement of water

`Peziza

cup fungus ascocarp: fruiting body asci contain spores reproduce sexually: ascus is the zygote; ascospores are spores

Hyphae

cytoplasmic filaments that make of fungi

rotifers

dioecious: distinct male and female organisms many species have no males so eggs develop parthenogenically: asexual; embryo develops without fertilization feeding: currents produced by the cilia move the food particles to the mouth

Bottleneck

disastrous event causes genetic variation of parent population to be affected

Mosses

do not have vascular tissues the sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition and support

Euglena

flagellum: for swimming/movement chloroplast: allows for photosynthesis eyespot: light sensitive; allows the euglena to find the light source and travel towards it

Types of Fruits

fleshy simple aggregate dry simple multiple fruits

striker

flint and metal tool that provides spark to ignite brunsen burner

Rhizarians shells

forams: calcium carbonate radiolarians: silica

multiple fruits

form from fused ovaries of many flowers

aggregate fruits

form from many separate ovaries in one flower

center of the retina

fovea

Mycorrhizae's value to plants

fungal symbiont increases water and nutrient intake, fixes nitrogen, help degrade leaf litter to release nutrients

Sound waves enter the ear canal and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate Three bones in the ear, incus, mallus and stapes move Pressure waves in the cochlea Small hairs in the cochlea send nerve impulses to the brain which interprets the impulses

hearing

akinetes

help blue-green bacteria survive adverse condtions

test tube rack

holds multiple test tubes during experiments

Cyanobacteria

important players in each of the main nutrient cycles and perform oxygenic photosynthesis

Supergroup Unikonta

includes all organisms with a single flagella at some point in their life cycle

Plasmolysis

is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution, water from vacuole is lost

akinetes

large, oval, dense, spore-like cells that allow blue-green bacteria to survive adverse conditions. So these will only be present in adverse conditions!

Tapeworm

monoecious: can self fertilize unlike the flukes and planaria feeding: absorb predigested nutrients scolex: head proglottids: segments that make up the body much of the mature body is made up of reproductive structures

bryophyta

mosses nonvascular gametophyte dominant pronounced alternation of generations

non-vascular plants

mosses, liverworts gametophyte dominant pronounced alternation of generations

Bacteria

most widespread and abundant organisms

Volvox

motile colony: held together by a gelatinous mix individual cells have flagella work together to move the colony reproduce asexually: autocolony: daughter colony formation; cells divide and round into an autocolony

Amoeba

move by projections called psuedopodia (fake feet) Organelles: nucleus, contractile vacuoles, food vacoule feeds by phagocytosis; engulfing their food

Paramecium Caudatum

moves by the use of cilia binucleate (2 nuclei) feeds by food entering the oral groove, leading to the gullet to the food vacuole