Bio 183 Final
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
The scenario below describes which type of enzyme inhibition?
Non-competitive and allosteric inhibition
All of the following plasma membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis, except A. The activation of the Na+ /K+ pump B. Osmosis C. Active transport D. Activation of a flagellum E. Neither B nor D requires ATP hydrolysis
Osmosis
Cells may simultaneously express and activate/deactivate receptor tyrosine kinase, G protein-coupled receptors, intracellular receptors, and ion channels. Select one: True False
True
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
Mitochondria contain DNA A. True B. False
True
. Organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called: A. Heterotrophs B. Organotrophs C. Autotrophs D. Chemiotrophs E. Prototrophs
Autotrophs
How many standard amino acids are there in eukaryotes
20
You would expect he cells found in the liver of an elephant to be about 100 times larger than the cells found in your own liver.
False
Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of
Glucose and Frucose
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be Select one: a. Lower than in a healthy cell b. The same as in a healthy cell c. Higher than in a healthy cell
Higher than in a healthy cell
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrins
The making of ATP from ADP is an exergonic reaction Select one: True False
False
The process of glycolysis cannot take place in prokaryotes because it requires the presence of mitochondria Select one: True False
False
Upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor, the G protein converts a GDP into a GTP Select one: True False
False
The fluid-filled space between grana, in chloroplasts is known as "stoma" Select one: True False
False (stroma)
Which of the following cell connections allows the movement of small ions such as calcium from one cell to another? A. Desmosomes B. Tight junctions C. Gap junctions D. Integrins Claudins
Gap Junctions
The molecules represented below are best described as...
Geometric Isomers (or stereoisomers)
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?
Lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP? Select one: a. A monosaccharide b. Glycerol c. A fatty acid d. An amino acid e. A nucleotide
A nucleotide
The average intracellular voltage of most cells in the human body varies between which two values? A. -500 to -1000 volts B. -5 to -100 millivolts C. 5 to 100 megavolts D. -5 to -100 volts E. -70 to +90 millivolts
-5 to -100 millivolts
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
Tomato juice has a pH around 4.0, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is
1000 times as acidic as distilled water
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately Select one: a. 18-fold b. 100-fold c. 38-fold d. 2-fold e. 36-fold
18-fold
When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in mammalian muscle cells, which of the following are produced? A. 36-38 ATPs and lactic acid B. 2 ATPs and lactic acid C. 36 -38 ATPs and ethanol D. 2 ATPs and citric acid E. 36 ATPs and lactic acid
2 ATPs and citric acid
At the beginning of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, NADH releases Select one: a. 2 electrons and 1 proton b. 1 electron and 2 protons c. 2 electrons and 2 protons d. 1 electron and 1 proton
2 electrons and 1 proton
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
The plasma membrane is best described as: A. A double layer of proteins that is impermeable to water, but allows free movement of ions B. A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates C. A stiff double membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids D. A double layer made entirely of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol E. None of the above
A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium? Select one: a. A cell wall b. Ribosomes c. A lysosome d. A nucleotide e. A plasma membrane
A lysosome
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP? Select one: a. ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b. The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c. The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d. The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria e. All these answers are correct
All these answers are correct
The metabolic process in which fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA is called...
Beta oxidation
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA? Select one: a. It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA b. It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body c. It is almost identical to your father's mitochondrial DNA d. In any cell of your body, it is nearly identical to your genomic DNA (the one found in the nucleus) e. Both answers A and B are correct
Both answers A and B are correct
The bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
Covalent
What is/are the main differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single stranded
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of
Facilitated Diffusion
Lactic acid and CO2 are products of aerobic respiration in mammalian muscle cells Select one: True False
False
Photorespiration may be observed in C4 plants Select one: True False
False
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? Select one: a. Both sucrose and lactose are monosaccharides b. Sucrose c. Fructose d. Cellulose e. Lactose
Fructose
A Gram positive bacterium would...
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that Select one: a. Hydroxylamine is most likely the main substrate of catalase b. Hydroxylamine has the ability to denature catalase c. Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase d. Hydroxylamine is an allosteric activator of catalase e. Hydroxylamine is an allosteric inhibitor of catalase
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. The same as in a healthy cell
Lower than in a healthy cell
Which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium?
Neither A nor C (Lysosome and Golgi Apparatus)
In cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis? A. Acetyl CoA and ATP B. Acetyl CoA and citric acid C. Pyruvate, ATP, and Acetyl CoA D. Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH E. NADPH, FADH2, and ATP
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is Select one: a. Signal accuracy b. Increase in signal diversity c. Signal amplification and speed d. ATP/GTP conservation
Signal amplification and speed
The molecules represented below may be described as
Structural Isomers (Same molecular formula, different structure)
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. The same as in a healthy cell
The same as in a healthy cell
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe liver cells (= hepatocytes)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
You would expect the pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be Select one: a. Very high b. Close to neutral c. Very low
Very low (lots of H+ ions)
Urea is one of the first (if not THE first) organic compound to be synthetized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of
both proteins and nucleic acids
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)? Select one: a. Glycogen b. Starch c. Chitin d. Amylose e. Cellulose
chitin
Water has its highest density when it is in its
liquid state
Which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction? A. ΔG < 0, and free energy is released during the reaction B. ΔG > 0, and free energy is released during the reaction C. ΔG < 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy D. ΔG > 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy E. In the presence of enzymes, both B and D could be endergonic
ΔG > 0, and the reaction requires the addition of free energy
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved primarily in which of the following? A. Calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis B. Protein packaging C. Lysosome synthesis D. Energy production E. Macromolecules hydrolysis
Calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. The same as in a healthy cell
Lower than in a healthy cell
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by
Lysosomes
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chain
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), how many ATPs per molecule of glucose would you expect to be produced? Select one: a. 2 b. 36 c. 12 d. 48 e. 24
2
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called Select one: a. A reducing agent b. An oxidizing agent c. A special agent (kinda like James Bond)
A reducing agent
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following? Select one: a. NADH dehydrogenase b. Cytochromes c. Low-energy electrons d. Ubiquinone e. ATP synthase
ATP synthase
The proton-motive force generated during oxidative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following? A. ATP synthase B. Ubiquinone C. Cytochromes D. NADH dehydrogenase E. Low-energy electrons
ATP synthase
The main products of the citric acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle) are A. ATP and citric acid B. Citric acid that is used in oxidative phosphorylation. C. ATP, NADH, and FADH2 D. Citric acid and NADPH E. Krebs protein and ATP
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
The cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order, from small to large size):
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during a. Telophase of mitosis b. Anaphase of meiosis I c. Prophase of mitosis d. Prophase of meiosis I and II e. Anaphase of meiosis II
Anaphase of meiosis II
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value? Select one: a. Catalyzed Endergonic Reaction b. Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction c. Uncatalyzed Endergonic Reaction d. Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction e. A and B f. A and C g. B and D h. C and D
B and D (exergonic reactions)
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature a protease commonly found in your stomach (at a pH of approximately 2.0)? A. Placing the enzyme in the fridge (around 4 degrees C) B. Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) C. Placing the enzyme in an environment containing the wrong salt concentration D. Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C) E. B, C and D could potentially denature this enzyme
B, C and D could potentially denature this enzyme
The hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following? A. Microbodies (peroxisomes) B. Lysosomes C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. Both A and B are involved in macromolecule and organelle degradation
Both A and B are involved in macromolecule and organelle degradation
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria? Select one: a. Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. b. Chloroplasts take in sugars to produce ATP, whereas mitochondria take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars. c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have virtually the same function, except that chloroplasts are found in plant cells and mitochondria are found in animal cells d. The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them. e. Both A and D are correct answers
Both A and D are correct answers
Which of the following is correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis Select one: a. It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH b. It happens when C3 plants get too hot c. It happens when C3 plants have too much oxygen trapped in their cells d. It is the most prevalent type of electron flow observed in the thylakoid membrane e. It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants f. Both A and E are correct
Both A and E are correct
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is A. Active transport requires channels while passive transport does not B. Active transport requires transport proteins while passive transport does not C. Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not D. Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient E. Both C and D are correct
Both C and D are correct
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)? Select one: a. Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme b. All of these conditions would denature the enzyme c. Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C) d. Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) e. Placing the enzyme at room temperature. f. Placing the enzyme in the freezer (around -20 C)
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
Which of the following polysaccharides are likely to be used for structural purposed (instead of energy storage)?
Chitin and Cellulose
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from? Select one: a. The amino acid tryptophan b. Glycogen c. Phospholipids d. Cholesterol e. fatty acids f. Testosterone
Cholesterol
An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
Epinephrine and cortisol are both considered stress-related hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone, while epinephrine is a protein that binds to G protein-coupled receptors. Based on this statement, which hormone would you expect to elicit the fastest response?
Epinephrine
Enzymes that dephosphorylate other molecules are known as...
Hydrolase (counted wrong on 2nd examine, idk why. Might be Phosphatase)
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation? Select one: a. It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+ b. It allows the oxidation of NAD+ into NADH c. It allows the production of ATP in oxygen-rich environments d. It produces 2 Lactase molecules per glucose e. It leads to the production of lactic acid in yeast cells f. It leads to the production of ethanol in muscle cells
It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
Enzymes that phosphorylate other molecules are known as...
Kinases
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?
Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a marble.
Less
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are A. Photosynthesis and gluconeogenesis B. Oxidative phosphorylation and Citric acid cycle C. Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle D. Light and heavy reactions E. Carbon-fixing and Calvin cycles
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect O2 consumption to be Select one: a. Higher than in a healthy cell b. Lower than in a healthy cell c. The same as in a healthy cell
Lower than in a healthy cell
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by A. Converting substrates into products in their allosteric site B. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction C. Converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones (cant do that) D. Both B and C are correct
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement? Select one: a. An air-tight container b. Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required c. Neither yeast nor an air-tight container would be required d. Water e. Bacteria f. Oxygen g. A sugar (glucose or fructose) h. Yeast
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Based on cellular respiration only, would you have to breathe if your cells did not have mitochondria?
No
. In fishes, O2 and CO2 move freely across the cell membrane of gill cells, down their concentration gradients, and without the requirement of any carrier protein or any input of external energy. This is an example of A. Active transport B. Osmosis C. Passive diffusion D. Facilitated diffusion E. pumping action
Passive diffusion
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from Select one: a. Photosystem 2 b. The Calvin cycle c. Pyruvate oxidation d. The Krebs cycle e. Photosystem 1
Photosystem 2
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as Select one: a. Substrate-level phosphorylation b. Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following justifies the need for a cyclic electron flow in the thylakoid membrane A. The Calvin cycle uses more NADPH than ATP B. When oxygen is not available, chloroplasts switch to cyclic electron flow C. When CO2 is not available, chloroplasts make glucose in a cyclic fashion D. The Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH E. When oxygen is not available, the Calvin cycle has to stop
The Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH
During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in which of the following? A. The mitochondrial matrix B. The inter-membrane space in mitochondria C. The cytoplasm D. The inner mitochondrial membrane E. In the extracellular environment
The cytoplasm
What is the purpose of stomata on the underside of leaves, in green plants? A. They allow the passage of electrons required for photosynthesis B. They allow the movement of water into the leaves when it rains C. They are mainly empty spaces between grana, in chloroplasts D. They allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of leaves E. They allow the filtration of the air we breathe
They allow the movement of CO2 in and O2 out of leaves
When carbohydrates and lipids are not available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from lipids through a process known as
Triglyceride Catabolism
ADP and ATP act respectively as activator and inhibitor of glycolysis. Select one: True False
True
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from high to low? Select one: a. W B R G b. W G B R c. B W G R d. All plants would have the same level of photosynthetic activity e. G W B R f. B G W R
W B R G
Photorespiration can best be explained by which of the following? A. Photorespiration happens when plants use oxygen in chloroplasts instead mitochondria B. During periods of drought, plants open their stomata to better absorb water through their leaves C. At night or in the dark, C3 plants store CO2 in the form of organic molecules such as malate D. Some plants utilize light energy to pump oxygen in their leaves E. When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll causes rubisco to work as an oxygenase instead of a carboxylase
When temperatures get high, plants close their stomata, and the increased level of O2 in the mesophyll causes rubisco to work as an oxygenase instead of a carboxylase
The fermentation process that leads to the production of ethanol is most likely to takes place in A. Bacteria B. C3 plant cells C. Animal muscle cells D. Yeast E. B, C, and D are correct
Yeast
Sea water would be said to be hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic (circle the correct answer) to one of your muscle cells
hypertonic
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right. i. Primary w. 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain ii. Secondary x. linear sequence of amino acids iii. Tertiary y. assembly of subunits into functional protein iv. Quaternary z. hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: α-helix)
i=x, ii=z, iii=w, iv=y
