Bio: 1412 - Exam 1 Launchpad

Refer to the figure. Morphologically, archaea differ from bacteria because they lack peptidoglycan molecules in their cell walls. Archaea differ from eukarya because they lack membrane-bound nuclei. What can be concluded about when these two features evolved along the phylogenetic tree shown in the figure?

Peptidoglycans evolved sometime after point 2, and membrane-bound nuclei evolved sometime after point 3.

What was the origin of all chloroplasts? a. A single cyanobacterium b. A group of cyanobacteria c. A single green alga d. A group of green algae

a. A single cyanobacterium

Which feature is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? a. A system for generating ATP b. A nucleus c. Formylmethionine tRNA d. A Golgi apparatus e. Peptidoglycan in cell walls

a. A system for generating ATP

Clostridium and Escherichia are both well-known genera of rod-shaped bacteria, but they are classified into different groups based on the distribution of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. If E. coli stains red during a Gram stain test, then we know that Clostridium, by contrast, is a. Gram-positive. b. a eukaryote. c. Gram-negative. d. one of the archaea. e. a spirochete.

a. Gram-positive.

Which set of terms represents a haploid/diploid pair? a. Spore/sporophyte b. Sperm/egg c. Sporophyte/zygote d. Gamete/gametophyte

a. Spore/sporophyte

What information provides the best evidence that a gene has been involved in a lateral gene transfer event? a. The phylogeny reconstructed from the gene is very different from that reconstructed from most other genes. b. The gene plays a role in the construction of cell walls. c. The gene has a high GC content. d. The gene has a low GC content. e. The phylogeny reconstructed from the gene is similar to that reconstructed from most other genes.

a. The phylogeny reconstructed from the gene is very different from that reconstructed from most other genes

Which statement correctly describes the general pattern of the alternation of generations in angiosperms? a. The sporophyte generation (2n) produces spores (n) that produce gametophytes (n) that produce gametes (n) that fuse to produce a new sporophyte (2n). b. The sporophyte generation (2n) produces gametes (n) that produce gametophytes (n) that produce spores (n) that fuse to produce a new sporophyte (2n). c. The sporophyte generation (n) produces gametes (n) that produce gametophytes (2n) that produce spores (2n) that fuse to produce a new sporophyte (n). d. The sporophyte generation (2n) produces spores (2n) that produce gametophytes (2n) that produce gametes (n) that fuse to produce a new sporophyte (2n).

a. The sporophyte generation (2n) produces spores (n) that produce gametophytes (n) that produce gametes (n) that fuse to produce a new sporophyte (2n).

Which statement regarding vascular plants is true? a. The tracheid is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in nearly all vascular plants except the angiosperms. b. It is believed that vascular plants evolved from multiple evolutionary events. c. The first vascular plants were aquatic. d. The evolution of the seed made the evolution of vessels possible. e. The earliest vascular plants had roots.

a. The tracheid is the principal water-conducting element of the xylem in nearly all vascular plants except the angiosperms.

Fern, Yeast, Earthworm, Slime mold. Which statement about the organisms shown in the table is true? a. They all share a common protist-like ancestor. b. They all share the same rRNA sequences. c. They are all multicellular organisms. d. They all evolved at the same time.

a. They all share a common protist-like ancestor.

Bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into two major groups. These two lineages differ fundamentally in their a. early embryological development. b. modes of reproduction. c. modes of obtaining and storing energy. d. metabolism.environmental requirements.

a. early embryological development.

Groups with a great deal of lateral gene transfer should be _______ than groups that have little lateral gene transfer. a. more difficult to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for b. more likely to be Gram-positive c. easier to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for d. less likely to be Gram-positive e. less likely to live in extreme environments

a. more difficult to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for

Which is not a component of prokaryotic cells? a. RNA b. A membrane-enclosed nucleus c. RNA polymerase d. Circular DNA e. Ribosomes

b. A membrane-enclosed nucleus

According to genetic evidence, two main lines of descent emerged from the last universal common ancestor. One of these lines gave rise to the... a. Bacteria and Archaea. b. Archaea and Eukarya. c. Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. d. Bacteria and Eukarya.

b. Archaea and Eukarya.

Which structure is not a part of the sporophyte generation? a. Anther b. Egg c. Leaf d. Flower

b. Egg

Which are not monophyletic? a. Diplomonads b. Microbial eukaryotes c. Animals d. Red algae e. Plants

b. Microbial eukaryotes

Which observation supports the claim that the lophophore either evolved more than once or was lost in many lophotrochozoans? a. Mollusks are the only lophotrochozoans that do not have a wormlike body form. b. Not all lophotrochozoans use a ring of ciliated tentacles for food collection and gas exchange. c. No lophotrochozoans undergo molting during growth. d. Only some lophotrochozoans pass through a ciliated larval stage during their development.

b. Not all lophotrochozoans use a ring of ciliated tentacles for food collection and gas exchange.

What would a biologist look for in order to determine whether a chloroplast in a cell evolved as the result of primary endosymbiosis or secondary endosymbiosis? a. The presence of chloroplast DNA b. The number of membranes in the chloroplast c. The size of the chloroplast d. The number of chloroplasts in a single cell

b. The number of membranes in the chloroplast

A land plant may be most reliably distinguished from green algae by which characteristic? a. Branched apical growth b. The presence of an embryo protected by parent tissue c. The presence of roots d. Storage of photosynthetic products as starch in chloroplasts e. Chlorophyll type

b. The presence of an embryo protected by parent tissue

Which statement about prokaryotes is true? a. They comprise a single domain. b. They are the most numerous organisms on Earth. c. They all live in extreme environments. d. Nearly all of them are pathogenic. e. They all use the same mechanism for deriving energy from the environment.

b. They are the most numerous organisms on Earth.

Arthropods are the most numerous animals on Earth. These traits were all part of their success except a. specialization of different appendages. b. a standard number of appendages across all major taxa. c. jointed appendages. d. a rigid exoskeleton. e. waterproofing by chitin.

b. a standard number of appendages across all major taxa.

A major event in plant evolution was the primary endosymbiosis of a _______, which led directly to the origin of _______. a. chloroplast; mitochondria b. cyanobacterium; chloroplasts c. sporopollenin; cyanobacterium d. cyanobacterium; tracheids e. mitochondrion; alternation of generations

b. cyanobacterium; chloroplasts

The sporophyte generation a. is dependent on the gametophyte generation in vascular plants. b. includes from the zygote formation through the adult diploid plant stage. c. includes from the production of spores, through the adult multicellular haploid plant stage, to the production of gametes. d. is the dominant generation in nonvascular plants. e. produces gametes.

b. includes from the zygote formation through the adult diploid plant stage.

Why were ribosomal RNA molecules (rRNA) so important in showing the relationships between organisms in the three domains? a. Because rRNA would likely have been moved between organisms via lateral gene transfer b. Because rRNA is found in only two of the domains and not in the third c. Because rRNA is basic to all cells and its sequence reveals phylogenetic information d. Because rRNA is easily purified from cells

c. Because rRNA is basic to all cells and its sequence reveals phylogenetic information

Which came first in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell? a. Formation of mitochondria b. Increasing complexity of the cytoskeleton c. Development of a flexible cell surface d. Loss of the cell wall e. An episode of endosymbiosis

c. Development of a flexible cell surface

A flexible cell membrane makes which possible for protists? a. Ability to maintain osmotic balance in hypotonic conditions b. Development of a nucleus c. Endocytosis d. Cytoskeletal evolution e. Development of endoplasmic reticulum

c. Endocytosis

The Northern Casque-headed frog lives in hot desert regions of western Mexico. This frog burrows underground during the day, is active at night, and breeds only during the rainy season. Which statement provides a reason to explain this frog's breeding behavior? a. Female frogs lay large numbers of eggs, only a fraction of which develop into adult frogs. b. Frog larvae are herbivorous, whereas adult frogs are carnivorous. c. Fertilization of eggs occurs outside of the female's body. d. Frog eggs provide a source of food for many animals.

c. Fertilization of eggs occurs outside of the female's body.

Which feature distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes? a. Anterior brain b. Body plan symmetry c. Position of blastopore in embryo d. Presence of mesoderm in embryonic development

c. Position of blastopore in embryo

During the evolution of early life on Earth, increasing concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere were advantageous to _______ containing _______. a. prokaryotes; chloroplasts b. prokaryotes; mitochondria c. eukaryotes; mitochondria d. eukaryotes; chloroplasts e. prokaryotes; mitochondria and chloroplasts

c. eukaryotes; mitochondria

Which phrase could be used in a description of secondary endosymbiosis? a. A prokaryote engulfing a prokaryote b. A prokaryote engulfing a eukaryote c. A eukaryote engulfing a prokaryote d. A eukaryote engulfing a eukaryote

d. A eukaryote engulfing a eukaryote

Which of these plants is a vascular plant without seeds? a. Moss b. Hornwort c. Ginkgo tree d. Fern e. Rose

d. Fern

You are a consultant to a biotech company that plans to develop a technique involving bacterial enzymes. During this technique, high heat is required. You would recommend enzymes from which bacteria for this technique? a. Cyanobacteria b. Chlamydias c. Low-GC Gram-positives d. Hyperthermophilic bacteria e. High-GC Gram-positives

d. Hyperthermophilic bacteria

Where does meiosis take place in the moss life cycle? a. In the archegonium of the gametophyte generation b. In the antheridia and archegonia of the gametophyte generation c. In the spores after being released by the sporophyte d. In the sporangium at the time of spore formation

d. In the sporangium at the time of spore formation

Which statement about ctenophores is true? a. They have all the same Hox genes that are found in other eumetazoans. b. They are triploblastic. c. They have complex life cycles. d. They have a complete gut. e. They are asymmetric.

d. They have a complete gut.

Which characteristic was not necessary in order for plants to colonize land? a. Development of embryos protected inside other tissues b. A waxy cuticle to reduce water loss c. The ability to screen ultraviolet radiation d. Vascular tissue for moving water throughout the plant e. The development of thick spore walls to protect the spores from dehydration

d. Vascular tissue for moving water throughout the plant

A body form with radial symmetry is most likely found in a. an animal that is an herbivore. b. an animal with cephalization. c. a chordate that is a prey animal. d. a predator that drifts through the ocean. e. an animal that burrows through soil.

d. a predator that drifts through the ocean.

Because all animals must take in nutrients from their environment and digest their food internally, the term applied to the nutritional mode of animals is a. chemoautotrophic. b. photoautotrophic. c. photoheterotrophic. d. heterotrophic. e. phagocytic.

d. heterotrophic.

The overall size that unicellular microbial eukaryotes can achieve is limited primarily by their a. energy-producing potential. b. metabolism. c. mitochondria. d. surface area-to-volume ratio. e. chloroplasts.

d. surface area-to-volume ratio.

Which trait would be most closely associated with high levels of mobility? a. A cuticle b. A body cavity c. Germ layers d. Incomplete metamorphosis e. Cephalization

e. Cephalization

Which was not an essential step in the evolution of eukaryotic cells? a. The development of a nuclear envelope b. The development of a cytoskeleton c. The endosymbiotic acquisition of certain organelles d. The development of a flexible cell surface e. The development of the first ribosomes for protein translation

e. The development of the first ribosomes for protein translation

The ancestor of the animal clade was probably a(n) a. ctenophore. b. amoeba. c. ciliated protist. d. triploblastic acoelomate with spiral cleavage. e. colonial flagellated protist.

e. colonial flagellated protist.