BIO 183 FINAL
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?
fructose
The Ras protein circled above is a kinase found downstream of RTKs and that promotes cell proliferation. The gene that encodes for this Ras protein may be classified as a
A proto-oncogene
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?
ATP synthase
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it is anaerobic
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
acidic
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the following phases:
G1, S, and G2 only
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by
Lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified ...
Nucleotide
Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of OXYGEN, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Oxygen would move into the cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be
The same as in a healthy cell
The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called
chaperones
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle?
chitin
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?
cholesterol
The proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle are called
cohesions
Based on the information we covered in class, you could say that the types of bonds found within a water molecule are called (ANSWER 1) bonds, whereas the types of bonds found between water molecules are called (ANSWER 2) bonds.
covalent, hydrogen
The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a
tumor supressor
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
Gap junctions
A Gram positive bacterium would...
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
The functional group contained in the red circle above is called a
carboxyl group
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP?
- ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell - The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions - The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction - The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
- Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not - Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?
- It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA - It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body
Which of the following is/are correct about the cyclic electron flow that takes place during photosynthesis
- It is required because the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH - It may happen in C3, C4, and CAM plants
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?
- It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen - It leads to the production of lactic acid - It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
According to an analysis by the North American Mycological Association, " Improper food handling or preparation, rather than misidentification, has been implicated in almost all cases where illness from wild mushrooms was traced to commercial establishments such as restaurants." From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following?
- The time (date) when this statement was made., The medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation? written publication?), - The name of the author of this statement, -The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?))
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?
- catalyzed exergonic reaction - uncatalyzed exergonic reaction
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between
-5 and -100 millivolts
Based on the illustration above, lemon juice is approximately
10,000 times as acidic as urine
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...
18-fold
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?
2
In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...
2 electrons and 1 proton
In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose...
2 electrons and 1 proton
How many checkpoints does a typical eukaryotic cell cycle have?
3
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4 covalent bonds
The plasma membrane is best described as:
A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, None of these answers is correct
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?
A lysosome
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of CALCIUM, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Calcium would move into the cell
The amino group of an amino acid placed in a solution of baking soda would look like which of the following choices?
D, which is an R-N-H-H it is blue
A human karyotype is composed of 45 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome
FALSE
A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
FALSE
An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
FALSE
Bacterial cells divide by mitosis
FALSE
G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell
FALSE
In GPCRs, an activated G protein phosphorylates a GDP to convert it into a GTP
FALSE
In class, on Monday, we saw that the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein has the ability to restrain the E2F transcription factor. An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation.
FALSE
The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight. Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell.
FALSE
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrin proteins
Which of the following is true about a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle
It would have 12 linear chromosomes
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball.
Less
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from
Photosystem 2
Which of the following is/are not a reason for mitotic cell division?
Pollen production in flowers, Bacterial proliferation
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
The molecule represented above is a(n)...
RNA nucleotide
Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor
TRUE
Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes
TRUE
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
TRUE
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
TRUE
The P53 protein has the ability to slow, or even temporary halt the cell cycle
TRUE
Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of CHLORIDE, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of WATER, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Water would move out of the cell
The membrane that forms at the end of telophase in plants to separate daughter cells is known as
a cell plate
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
a nucleotide
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called
a reducing agent
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose? Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose b.Lactose is a milk protein AND it is composed of galactose and glucose c.Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose d.Lactose is a lipid e.Lactose is a protein found in milk and some of its derivatives
a. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of...
alaskan salmon's skin cell
In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during
anaphase
The plant hormones that stimulate cellular proliferation and mediate phototropism are called...
auxin
The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called
denaturation
The molecule represented above is most likely a
disaccharide
The recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function and that can be composed of any combination of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary structures is called a. This word may simply be used to designate the specific region of a protein.
domain
The molecules represented below are best described as...
geometric isomers or stereoisomers
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as
hydrolysis
During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are called...
kinetochores
The molecule represented above is Vitamin D2 . Vitamin D2 is a hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorbption of calcium in your digestive system. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 as a...
lipid
Water has its highest density when it is in its
liquid state
Urea is used in your body as a way to eliminate nitrogenous wastes. Which of the following macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes? (click all that apply)
nucleic acids, proteins
Growth factors are typically
paracrine signals
The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone) are called (ANSWER 1) bonds, whereas the bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together are called (ANSWER 2) bonds.
phosphodiester, hydrogen
Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string")
primary structure
As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein
quaternary structure
Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to
receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
Hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet
secondary structure
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is
signal amplification and speed
3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
