BIO 122 Quiz 8 Metabolism
starting material is acetyl-CoA 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
5
Acetyl CoA is important in cellular metabolism because it: a. serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. b. releases energy for cell work. c. is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system.
a
All of the following take place during the absorptive state except a) ketone bodies begin to form. b) blood glucose levels rise. c) blood lipid levels rise. d) insulin stimulates glycogenesis.
a
An increased caloric intake without an increase in external expenditure would most likely lead to: a. weight gain b. decreased BMR c. weight loss d. no change in weight or BMR
a
A decrease in body weight occurs when more calories are consumed than is necessary to meet the metabolic requirements of the cells. True False
b
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus would be in a prolonged: a. absorptive state b. postabsorptive state c. catatonic state d. hypoglycemic state
b
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a) glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.
b
Amino acids and fatty acids may enter the citric acid cycle by way of: a. gylcerol. b. acetyl-CoA c. NAD. d. pyruvic acid.
b
Which of the following is calculated directly by using a person's height and weight? a. basal metabolic rate b. rate of ATP production c. BMI d. energy (caloric) needs
c
Which of the following terms describes the process by which glucose is metabolized to produce CO2, H2O, and energy? a. synthesis b. deamination c. catabolism d. digestion
c
Which of these is a hormone that causes an increase in blood glucose concentration? a. glycogen b. cholesterol c. epinephrine d. insulin
c
________ contains all of the essential amino acids. a. A water-soluble vitamin b. A fat-soluble vitamin c. A complete protein d. An essential fatty acid e. A carbohydrate
c
A balanced diet should a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.
d
A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.
d
Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: a. fatty acids b. glucose c. amino acids d. All of the above e. None of the above
d
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as a) protein deficiency disease. b) Kwashiorkor. c) avitaminosis. d) carbohydrate loading. e) hypervitaminosis.
e
ATP can be used for a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.
e
The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) A b) C c) E d) folic acid e) All of the answers are correct.
e
The process(es) that occur(s) in the mitochondria is/are: a. glycolysis. b. Krebs cycle. c. electron transport. d. all of the above e. both b and c
e
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a) glycolysis. b) oxidative phosphorylation. c) catabolism. d) anabolism. e) metabolism.
e
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.
e
end product is pyruvic acid 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
2
28 ATP produced 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
3
pathway for fatty acid breakdown 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
4
site of oxidation/reduction reactions in electron transport 1. cytochromes 2. glycolysis 3. electron transport 4. beta-oxidation 5. citric acid cycle
1
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as a) gout. b) rheumatoid arthritis. c) anorexia nervosa. d) lupus.
a
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria. Because of this, it can only make ATP by: a. glycolysis. b. the Krebs cycle. c. beta-oxidation. d. deamination.
a
Carbohydrates and proteins may be converted to triglycerides and stored as fat. a. True. Any calorie containing nutrient can be stored as fat in the body. b. False. Proteins cannot be converted to fat due to the nitrogen in the amine group. c. False. Carbohydrates will only be stored as glycogen in the body. d. False. Triglycerides can only be synthesized from lipids.
a
Coenzyme A is derived from: a. pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5). b. cytochromes. c. thiamin. d. ATP.
a
During starvation (a long-term situation): a. little or no glycogen is stored in the liver b. insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased c. epinephrine stimulates glycogenesis in muscle cells d. protein synthesis in the liver and muscles is increased
a
If the cell starts with fat as its fuel source, which of the following reactions will NOT occur? a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) d. Beta-oxidation
a
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of a) vitamin A. b) vitamin B12. c) vitamin C. d) niacin. e) riboflavin.
a
In skeletal muscle, one major disadvantage of relying solely on glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is that: a. lactic acid accumulates in the muscle. b. ATP cannot be produced. c. without oxygen, glucose cannot be broken down. d. CO and alcohol are the final products.
a
Low-density lipoproteins function to: a. transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis b. transport cholesterol to the liver for removal c. assist lacteals in the absorption of fatty acids d. lower cholesterol levels
a
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the a) small intestine. b) stomach. c) large intestine. d) duodenum. e) liver.
a
Temperature regulation is: a. influenced by peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin b. primarily regulated by conductive heat loss c. independent of hormonal influences d. accomplished primarily by regulating heat gain
a
The "good" type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from tissues to liver is: a. HDL (high-density lipoproteins) b. MDL (mid-density lipoproteins) c. VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins) d. LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
a
The citric acid cycle a) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. b) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. d) contains enzymes called cytochromes. e) forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.
a
The function of the citric acid cycle is to a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. b) transfer the acetyl group. c) hydrolyze glucose. d) produce carbon dioxide. e) produce water.
a
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.
a
True or False: When ATP breaks down, the products can then be used to synthesize more ATP. a. True b. False, because ADP --> ATP + P. c. False, because ATP --> glucose. d. False, because ATP --> ADP + ADP.
a
Urea is formed in the a) liver. b) stomach. c) kidneys. d) small intestine. e) large intestine.
a
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. a) postabsorptive b) absorptive c) starvation d) deprivation e) preabsorptive
a
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur? a. cytoplasm b. mitochondrial matrix c. mitochondrial cristae d. nucleus
a
Which of the following have the most similar functions? a. niacin (NAD) and riboflavin (FAD) b. pantothenic acid and riboflavin (FAD) c. thiamin and niacin (NAD) d. pantothenic acid and thiamin
a
________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. a. An incomplete protein b. A water-soluble vitamin c. A complete protein d. A fat-soluble vitamin
a
An adult weighing 130 lb. requires the same amount of energy to walk up a flight of stairs as does an adult weighing 280 lb. a. True. The distance is the same so the energy expended is equal with the two individuals. b. False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she has a higher BMI. c. False. It requires less energy for the larger adult because he/she has more muscle. d. False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she is out of shape.
b
Decreasing blood glucose is a stimulus for the secretion of: a. epinephrine b. glucagon c. growth hormone d. all of the above
b
Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy? a) A b) C c) B12 d) D
b
During cellular respiration, which set of reactions releases carbon dioxide? a. glycolysis b. citric acid (Krebs) cycle c. electron transport d. none of them produce carbon dioxide
b
During lipolysis, a) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. c) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. d) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
b
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called a) water-soluble vitamins. b) essential fatty acids. c) high-density lipoproteins. d) low-density lipoproteins. e) chylomicrons.
b
In which of the following conditions does the hypothalamus fail to function? a. heat exhaustion b. heat stroke c. fever d. shivering
b
Most of the ATP in our cells is produced during: a. glycolysis. b. electron transport. c. beta-oxidation. d. photosynthesis.
b
NAD, which acts as a hydrogen carrier in the cell, is derived from: a. thiamin. b. niacin (nicotinic acid). c. riboflavin. d. pyruvic acid.
b
Pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in a) vitamin B2 (riboflavin). b) vitamin B3 (niacin). c) vitamin B9 (folic acid). d) vitamin D. e) vitamin K.
b
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during a) glycolysis. b) the citric acid cycle. c) electron transport. d) all of the above
b
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces a) ketone bodies. b) urea. c) nitrate. d) acetyl-CoA. e) water.
b
The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue. a) ghrelin b) leptin c) neuropeptide Y d) insulin e) estrogen
b
The mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they: a. synthesize glucose. b. produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose. c. are where glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport all occur. d. conduct glycolysis, and therefore other pathways as well, which has to occur before any ATP can be produced.
b
Which of the following hormones increase the blood glucose level? a. glucagon and insulin. b. glucagon and epinephrine c. epinephrine and insulin. d. insulin and glycogen
b
Which of the following hormones is most directly involved during the post-absorptive state? a. thyroid hormone b. glucagon c. glycogen d. insulin e. only by radiation
b
Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated? a. gluconeogenesis b. glycogenesis c. glycogenolysis d. all the above
b
Which of the following statements is true about carbohydrates? a. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the simplest form is a disaccharide. b. Their main use is to provide energy. c. They are stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids. d. All of the above are true. e. A and B only
b
A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as: a. hydrolysis. b. isomerization. c. deamination. d. oxidation.
c
A decrease in body weight occurs when caloric intake: a. equals basal metabolism plus external work b. is greater than basal metabolism plus external work c. is less than basal metabolism plus external work d. is less than basal metabolism plus internal work
c
A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders? a) scurvy b) night blindness c) rickets d) pernicious anemia e) pellagra
c
All cells use which of the following directly for energy to fuel their work? a. glucose. b. sunlight. c. ATP. d. glycogen.
c
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that a) it occurs in the mitochondria. b) fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e) it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.
c
Cellular respiration is best described as the: a. exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. b. synthesis of glucose using the energy of ATP. c. breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP. d. conversion of CO2 and H2O into ATP
c
During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces the most ATP? a. citric acid cycle b. glycolysis c. electron transport d. ventilation
c
During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces water? a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport d. Krebs cycle
c
Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed a) thermic monitoring. b) energetics. c) thermoregulation. d) basal metabolic rate.
c
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid. a) converted to ammonia b) converted to urea c) transferred to another molecule d) absorbed by water
c
It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. That's the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream. a) cholecystokinin (CCK) b) leptin c) ghrelin d) pepsin e) insulin
c
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a) cytoplasm b) the plasma membrane c) the mitochondria d) the endoplasmic reticulum e) None of the answers is correct.
c
The following equation represents: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + heat a. decomposition. b. beta-oxidation. c. cellular respiration. d. dehydration synthesis.
c
The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is: a. glucose. b. glycogen. c. ATP. d. monosaccharide.
c
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are a) carbohydrates. b) proteins. c) lipids. d) nucleic acids. e) vitamins.
c
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is a) pantothenic acid. b) pyridoxine (B6). c) folic acid (folate). d) vitamin C. e) vitamin K
c
Where in the cell does electron transport occur? a. cytoplasm b. cell membrane c. cristae of mitochondria d. matrix of mitochondria
c
Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver? a) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
c
Which of the following is an end product of the electron transport chain? a. NADH b. glucose c. water d. carbon dioxide
c
At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal—it's a lot of food—and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now. a) cerebellum b) pons c) mid-brain d) hypothalamus e) medulla oblongata
d
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? a) They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate. b) They increase gluconeogenesis. c) They increase glycogenolysis. d) All of the answers are correct.
d
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into a) citric acid b) amino acids c) glycerol d) pyruvic acid
d
Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. a) A b) B12 c) C d) D e) E
d
Niacin (vitamin B3) is important for ATP synthesis because it forms NAD. What specific role does NAD play in energy metabolism? a.It removes water during the Krebs cycle. b. It breaks down glucose. c. It removes CO2 during the Krebs cycle. d. It transfers hydrogens released during glycolysis and Krebs cycle to the electron transport system.
d
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20
d
Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer. a) enzymes b) the endoplasmic reticulum c) acetyl-CoA d) cytochromes
d
Regulation of body temperature is controlled by: a. shivering b. vasodilation of cutaneous vessels c. is regulated by a center in the hypothalamus d. all of the above
d
The conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose in called: a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. glycolysis d. gluconeogenesis
d
The electron transport system a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.
d
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of a) ATP units. b) carbohydrate. c) grams (also, g, or gms). d) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). e) degrees Celsius
d
The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. a) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) c) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) d) chylomicrons
d
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the a) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). b) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). c) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). d) chylomicrons.
d
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called a) body mass index rate. b) homeostasis. c) steady state. d) basal metabolic rate. e) stasis
d
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called a) glycogenolysis. b) glycogenesis. c) glycolysis. d) gluconeogenesis.
d
The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called a) lipolysis. b) lipogenesis. c) emulsification d) beta-oxidation.
d
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.
d
There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. a) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 e) 20
d
When a cell needs energy, glycogen may be hydrolyzed to: a. many disaccharides. b. two fatty acid molecules. c. many glycerol molecules. d. many glucose molecules.
d
Which of the following increases the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue? a. epinephrine b. thyroid hormone c. exercise d. all of the above
d
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of events during carbohydrate metabolism? a. beta-oxidation----Krebs cycle----electron transport b. Krebs cycle----glycolysis----electron transport c. glycogenesis----electron transport----glycolysis d. glycolysis----Krebs cycle----electron transport
d