BIO 140 EXAM 1
The RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) is often presented on a food label as
%DV
A cocktail that contains 50g sugar and 20g of alcohol would provide ____________ kcalories.
(50*9)+(20*7)=590
Macronutrients are measured in grams (gm) whereas micronutrients are measured in milligrams (mg) or micrograms (μg). What proportion of a gram are 1) a milligram and 2) a microgram?
1 g: 1000 mg 1 g: 1000000 μg
What is the "scientific method"?
1.Observation & Question 2. Hypothesis & Prediction 3. Experimentation 4. Collect & interpret data 5. a) Data supports hypothesis then propose theory b) Hypothesis not supported then back to #1)
The AMDR for protein is ______________
10-35%
Which of the following represents the Acceptable Macronutrient Range (AMDR) for protein?
10-35%
Kilocalorie
1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie (kcalorie; kcal) or Calorie.
The wording on a package of a breakfast cereal includes the claim "Excellent source of Iron". In order to legally make this claim the food must contain____ of the daily value of Iron
20% or more
The AMDR for fat is _____________.
20-35%
Protein yields ________ kcal/g of energy
4
What is the energy yield of carbohydrate?
4 kcal/g
The AMDR for carbohydrate is ______________
45-65%
How many kcal/g does fat yield?
9 kcal/g
A small candy bar contains 10 g of fat, 20 g of carbohydrates and 2 g of protein. How many kilocalories does fat contribute to the total energy value of the candy bar?
90
RDAs represent the intake values of about ____ of a healthy population. [5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 97%]
97%
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A chemical used by the body to perform work
List two applications of the term "organic"
A food product that has been produced without the use or herbicides or pesticides. Also they contain organic molecules are molecules that contain the element carbon
What type of energy is used as fuel by cells?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)=cellular form of energy.
The following concepts are built into the new food pyramid. With regard to your diet what does each of these concepts mean?
Activity: To help maintain a healthy weight it is essential to include some form of physical activity. This had also beneficial to our overall health. Variety: With variety there is a better chance of covering all of the nutrients that you need. One thing to aim for is to try and incorporate one new fruit or vegetable each week. We also want a diet that is nutrient dense. And by that I mean we are looking for foods that contain lots of vitamins, minerals, protein and other nutrients in relation to calorie content. Balance: Balance calories to manage weight. If you are going to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, then you need to have some understanding of your individual kilocalorie requirement based on your activity level and individual needs Moderation:We want to aim to eat the right amounts of food to maintain a healthy weight and optimize metabolic processes in the body. We have got to keep in mind energy intake versus energy requirements.
What is body mass index (BMI) a measure of?
Body Composition: BMI = weight (kg) ÷ height2 (m2)
Which of the following nutrient should provide most energy on a daily basis?
Carbohydrates
Which nutrients are classified as macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Water
Body composition
Components of the body such as fat, lean mass (muscle), water, and minerals
What type of factors would be included in a good experimental design?
Control group Random assignment Blinded Placebo
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Essential Nutrients must be obtained from your diet
Technically, how do you distinguish between a "fruit" and a "vegetable"?
Fruit is a seed-bearing structure that develops from the ovary of a flowering plants Vegetables are all other plant parts, such as roots, leaves and stems
How does a "functional food" compare to soda?
Functional food describes a food that may contain micronutrients, macronutrients, phytochemicals or zoonutirents that are thought to positively influence health.
Why are we interested in studying nutrition?
Having a good understanding of nutrition helps you improve food choices by identifying 1) what nutrients are required by the body 2) how much of those nutrients are needed and 3) the best sources where to find those nutrients.
List two examples of anthropometric measurements.
Height and weight Bone density or the head, waist, or hip circumference
Where should you begin to look when you read the nutrition facts panel on a food product?
If we look at this label, begin by looking at the Calorie content. Check how many Calories are provided by one serving. We want to then look at fat content, cholesterol and sodium, and these are nutrients that we want to limit in our diet. We can then look at other items, some of the fiber, some of the vitamins and minerals shaded here in the blue color [referring to slide] and we want to make sure that we get enough of those. We can look at the percentage of daily value, the column to the right hand side. We can use that as a quick guide as to the content of these foods. If it contains 5% or less, it is considered a poor source of that particular nutrient. But if we look at calcium we see that it is 20% or more so we would consider that a good source then of calcium. The percentage daily values are based on a 2000 Calorie diet. The other thing to look at on the food packaging is also to look at the list of ingredients. These are listed in the order from the most abundant to least abundant.
In what way has the cause of death over the past century changed?
In the early 1900s, more people died as a result of infectious diseases. However, records from that time show that people did suffer from heart disease and strokes. By 1950, the infectious diseases were being managed because we have antibiotics, but the incidence of heart disease has tripled. Different types of cancer were also a major concern of death. In 2002, the number of deaths related to heart disease is still on the increase as is the increase of deaths related to cancer. The change that we see in the overall picture is that 100 years ago most people died of infectious disease, whereas today most people die from chronic diseases. Many of the deaths related to heart disease and cancer can be prevented or better managed through a change in diet
How is an intervention study different from an epidemiological study?
Investigation Study are used to test cause-and effect relationships (Control group, Random assignment, Blinded (single or double), Placebo) Epidemiological Study are used to look for trends in a large group of people (Collecting data)
If a nutrient is considered to be "essential" what does this imply?
It is required by your body and must be consumed in your diet because your body does not. It is a substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body needs it and cannot make it in required amounts
The amount of energy required by an individual on a daily basis is measured as
Kilocalories/day
Anthropometric measurements may be used to assess nutritional status. This type of measurement would include
Measuring weight or height
Which foods contribute "zero" fiber to your diet?
Meat, Eggs, Chicken Breast, Salmon, Shrimp
Why does the human body need energy?
Nutrients that are consumed from food helps give the body energy for growth, reproduction, and movement.
Which of the following would be considered a good snack adding to your dietary intake of protein?
Nuts and Seeds
Lipids (oils and fat) come from both plant and animal sources. List an example for each source.
Plant: Corn oil, Sunflower oil, Olive Oil, Peanut Oil Animal: Milk, Butter, Lard
The concept of "nutrient density" refers to foods that
Provide more nutrients relative to Kilocalories
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
Recommendations concerning the distribution or percentages of energy from each of the macronutrient groups
What is the value of dietary analysis in assessing health?
Retrospective Methods: rely on an individual remembering what they ate and drank, including the portion size, over the past 24 hours. Prospective Methods: rely on an individual keeping a record of what they eat and drink as they consume it and are therefore more accurate than relying on a person's memory.
Match the following terms:
Science dealing with prevalence of disease in large populations (epidemiology) Category containing fats and oils (lipids) Energy content of food is measured this way (kilocalories) Molecules containing the elements hydrogen and carbon (organic compounds) Carbohydrate are considered to be this type of nutrient (macronutrient)
List three factors that influence the food choices people make
Senses (Taste, Smell, Texture, Appearance) Cognitive (Habit, Social factors, Emotional benefits, Food cravings, Health benefits, Advertising) Environment (Income, Lifestyle, Culture, Religion) Health (Dietary restrictions, Age & gender, Change in taste)
All of the following are food groups associated with "MyPlate" (USDA) EXCEPT
Soda and Sweetened fruit juice
Which of the following statements is also TRUE?
Sodium is considered to be a micronutrient
RDAs are set for each micronutrient according to age, sex and changing requirements during pregnancy. TRUE or FALSE?
TRUE
Which organization determines how much of a particular nutrient we need to consume to prevent nutritional deficiency?
The USDA ( United State Department of Agriculture) published the first set of Dietary Guidelines
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The average intake of a nutrient thought to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%) healthy people in a specified life stage and sex
Food pyramid
The previous icon used to represent healthy eating.There are five food groups represented on the icon; vegetables, fruits, grains, protein and diary
Why are ULs set for different micronutrients?
ULs is set at the highest level that does not pose any health risks. Consumption of higher levels than those set in the guidelines may result in adverse health problems or in some cases death. For example, the upper limit for iron is set at 45 mg per day. Regular consumption of higher amounts may result in toxicity in the body or death.
According to MyPlate, developed by the USDA and based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, one of the key messages is for individuals to "make half your plate_____"
Vegetables and fruit
Which nutrients are classed as micronutrients?
Vitamins, Minerals
How do food labels help you make healthy choices?
We are informed of what nutrients are in food and if they need our daily requirements of nutrients that we need
What is the advantage of increasing whole grains in your diet as opposed to consuming only white flour products?
Whole grains contain more nutrients in the form of vitamins, minerals and fiber.
Can an obese person be malnourished?
Yes, both overnutrition and undernutrition are both examples of being malnourished
Write a brief definition of the term "nutrient"
You can think of nutrients as "chemicals" bound together in your food. They supply your body with energy for growth, reproduction, movement. Even as you sleep your cells still need energy for metabolic processes! Nutrients provide structure; they give your body shape in the form of a skeleton. Every cell in your body undergoes thousands of chemical reactions 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Nutrients are used to regulate these chemical
Infectious disease
a contagious illness caused by a pathogen such as a bacteria, virus, or parasite
Nutrition facts panel
a label that lists the percentage supplied that is recommended to be met, or to be limited, in one day of human nutrients based on a daily diet of 2,000 calories
Legume
a leguminous plant (member of the pea family), especially one grown as a crop. A seed, pod, or other edible part of a leguminous plant used as food. (Includes lentils, beans, and peas)
Biological marker
a measurement in a biological sample, such as blood or urine, that reflects a nutrient's function
Chronic disease
a noninfectious disease that develops slowly and persists over time
Hypothesis
a prediction about the relationship between variables
Peer review
a publication that requires a group of scientists to read and approve a study before it is accepted
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
a set of four types of nutrient intake reference standards used to assess and plan dietary intake; these include the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Adequate Intake levels (AIs), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
Malnutrition
a state of poor nutrition due to an imbalance between the body's nutrient requirements and nutrient consumption
What does it mean to be malnourished?
a state of poor nutrition due to an imbalance between the body's nutrient requirements and nutrient consumption
Epidemiology
a study in which data are collected from a group of individuals who are not asked to change their behaviors in any way. Look for trends in a large group of people
Zoonutrient
a substance found in animal foods and thought to benefit human health above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy
Phytochemical
a substance found in plants and thought to benefit human health above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy
Nutrient
a substance in foods used by the body for energy, maintenance of body structures, or regulation of chemical processes
Essential nutrient
a substance that must be obtained from the diet because the body needs it and cannot make it in required amounts
What do AMDR values indicate?
acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges, or AMDRs expressed as a total percentage of total energy consumed.
Protein
although most proteins consist primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms, some also contain sulfur or selenium atoms. Have a diverse array of functions which include structure, movement and regulation of metabolic processes
Clinical assessment
another common way to estimate the nutritional status of a person. This is when a medical professional gains some insight into events leading up to your visit with the doctor and to your family medical history
Which nutrients do dairy products contribute to your diet?
calcium, potassium, phosphorus, protein, vitamins A, D and B12, riboflavin, niacin, animal fat
Energy
capacity of a system to do work
Scientific method
conducting research, scientific researchers follow a specific series of steps (1. Observation & Question 2. Hypothesis & Prediction 3. Experimentation 4. Collect & interpret data 5. a) Data supports hypothesis then propose theory b) Hypothesis not supported then back to #1)
Carbohydrate
consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and serve a variety of functions in the body. They provide fuel to the body
Obesity
excessive amounts of body fat correlates well with an increased risk to chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and some cancers
Cognitive factors
factors that affect our food choices are factors that relate to the way we think about food. (Habit, Social factors, Emotional benefits, Food cravings, Health benefits, Advertising)
Nutrient dense food
foods that contain lots of vitamins, minerals, protein and other nutrients in relation to calorie content
What does it mean to say that a food is "nutrient dense"?
foods that contain lots of vitamins, minerals, protein and other nutrients in relation to calorie content
Lipids
include a variety of oils and fats found in foods and the body, generally consist of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. Provide fuel for the body, as well as transport fat soluble molecules around the body and provide structure at the cellular level.
Mineral
inorganic elements. at least 16 minerals are essential nutrients, each serving its own specific purpose
Intervention study
intervention studies are used to test cause-and-effect relationships (control group, random assignment, blinded (single or double), placebo)
Biochemical measurement
laboratory analysis of biological samples, such as blood and urine, used in nutritional assessment
Anthropometric measurements
measurements or estimates of physical aspects of the body such as height, weight, circumferences, and body composition
Macronutrient
nutrients that we need to consume in relatively large quantities (>1 gram/day) (water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats and oils))
Micronutrient
nutrients that we need to consume in relatively small quantities (<1 gram/day) (vitamins, minerals)
Organic
organic molecules are molecules that contain the element carbon. All living organisms are organic in that they are carbon based organisms. The term "organic" is also used in the context where a food product has been produced without the use of herbicides or pesticides
Vitamin
organic molecules. variety of chemical structures and are abundant in most naturally occurring foods—especially fruits, vegetables, and grains
Portion distortion
refers to the growing portion sizes that people call 'normal'
Body mass index (BMI)
the most common way to estimate body composition. You can estimate your BMI by dividing your weight, in kilograms, by your height-squared, in meters. BMI values are a good estimate for the general population, however discrepancies may occur.
Mortality rate
the number of deaths in a given period of time
Placebo
the phenomenon in which there is an apparent effect of the treatment because the individual expects or believes that it will work
Nutrition
the science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support processes required for life
Nutritional adequacy
the situation in which a person consumes the required amount of a nutrient to meet physiological needs
Which types of food are included in grains?
things like bread, rice and pasta, we want to include as many whole grains as possible, aiming for at least half of our grains as whole grains. Whole grains contain more nutrients in the form of vitamins, minerals and fiber.
Grains
we want to include as many whole grains as possible, aiming for at least half of our grains as whole grains. Whole grains contain more nutrients in the form of vitamins, minerals and fiber
