BIO 168 Ch. 1 The Human Organism
the anatomical term that is usually synonymous with superior
cephalic and cranial
the study of tissues or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular material is called
histology
the study of tissues or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials is called
histology
components or organs of the skeletal system are
ligaments cartilage bones
a lengthwise cut that separates the body into left and right
sagittal plane
the abdomen is found between the
thorax and pelvis
pathology is the study of
disease
the functions of the __ system include ventilation and gas exchange between air and the blood
respiratory system
the skull is referred to as the
cranial region
organs of the urinary system include
kidneys ureters
organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
name the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal membrane
Organization, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction and responsiveness are recognized as the six characteristics of
LIFE
the term talus refers to the
ankle
the area anterior to the elbow is the ___ region of the body
antecubital
the marked area is specifically referred to as the __ region
antecubital
a structure to the front of another is __ to it
anterior
the patellar region (at the kneecap) is located on the ____ surface of the knee
anterior
two terms that mean towards the front of the human body
anterior and ventral
the anatomical term for the marked area is referred to as the leg or the ____ region
crural
the buttocks forms the __ region of the body
gluteal
the thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a median partition called the
mediastinum
the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves are organs of the __ system
nervous
the system that is involved in sensation, control of movements and cognitive functions is the __ system
nervous
the study of the function of the brain and the spinal cord is
neurophysiology
a lengthwise cut that separates the body into left and right portions is a __ plane
sagittal
the image seen here is a ___ section of the head
sagittal
the shoulder blade is referred to as the __ region
scapular
the shoulder blade is referred to as the
scapular region
the term for the anterior surface region of the thorax indicated in the figure is
sternal region
some organs found in the abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, spleen
the calf of the leg is the ___ region
sural
studying the workings of all the organs in one body system is referred to as __ physiology
systemic
what branch of physiology would study the workings of all of the digestive organs
systemic physiology
the heart wall consists of three layers of tissue. this is an example of the study of
anatomy
the study of the organization of body structures is called
anatomy
examples of responsiveness characteristic of humans
after a meal, high blood glucose levels cause the pancreas to secrete insulin when environmental temperatures rise, sweat glands start secreting sweat
metabolism can be defined as
all the chemical reactions occurring within an organism
term that is synonymous with superior
cephalic cranial
the term ___ refers to the neck
cervical
examples of metabolic activities include
changes in molecular shape breaking down of food synthesis of new molecules
the collarbone is referred to as the ___ region
clavicular
what can cause problems with the use of other species to study human structure and function?
differences between species important ethical concerns
farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
distal
if a structure of a limb is located farther from the trunk than another structure it is considered to be:
distal
the body system seen here is the ___ system
endocrine
the thyroid gland adrenal glads and ovaries are organs of the __ system
endocrine
the study of the functions of biological organisms and the function of the parts of a biological organism is called
physiology
the term for the region of the sole of the foot is
plantar
the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds a lung is called the ___ membrane
pleural
the space between the two serous membranes surrounding each lung is called the ___ cavity
pleural
serous membrane covering the lungs
pleural membrane
inflammation of the serous membranes surrounding the lungs is called
pleurisy
match each body part or region with the correct term
point of shoulder - acromial behind knee - popliteal heel - calcaneal back of neck - nuchal eye - orbital
the body system seen here is the ____ system
the urinary system
which of the following is/are characteristics of a variable with regard to homeostasis
their values can change they must remain within a narrow change
the portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee is called the femoral region or the
thigh
what cavity is found superior to the diaphragm muscle and posterior to the sternum
thoracic
the diaphragm separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
chest is referred to as the
thorax
the term ___ refers to the spinal column
vertebral
the bones of the arm are __ to the muscles and skin
deep
for a serous membrane, one layer lines the cavity wall and a second layer covers the surface of the internal organs, this second layer is called
visceral
the serous membrane indicated in the image is the __ pericardium
visceral *the visceral layer is the inner layer of the layer directly surrounding the organ
what serous membrane is indicated in the figure
visceral pericardium
the surface of the abdominopelvic organs is covered with the ____ peritoneum and the wall of the abdominal cavity is lines with the ____ peritoneum
visceral, parietal
the terms posterior and __ both describe being toward the back of the body or body part
DORSAL
True or false: if you are lying on the ground in the supine position, your chest is superior to your back
FALSE *directional terms are always used relative to anatomical position, regardless of the actual persons body position. Recall anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, this the chest is always anterior to the back
True or false: a organism that cannot move on its own is not considered to be living
FALSE *the ability to move is not one of the six characteristics of life. Plants cannot move and are still considered living organisms
the indicated region is specifically referred to as the (forehead)
FRONTAL REGION
platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel platelets secrete various substances platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel this is an example of __ feedback
POSITIVE *in positive feedback, the initial stimulus is reinforced. Here platelets adhere, something happens and more platelets adhere. This is an example of a helpful positive feedback mechanism.
a structure, molecule or cell that detects a stimulus (or change) is called a
RECEPTOR
True or false: a virus can reproduce, but only with the help of its host, and therefore, it is not considered a living microorganism
TRUE
which of the following represents the process of differentiation
a generalized cell changing into a specific cell type
an example of an effector is
a sweat gland
the trunk consists of what three body regions
abdomen thorax pelvis
cavities found in the trunk
abdominal pelvic thoracic
match the subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity with the organs in each subdivision
abdominal cavity - spleen pancreas kidneys pelvic cavity - urinary bladder and part of the large intestines
two or more different tissues that perform a common function is called
an organ
growth is
an overall enlargement of an organism
study of the organization of body structures is called
anatomy
the sternum is considered to be medial to the
arms lungs
proximal and distal are used with what body parts
arms and legs
the sternum is considered to be medial to the
arms and lungs
List so that the least complex level is the first and the most complex is last
atom cell tissue organ organ system organism
the area indicated (armpit) in the figure is referred to as the __ region
axillary
the area indicated in the figure is referred to as the ___
axillary region
the posterior branch of a spinal nerve would be exiting the vertebral column and extending toward the __ of the thorax
back
an organ located in the pelvic cavity
bladder
match the anatomical structure to its level of organization
blood vessel - organ neuron - cell kidney, ureters, bladder - organ system layers of muscle in walls of digestive tract - tissue
the best description of gross anatomy is the study of
bodily structures that can be observed without magnification
the primary function of the digestion system is
breakdown of food
a tissue is a group of __ with common functions
cells
the heel is referred to as the __ region
calcaneal
the body system seen here is the __ system
cardiovascular
the body system seen here is the ___ system
cardiovascular
the marked area that contains the WRIST is specifically referred to as the __ region
carpal
the term that refers to the tail is
caudal
study of energy production in a muscle cell would be an example of ____ physiology
cell
the basic structural and functional unit of life is the
cell
four types of tissue
connective muscle nervous epithelial
the part of the feedback mechanism that receives and processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action to be carried out by the effector is the
control center
the visceral pericardium
covers the heart
the marked area is specifically referred to as the hip or the __ region
coxal
structures such as the lungs that are more internal to another structure such as the sternum are described as being
deep
the muscles of the leg are ____ to the skin
deep
the characteristic of life that involves the various changes in an organism over time and typically includes growth and differentiation is called
development
a structure located toward the back or behind another is ___ to it
dorsal
match each body part or region with the correct term
ear-otic wrist-carpal cheek-buccal forehead-frontal chin- mental armpit-axilary
what portion of a feedback mechanism carried out a response to change a body variable
effector
Branch of anatomy that studies the development from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
embryology
true or false: a deviation from a set point always results in disease
false *sometimes these deviations are beneficial, such as the changes in heart rate and blood pressure seen with exercise
the thigh is referred to as the __ region
femoral
examples of the study of physiology
filtration in the kidney gas exchange in the lungs movement of food through the intestines
one vertical and one horizontal line divides the abdomen into ___ quadrants
four
the image is a __ section of the hip
frontal
the plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portion
frontal (coronal)
physiology is the study of the __ of biological organisms and their parts
function
Physiology is the study of the
function of biological organisms and their parts
Examples of organelles
golgi body rough ER nucleus
integumentary system
hair skin nails
the pericardial cavity surrounds the __ but not the lungs
heart
the tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment is known as
homeostasis
the organs of the endocrine system include
hypothalamus pituitary gland ovaries
in reference to living organisms, the set point can be defined as the ____
ideal normal value of a condition such as blood pressue
if blood pressure decreases, the result of a negative feedback response is a
increase in blood pressure
in directional terms the naval is __ to the sternum
inferior
the pelvic region can best be describes as the ___
inferior region of the trunk and includes the hips
the nose is __ and __ to the eyes
inferior, medial
the term for the region of the groin is called
inguinal
a structure described as being __ is to the side, away from the midline
lateral
away from the midline of the body
lateral
in terms of location within the body, the lungs in relation to the heart are
lateral
a midsagittal plane divides the body into equal __
left and right portions
the portion of the lower limb between the ankle and the knee is the
leg
match each body part or region with the correct term
leg- crural ankle- talus forearm- antebrachial arm- brachial calf- sural thigh- femoral
epigastric region
located above the stomach
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
a cut through the long axis of an organ is
longitudinal section
the area of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis is called the __ region
lumbar
the figure seen here is showing the __sytem
lymphatic
what system is depicted in this image?
lymphatic
the specific region of the thorax that is illustrated in the figure (breast) is referred to as the ____ region
mammary
the specific term for the region (hand) circled in the image is
manual
the bridge of the nose is __ to the eye
medial
toward the midline of the body
medial
the tip of the nose is __ and __ to the eyes
medial and inferior
the parietal serous membrane
membrane attached to the cavity wall
the chin is referred to as the
mental region
two layers of the peritoneum fused together is called a
mesenteries
the plane that cuts the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves
midsagittal (median)
an example of an inferior position on the body would be the sternums position compared to the:
mouth
the movement and maintaining posture are functions of what body system
muscular
what is indicated in this photo?
muscular system
the belly button is referred to as the
naval region
what physically separates the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
nothing
the lower posterior region of the head
occipital
the lower posterior region of the head is the __ region
occipital
cytology is the study
of individual cells
the region of the posterior elbow area is referred to as the
olecranon
the anatomical term for mouth is
oral
the indicated region (eye cavity) is specifically referred to as the
orbital region
a group of tissues that work together for a specialized function is called an
organ
small chemical structures such as mitochondria and nucleus that make up cells and carry out the biochemical reactions for specific cell functions are called
organelles
A living thing considered to be a whole is a living
organism
the marked area (temple) is specifically referred to as the __ region
otic
the term that means pertaining to the ear
otic
parietal pleura
outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
the marked area (palm) is specifically referred to as the __ region
palmar region
anatomical position
palms forward standing erect
the pleural cavity is lined with the __ pleura and the surface of the lungs is covered by the __ pleura
parietal, visceral
the circled area (the knee) is specifically referred to as the __ region
patellar
the term for the region (foot) indicated in the figure is
pedal
the reproductive organs are found in the
pelvic cavity
the inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips is the
pelvis
the cavity that surrounds the heart but not the lungs is referred to as
pericardial
the serous membrane that lines the heart and the pericardial cavity is the __ membrane
pericardial
pericarditis is an inflammation of the
pericardium
the term referring to the area behind the knee is
popliteal
the graph **substrate -> (Enzyme A) Inactive intermediate 1 -> (Enzyme B) Inactive intermediate 2 -> (Enzyme C) Active product ----> (Enzyme A)** illustrates what type of feedback mechanism
positive
a feedback mechanism that represents a cycle where physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction is a
positive feedback
the vertebral column is __ to the rib cage
posterior
the vertebral column is
posterior to the rib cage
a person laying face down
prone position
functions of the integumentary system
protect underlying tissue prevention of water loss thermoregulation
a structure on a limb is ____ to another if it is located closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
proximal
closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
proximal
in directional terms the knee is __ with respect to the ankle?
proximal
in terms of position or direction in the body, the knuckles of the digits are __ to the nails.
proximal
what subdivisions of the body are created when a vertical and horizontal imaginary lines divide the abdomen into four sections?
quadrants
what can be used to visualize internal structures of the body
radiographs ultrasound ct scans mris
in a feedback mechanism a stimulus is detected by a
receptor
the study of all the structures in one area of the body, such as the head or arm
regional anatomy
the characteristic of living organisms that accounts for their ability to react to changes in the internal or external environment is called
responsiveness
negative feedback is a mechanism that
reverses the change and maintains homeostasis
the region of the abdomen marked in this figure is the ___ ___ region
right iliac region
the posterior area between the hip bones is the __ region of the body
sacral
the term for the medial and posterior region between the hip bones
sacral
locations of the serous membranes
serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities *covering organs within the trunk cavities lining the trunk cavities
the process of morphogenesis is the change in what aspect of tissues or organs
shape
the system that provides protection and support for the body, attachment sites for the muscle and movement are functions of the ____ system
skeletal
the system that provides protection and support for the body, attachment sites for muscle and movement are functions of the
skeletal system
match the given anatomical structure to its/their level of organization
sodium ions - chemical epidermis of the skin - tissue heart and blood vessels - organ system human - organism
a structure described as __ is closer to the surface
superficial
on the head, the skin is ___ to the skull
superficial
a structure located above another (closer to the top of the head) is __ to it
superior
the eye is __ to the nose
superior
the neck is __ to the pelvis
superior
the anterior chest is also known as the ___ region of the body
the anterior chest is also known as the PECTORAL region of the body
in reference to living organisms, the set point can be defined as __
the ideal normal value of a condition such as blood pressure
the most inferior region of the trunk is called the ___ region
the most inferior region of the trunk is called the PELVIC region
anterior chest is also known as
the pectoral region
the pleural cavity is lined with the ____ pleura and the surface of the lungs is covered by the ___ pleura
the pleural cavity is lined with the PARIETAL pleura and the surface of the lungs is covered by the VISCERAL pleura
an alternate name for the genital region is
the pubic region
the serous membrane that lines the heart and the pericardial cavity is the ___ membrane
the serious membrane that lines the heart and pericardial cavity is the PERICARDIAL
the serous membrane layer located on the inner surface of a trunk cavity is the ___ layer
the serous membrane layer located on the inner surface of the trunk cavity is the PARIETAL layer
match the body part with its organ system
thymus gland- lymphatic femur- skeletal pancreas- digestive bronchi- respiratory ovary- reproductive
digital refers to which parts of the body
toe finger
structures of the lymphatic system
tonsils lymphatic vessels lymph nodes
this image is a ___ section of the abdomen
transverse
a cut through the body parallel to the floor that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is called a __ plane
transverse plane
cut through the body parallel to the floor that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is called a
transverse plane
A horizontal cut through the body is called the
transverse plane *superior and inferior sections
positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in ___ individuals
unhealthy
structures that are considered organs
urinary bladder heart blood vessel stomach
the front aspect of the body can be describes as frontal or
ventral