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Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. - 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 - 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 - 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 - 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 - 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

2 → 4 → 1 → 3

the placement of all protists in one kingdom caused dissatisfaction among taxonomists mainly because ___

-various pieces of evidence indicate that the kingdom Protista cannot be monophyletic. -kingdom Protista is polyphyletic (its members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members)

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. Again, if this population were in equilibrium and if the sickle-cell allele is recessive, what proportion of the population should be susceptible to sickle-cell anemia under typical conditions? - 0.80 - 0.20 - 0.16 - 0.04 - 0.32

0.04

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele? - 9.0 - 0.49 - 0.09 - 49.0 - 0.9

0.09

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes. Which of these is closest to the allele frequency in the founding population? - 0.1 a, 0.9 A - 0.5 a, 0.5 A - 0.8 a, 0.2 A - 0.4 a, 0.6 A - 0.2 a, 0.8 A

0.1 a, 0.9 A

Controlled experiment

A(n) ______ involves both and experimental group and a control group, which are alike except for the one variable that the experiment is designed to test.

The notochord functions as a core around which mesodermal cells form the frog's _____. A.)backbone B.)blastopore C.)endometrium D.)nervous system E.)archenteron

A.)backbone

During the early development of a human embryo, the _____ eventually forms the _____. (Concept 47.1) A.)epiblast ... ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues B.)hypoblast ... amniotic cavity C.)trophoblast ... embryo proper D.)epiblast ... placenta E.)blastocoel ... archenteron

A.)epiblast ... ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments, rather than in water? A.)extraembryonic membranes B.)yolk C.)cleavage D.)gastrulation E.)development of the brain from ectoderm

A.)extraembryonic membranes

Microscopic structures thought to be responsible for the morphogenetic movement of cells in a developing animal embryo are _____. (Concept 47.2) A.)microfilaments contained within individual cells B.)uncharacteristically short flagella attached to the embryo's surface C.)symmetrically arranged epidermal clusters of cilia D.)vacuoles containing inducer substances located near the cell surface E.)None of the choices is correct.

A.)microfilaments contained within individual cells

During gastrulation in frogs, a rod of mesoderm under the dorsal surface forms the _____. A.)notochord B.)ectoderm C.)endoderm D.)archenteron E.)blastopore

A.)notochord

The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the frog's _____. A.)spinal cord B.)brain C.)blastocoel D.)digestive tract E.)anus

A.)spinal cord

In an experiment, a researcher colored a bit of tissue on the outside of a frog gastrula with a fluorescent dye, at the very end of the gastrulation process. The embryo developed normally. When the tadpole was placed under an ultraviolet light, which of the following glowed brightly from the dye? A.)the brain B.)the heart C.)the pancreas D.)the stomach E.)None of the choices is correct.

A.)the brain

What is the cortical reaction? A.)the formation of a fertilization envelope that bars additional sperm from entry into the egg B.)the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell C.)a depolarization of the eggs' plasma membrane so that only one sperm cell can fuse with it D.)a series of rapid mitotic divisions that follow fertilization E.)the process that forms a three-layered embryo

A.)the formation of a fertilization envelope that bars additional sperm from entry into the egg

Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype? - Gg - AG - AA - aG - Aa

AA (When both of the alleles of a given gene pair are the same, the individual is homozygous for that gene.)

Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron?

ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.

Which term describes an electrical signal generated by neurons?

Action potential. (An action potential is a rapid electrical signal generated by neurons.)

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in the A.)generation of an electrical impulse by the egg. B.)formation of a fertilization envelope. C.)release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm. D.)production of a fast block to polyspermy. E.)fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.

B.)formation of a fertilization envelope.

In a frog embryo, the blastocoel is A.)lined with endoderm during gastrulation. B.)located in the animal hemisphere. C.)the cavity that later forms the archenteron. D.)completely obliterated by yolk. E.)the cavity that becomes the coelom.

B.)located in the animal hemisphere.

As cleavage continues, a zygote forms into a solid multicellular ball called a(n) _____. A.)endometrium B.)morula C.)trophoblast D.)gastrula E.)blastula

B.)morula

An ectodermal thickening above the frog's notochord forms a _____. A.)pancreas B.)neural plate C.)skeleton D.)liver E.)lining of the stomach

B.)neural plate

what are ways the bacteria can acquire new genes?

Bacteria can acquire new genes from the environment through transformation, by direct contact with another bacteria cell through conjugation, or by being infected with a bacteriophage through transduction.

The body's innate defenses against infection include

Barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus

While hiking, you must push aside thick branches that are near your face. One of them rips the skin on your arm and you begin to bleed from the cut. Which of the following plays an important role in initially protecting you from infection? A. nonspecific antibodies B. memory cells because they are part of the adaptive immune system C. increased production of certain hormones and changes in microcirculation D. barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus because they are part of the innate immune system

Barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus because they are part of the innate immune system

meiosis, Basidia produce spores by meiosis.

Basidia produce spores by a process known as ____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

The term used to describe a harmless organism resembling a harmful one is _____.

Batesian mimicry

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?

Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

________ rely completely on innate immunity.

Beetles

Which of the following statements about oogenesis in humans is true?

Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body approximately every month.

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply. Select all that apply. Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. The cuticle in nematodes lengthens as the animal grows. Nematodes are acoelomate, whereas arthropods are coelomate. Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Nematodes possess a closed circulatory system. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size. Both nematodes and arthropods have segmented body plans.

Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. Some nematodes are parasitic on humans Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size

The following question refers to the figure, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? A B C D

In vertebrates, the ectoderm gives rise to the _____. A.)skeleton B.)circulatory system C.)outer layer of skin D.)lining of the digestive tract E.)pancreas

C.)outer layer of skin

All of the following structures are derived from mesoderm except the _____. (Concept 47.1) A.)bone B.)kidney C.)pancreas D.)notochord E.)heart

C.)pancreas

How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced? Hints Plasma cells secrete cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Helper T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. B cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Which of the following is an accurate pathway of hormonal release? A. CNS, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus B. CNS, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary C. Anterior pituitary, CNS, hypothalamus D. Hypothalamus, CNS, anterior pituitary

CNS, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone? A. calcitonin B. insulin C. thyroxine D. thymosin E. glucagon

Calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels; calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

B. Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.

According to the theory of secondary endosymbiosis, ___

Cells that had obtained their plastids through endosymbiosis were engulfed and themselves because plastids in heterotrophic eukaryotic cells

which of the following taxa is least related to others?

Cercozoans

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. Although selection is clearly present, if the ideal equilibrium of alleles existed, what should be the proportion of heterozygous individuals in populations that live here? - 0.32 - 0.80 - 0.04 - 0.16 - 0.20

0.32

What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? - 0.4 - 0.1 - 0.5 - 80

0.4 (The calculation to determine the frequency of the A1A2 genotype is: 80 A1A2 individuals / (20 + 80 + 100) total individuals = 0.4, the frequency of the A1A2 genotype.)

In ecological terms, disturbance is an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms and altering resource availability. Which of the following statements about the effects of disturbance is correct?

Disturbances can create patches of different habitats in a community.

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups-Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?

Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.

Which of the following is the correct order of taxonomic levels in the Linnean system of classification, from most to least inclusive?

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

0.50

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? - 0.36 - 0.80 - 0.64 - 0.75

0.80

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype? - 0.32 - 0.81 - 0.20 - 0.42 - Genotype frequency cannot be determined from the information provided.

0.81

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include _____. I) neutrophils II) macrophages III) dendritic cells IV) natural killer cells I and III I and IV II and IV I, II, and III

1 2 3

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. With respect to the sickle-cell allele, what should be true of the β hemoglobin locus in U.S. populations of African-Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa? 1. The average heterozygosity at this locus should be decreasing over time. 2. There is an increasing heterozygote advantage at this locus. 3. Diploidy is helping to preserve the sickle-cell allele at this locus. 4. Frequency-dependent selection is helping to preserve the sickle-cell allele at this locus. - 1 only - 1 and 3 - 2 and 3 - 1, 2, and 3 - 1, 2, and 4

1 and 3

Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba

1 and 4

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom

1,2,3,4

1,2,4

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists (all unrelated to each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes. If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached earlobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000? - 100 - 1,000 - 10,000 - 400 - 800

100

How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of muscle layers in the body wall 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers 5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view 1 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3 2, 3, 4 and 5 All of the options are correct.

123

How many of the following are characteristics of arthropods? 1. protostome development 2. bilateral symmetry 3. a pseudocoelom 4. three embryonic germ layers 5. a closed circulatory system 1 1 and 2 1, 2, and 4 2, 3, 4, 5 All of the options are correct.

124

Ovulation usually occurs on or about day _____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle.

By applying a molecular clock, researchers have proposed that the first HIV-1 M invasion into humans occurred in the __________.

1930s

Life cycle of mosses

1: Mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispersed by the wind 2: Separate spores into female and male gametophytes 3:Haploid eggs form in archegonia, and haploid sperm form in antheridia 4: Haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote 5: The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte

In an equilibrium population (at its carrying capacity), thousands of eggs and hundreds of tadpoles are produced by a single pair of frogs. On average, about how many offspring per pair will live to reproduce

In a very large population, a quantitative trait has the following distribution pattern: If the curve in the figure shifts to the left or to the right, there is no gene flow, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations. Which of the following is (are) probably occurring? 1. immigration or emigration 2. directional selection 3. adaptation 4. genetic drift 5. disruptive selection - 1, 2, and 3 - 1 only - 4 and 5 - 2 and 3 - 4 only

2 and 3

An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes had an increased likelihood of survival and reproduction

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health issue in many countries. Treatment for these resistang forms of bacteria is longer and requires more expensive antibiotics. Scientist attribute this to natural selection. Under these circumstances, what does natural selection mean?

What are rain shadows?

Dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.

The urethra is identified by the letter _____.

At one time, sponges were lumped into one phylum. Then, they were separated into several different phyla. Now, they are considered one phylum again. These changes indicate which of the following?

Every phylogeny should be considered a hypothesis that must be revised in the light of new data.

A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?

Evolutionary relationships among bird families

The treatment kills cancer cells, but it might simply be a poison that kills all cells--even normal cells Cell samples were taken from too few patients. The effect may not be real because we don't know if the results are reproducible.

Excited about fungus chemical's promise for treating cancer, you write up your experimental results and send the paper to a prestigious scientific journal, hoping it will be published. The journal sends your paper out to several scientists for evaluation--a process known as peer review. The reviewers ID several issues with the experimental design and data presented in your paper. Which of the following chritisims are valid issues of concern that peer reviewers might ID?

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?

Excretion.

Which pituitary secretion stimulates sperm production?

FSH

The words "antigen" and "virus" are interchangeable.

False

True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.

False

True or false? Early animal development progresses through distinct stages: first the production of the zygote through fertilization, then cleavage, then the formation of the gastrula, and then the formation of the blastula.

False

True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.

False

True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage.

False

True or false? The production of sperm begins at puberty when spermatogonia undergo meiosis I to form primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis II to form secondary spermatocytes. These secondary spermatocytes go on to form spermatids, which mature into sperm cells.

False

True or false? The potential energy of a membrane potential comes solely from the difference in electrical charge across the membrane.

False (The potential energy of a membrane potential comes both from the difference in electrical charge and from the concentration gradient of ions across a membrane.)

True or false? Lipid-insoluble hormones affect their target cells by binding to receptors inside the cell.

False.

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true?

Females could produce only one archegonium.

by flagella

For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection. Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? -by wind-blown spores -by hyphae -by cilia -by flagella -by pseudopods

What products are formed when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?

Four haploid cells.

How many of these statements regarding populations are true? 1. Mature males and females of a population can interbreed with each other. 2. Populations are sometimes geographically isolated from other populations. 3. Biological species are made up of populations. 4. Members of a population tend to be genetically more similar to each other than to members of other populations. 5. Populations have genomes, but not gene pools. - Only one of these statements is true. - Two of these statements are true. - Three of these statements are true. - Four of these statements are true. - All five of these statements are true.

Four of these statements are true.

C. Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that - humans evolved from chimpanzees. - humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. - humans and chimpanzees are not closely related. - chimpanzees evolved from humans. - convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.

humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except - populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. - genetic variation exists within populations. - individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. - individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. - the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.

individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the

inferior vena cava

Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.

ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

insects.

If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would

insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

In a healthy person, after a carbohydrate-rich meal, the production of ________ will increase, causing the uptake of ________ from the blood into liver cells.

insulin; glucose

Significant overlap in beak size would have resulted in _____ for food.

interspecific competition

_____ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas.

interspecific competition

In a hydra, digestion is completed

intracellularly

Which of the following investigations is an example of the study of an abiotic factor?

investigating how the amount of annual precipitation affects the distribution of a tree species

A taxon __________.

is a formal grouping at any given level

An organism that exhibits a head with sensory equipment and a brain probably also

is bilaterally symmetrical

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that - common environments are inhabited by the same organisms. - island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. - the islands were originally part of the continent. - the island forms and mainland forms are converging. - island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools.

island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

isoosmotic; saltwater

What is the point of genetic recombination?

it aids in diversity

What is the role of cAMP in the signal transduction pathway activated by epinephrine? A. it catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose B. it binds to and activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates other enzymes C. It activates adenylyl cyclase D. it binds to the receptor protein on a target cell.

it binds to and activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates other enzymes

The most likely reason that some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100% is that

it is dangerous to overdose on fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K

A dog gives birth to three puppies one year. Three years later, she gives birth to six puppies. Which type of life history pattern is characteristic of this organism

iteroparity (refers to repeated reproduction)

An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.

its food source

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

lack true leaves and roots

Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems?

landscape ecology

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

large intestine- bile production

Macrophages are _____. Hints the best defense against parasites short-lived cells that self-destruct soon after engulfing foreign invaders cells that induce the lysis of virus-infected body cells antigen-presenting cells that originate from neutrophils large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body

large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

Voice sounds are produced by the

larynx

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

left atrium

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the

left atrium

Natural selection favored phenotypes that competed _____ for food

less

Blood cells that function to fight infection are called

leukocytes

Ionotropic receptors found at synapses are operated via _____.

ligand-gated ion channels

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?

lignified vascular tissue

If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

lining the straw

Which of the following is hydrophobic and therefore insoluble in water?

lipid

A newly mated queen ant founds a nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation is likely to best describe the population growth of the new colony

logistic (logistic model of population growth assumes there is a maximum population size that the environment can support and that population growth slows as the population approaches that carrying capacity.)

Ectoprocts and brachiopods are collectively referred to as _____. trochophorates lophophorates eumetazoans ecdysozoans flatworms

lophophorates

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation.

luteinizing hormone

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

lycophytes

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? macrophage B cell helper T cell cytotoxic T cell plasma cell

macrophage

Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen? Mast cells. Macrophages. Platelets. Cytokines.

macrophages

If there is a strong genetic link for type II diabetes mellitus in your family, how might you minimize your risk of developing the disorder?

maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet, and exercise

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as

maltose

The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes.

marine

As an allergy sufferer, _____ are some of my least favorite cells.

mast cells

Which cell type is responsible for the symptoms of allergies? A. B cells B. helper T cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. mast cells

mast cells

Osmoregulation and excretion are _____.

mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids

Monoclonal antibodies are a successful driving force of therapy in the treatment of asthma. The use of antibodies to treat asthma is an application of

medical research in a laboratory setting.

Which of the following types of cells initiates a secondary immune response? A. immature white blood cells B. natural killer cells C. memory cells D. effector cells

memory cells

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response? cytokines plasma cells macrophages memory cells cytotoxic T cells

memory cells

The excretory organs of annelids are protonephridia. flame bulbs. malpighian tubules. metanephridia. skin gills.

metanephridia

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____. - metaphase II - telophase II - metaphase I - prophase II - anaphase I

metaphase I

mitochondrion; proteobacterium

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis ... mitosis

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) echinoderm. nematode. mollusc. arthropod. chordate.

molluscs

As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.

more ... water

Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.

more concentrated urine

Organisms are classified as Excavata based on ___

morphological studies of the cytoskeleton

For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the

mouth

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

mtDNA

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

multicellular diploid forms.

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? A. Hodgkin's disease B. AIDS C. multiple sclerosis D. SCID

multiple sclerosis

If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

muscle and liver glycogen

Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model? - Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings - Allele frequencies, number of individuals in the population - Allele frequencies, phenotype frequencies - Allele frequencies in a subset of the population

Frequencies of two alleles in a gene pool before and after many random matings (Hardy and Weinberg were trying to determine how and whether allele frequencies in a population change from one generation to the next.)

How can active immunity be obtained?

From a vaccine

absorption, Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorbing small molecules from the surrounding medium.

Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. -endocytosis -ingestion -absorption -chemosynthesis -photosynthesis

The production of saclike structures during sexual reproduction is characteristic of the phylum Ascomycota.

Fungi of the phylum Ascomycota are recognized on the basis of their production of _____ during sexual reproduction. -lichens -yeasts -flagellated zoospores -saclike structures -a dikaryotic structure

surroundings, Fungi then absorb the digested nutrients.

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations?

Gametophyte

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress. A. melatonin B. insulin C. glucocorticoids D. thymosin E. parathyroid hormone

Glucocorticoids. In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

Which of the following best illustrates ecological succession?

Grass grows on a sand dune, is replaced by shrubs, and then by trees.

Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true? Sporophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. Sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce spores that germinate into diploid adults. Gametophytes produce cells that undergo meiosis and produce spores that germinate into diploid adults.

Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells.

He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells.

Which of the following is a true statement concerning genetic variation? - It arises in response to changes in the environment. - It must be present in a population before evolution can occur in the population. - A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity. - It tends to be reduced by the processes involved when diploid organisms produce gametes. - It is created by the direct action of natural selection.

It must be present in a population before evolution can occur in the population.

If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom?

It will be paraphyletic.

Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, what would be true of such a taxon?

It would be polyphyletic.

In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____.

K+

Resting neurons are most permeable to which of the following ions?

K+ (Resting neurons are most permeable to K+ ions.)

A variety of opossum that lives on an island with no predators lives much longer than its relatives on the mainland, even when both are kept safely in a zoo. The island variant's genes have been selected for slow aging, whereas the mainland variant's genes have been selected for quick reproduction. The island opossum exhibits __________ selection, and the mainland opossum exhibits __________ selection

K... r

Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? kinetoplastids ciliates diatoms metazoans brown algae

Kinetoplastids

Fungi

Kingdom ___ includes eukaryotic organisims that mostly decompose organic wastes and absorb nutrients into their cells.

Animalia

Kingdom ____ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that obtain their food by ingesting (eating) other organisims.

Plantae

Kingdom ____ consists of multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis

Which pituitary secretion stimulates the testes to secrete androgens?

ob/ob mice lack which of the following? A. triglycerides B. a leptin receptor C. cortisol D. leptin

Leptin. ob/ob mice lack this hormone, which is a satiation or "stop eating" hormone, and are obese.

How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? Leukocytes recognize the entire pathogen. Leukocytes recognize the secretions from a pathogen. Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens. Antibodies bind to the pathogens.

Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.

Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the

Leydig cells.

cyanobacteria and green algae.

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____ and _____.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? - Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. - Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. - Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. - Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. - There is heritable variation among individuals.

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

Which channel is mainly responsible for the resting potential of a neuron?

Potassium leak channel. (K+ ions flow along their concentration gradient to maintain the resting potential of a neuron.)

Which characteristic of the male reproductive system is not variable among animal species that reproduce sexually?

Presence of genitalia.

Which function is not performed by the male reproductive system?

Production and storage of oogonia..

Which hormone stimulates milk production? A. parathyroid hormone B. mineralocorticoids C. prolactin D. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) E. thymosin

Prolactin. Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.

Antibodies are

Proteins

A. Choose the correct statement from the list below.

Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.

identify key features of the 5 major groups of bacteria

Proteobacteria: •photosyntheic •nitrogen fixing •disease-causing Chlamydias: •parasitic •disease causing Spirochetes •flagellum •corck-screw motion •disease-causing •digests wood Gram-positive bacteria: •disease causing •food production •lost cell wall •smallest Cyanobacteria: •photosynthetic •aquatic producer/nitrogen fixers

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Which molecules determine the tissue specificity of hormones? A. receptors B. hormone-response elements C. second messengers D. agonists

Receptors

Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? - The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (in other words, some bones were missing). - Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns. - Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats. - None of the organisms depicted by the tree ate the same foods. - Transitional fossils had not been found.

Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow through the nephron?

Renal corpuscle > proximal tubule > loop of Henle > distal tubule > collecting duct

Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?

Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle.

Which desert is caused by a Hadley cell?

Sahara Desert in Africa.

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?

Salivary gland

Reject some alternative hypotheses

Scientific experimentation is important in that it allows the experimenter to ______.

Scientific inquiry

Scientists use a general process known as _____ to ask and answer questions about nature.

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae? Anthozoa Scyphozoa Cubozoa Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

This graph shows the effect of removal of urchins and limpets (alone and together) on seaweed cover. Select the statement that accurately describes the results shown in this graph.

Sea urchins have a much greater effect than limpets in limiting seaweed cover. Submit

Scientists in Australia wanted to know the relationship between sea urchins, limpets, and the distribution of seaweed. Both sea urchins and limpets are herbivores that graze on seaweed. What do the data shown in this figure indicate about the pattern and distribution of seaweeds?

Sea urchins have the greatest influence on seaweed distribution.

What accounts for the fact that the hormone estrogen only affects the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands? A. Only the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands have estrogen receptors. B. Estrogen receptors are intracellular. C. Only the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands have estrogen hormone-response elements. D. Estrogen only reaches the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands.

Only the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands have estrogen receptors.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must occur in populations wherein - natural selection is not operating. - no genetic variation exists. - an allele remains fixed. - All three of the responses above are correct. - Only two of the responses above are correct.

Only two of the responses above are correct.

Domains

Organisims with prokaryotic cells are seprated into two ____ bacteria and arcaea

Organ system

Organism is to the community as organ is to _____.

Bryophyte structure

Part A: sporophyte (seta + sporangium) Part B: seta (just the stem) Part C: sporangium (the weird bulb thing at the top) Part D: foot (base of the stem) Part E: gametophyte (the green fernish bits) Part F: rhizoid (it's just the fricckin roots)

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle?

Part E

The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________ immunity.

Passive

Macrophages and neutrophils defend against pathogens by _____.

Phagocytizing pathogens

Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____.

Photosynthetic

Select the correct statement about photosynthesis by primary producers. Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities. Cyanobacteria carry out more of the world's photosynthesis than protists do. Land plants carry out over 80% of the world's photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes carry out the majority of the photosynthesis in aquatic communities.

What is a primary reason why a three-domain taxonomic scheme has been adopted over the previous five-kingdom taxonomic scheme?

Phylogenies based on genetic data revealed that some prokaryotes (kingdom Monera) differ as much from each other as they differ from eukaryotes.

Which of the following can initiate an inflammatory response? A. physical injury such as a cut B. antibodies C. adrenaline D. a deficiency in histamine

Physical injury such as a cut

_____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain.

Phytoplankton

Select the correct statement about the life cycle of a fern.

Plant gametophytes are haploid multicellular bodies.

Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred? Mast cells secrete chemical messengers to regulate blood flow to the wound. Neutrophils secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls. Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding. Macrophages present bacterial proteins as antigens on their plasma membrane.

Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.

Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies? - Inbreeding - Mutation - Selection - There is no evolutionary force that results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies.

Selection (Selection is the only evolutionary force that consistently results in adaptation. Mutation without selection and genetic drift are random processes that may lead to adaptive, maladaptive, or neutral effects on populations.)

2 and 3, They do not form heterokaryons and their spores are probably produced by mitosis.

Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? 1) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. 2) They do not form heterokaryons. 3) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. 4) They form dikaryotic mycelium. 5) The spores undergo crossing over during meiosis.

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained? - A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. - S. aureus can resist vaccines. - The drug caused the S. aureus DNA to change. - In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug--resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug. - Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

mutualistic

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? -mutualistic -parasitic -commensal -predatory

Although there are organisms whose life histories fall somewhere between iteroparity and semelparity, life history always represents a trade-off. Why is this?

The energy cost of reproduction is high, so there are not enough resources to reproduce often, produce many offspring, and take care of them.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.

a green alga

The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a small vascular plant. -an ascomycete. -a moss. -a green alga. -a brown alga.

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Negative feedback is defined as ________. A. the release of one hormone is stimulated by another hormone B. the release of one hormone is inhibited by another hormone C. the product of a process inhibits its production D. the product of a process stimulates its production

The product of a process inhibits its production. The inhibition element illustrates why the process is considered "negative" feedback.

Blue poppies native to China were grown at a plant-breeding center in California. The plants with the thickest leaves were most likely to survive and reproduce in the drier climate. After several generations, the percentage of thick-leaved plants had increased by 42%. This adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to _____. - genetic drift - neutral variation - stabilizing selection - directional selection - disruptive selection

directional selection (The characteristics of the poppies shifted in response to the changed environment.)

Which of the following is a difference between vitamins and minerals?

Vitamins are organic molecules, but minerals are inorganic molecules.

Which action influences the abiotic components of an organism's environment?

Water pollution.

The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are asexual structures that produce haploid spores.

What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? -asexual structures that produce haploid spores -sexual structures that produce diploid spores -sexual structures that produce haploid spores -asexual structures that produce diploid spores

karyogamy and meiosis, During karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuse, and meiosis produces genetic variation in several ways.

What sexual processes in fungi generate genetic variation? -karyogamy and meiosis -budding and meiosis -haustoria and karyogamy -diploidy and the heterokaryotic condition -plasmogamy and meiosis

The ecosystem would stop functioning

What would happen is an ecosystem lacked decomposers?

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the....

In Australia, researchers tested the hypothesis that sea urchin abundance limits kelp distribution. Select the evidence that offers the best support for this hypothesis.

When sea urchins were removed from experimental plots, kelp cover increased.

Basidia are specialized cells in the gills of a mushroom in which haploid nuclei fuse in preparation for meiosis.

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? -Spores -Basidia -Mycelium -Hyphae

flagellated spores

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? -parasitic lifestyle -the absence of chitin within the cell wall -coenocytic hyphae -flagellated spores

Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? -Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. -Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. -The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. -Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? -Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. -The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. -Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. -Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. -Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.

conidiophores

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? -Zygosporangia -basidiospores -ascocarps -conidiophores -ascospores

The presence of flagella is a characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi?

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? -presence of flagella -autotrophic mode of nutrition -cell walls of cellulose -heterotrophic mode of nutrition -nucleotide sequences of several genes

The spore undergoes mitosis to produce hyphae, which then form a filamentous network called a mycelium.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? -A heterokaryotic mycelium forms. -The mycelium forms. -Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. -Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Observing what other student in your class are wearing

Which of the following is an example if discovery science?

Testing whether or not dead batteries are preventing a TV remote from working

Which of the following is an example of hypothesis-driven science?

Ecosystems include the non living components of the environment; communities include only the living components of an environment.

Which of the following is true with regard to the relationship between ecosystems and communities?

A dental abnormality

Which of the following led researcher to send John Ruddy's remains back to Ireland?

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment.

Which of the following lists the steps of scientific method in their proper order?

Digestion of large organic molecules within lysosomes

Which of the following processes occurs in eukaryotic cells, but NOT in prokaryotic cells?

Organisms possessing a genetic code drastically different from that used by humans have been discovered

Which of the following statements is NOT true about discoveries that have been made as a result of comparison of DNA sequences across many species?

All of the red oak trees in a forest

Which of these is an example of a population?

The mycelium is a mass of filaments with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, which allows for efficient nutrient absorption.

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? -Basidia -Mycelium -Gills -Spore

A mycelium is a network of filaments that forms the body of a fungus.

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? -Mycelium -Basidium -Motile spores -Asci

Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm from different individuals.

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? -Spore -Karyogamy -Heterokaryotic -Plasmogamy

To scan the site with radar and imaging

Why did this team hire a geophysicist?

In this figure, notice that it indicates seaweed cover was greatest when both sea urchins and limpets were removed. The data indicate that seaweed cover was greater than expected by the addition of just the removal of limpets, or just the removal of urchins. Which of the proposals explain how the removal of both limpets and urchins together could be greater than their individual affect on seaweed cover?

With their sea urchin competitors removed, limpet populations were able to increase causing an increased loss of seaweed cover.

ascomycete

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? -zygomycete -ascomycete -basidiomycete -chytrid -deuteromycete

Forensic odontologist

You specialize in matching dental records of missing people to teeth and jaws of criminal cases. What are you?

While playing soccer in your backyard, you disrupt a small fire ant mound. The fire ants emerge and bite your feet. Your feet begin to show swollen, raised areas around the bites. What is happening?

Your innate internal defenses have been activated.

Deductive reasoning

____ uses "if . . . Then" logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to a specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true

Protists

_____ are a diverse collection of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, which are sorted into several kingdoms to reflect their evoluntionary relationships.

Bacteria

_____ are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes

In a phylogenetic tree, a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the evolutionary history of the group is described as

a basal taxon.

Stroke occurs when

a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

Caribbean coral reef communities have been strongly influenced by an unknown pathogen that causes white-band disease. How can the effect of white-band disease best be described?

a cascade event that shifts the entire makeup of the community

a shared characteristic of eukaryotes and prokaryotes is ___

a cell membrane

Rabbit ear size tends to decrease as latitude increases. This is an example of _____. - genetic drift - polymorphism - a cline - heterozygote advantage - artificial selection

a cline (A cline is a gradual change in a trait along a geographic axis.)

A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of - geographic variation. - a cline. - relative fitness. - genetic drift. - a bottleneck.

a cline.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

a closed circulatory system

Which of the following is most likely a density-dependent growth regulator of animal populations?

a decrease in clutch size

A particular environmental change causes the deaths of 25 individuals in a herd of 100 wild horses, and it kills 50 individuals in a herd of 200 horses. In this case, the growth of a wild horse population is most likely limited by ________

a density-independent factor

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? a digestive system with a single opening true muscle dorsoventrally flattened bodies radial symmetry two of these

a digestive system with a single opening

Which of the following is radially symmetrical?

a doughnut

which of the following populations probably exhibits exponential growth

a fruit fly population that recently arrived on a lush mid-oceanic island previously inhabited only by plants

At the neuromuscular junction, the arrival of acetylcholine on the muscle most immediately causes _____.

a graded depolarization (The acetylcholine receptor, after it binds acetylcholine, increases membrane permeability to sodium ions, and the sodium influx causes a graded depolarization.)

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of a distinct head. suspension feeding. a lophophore. two hinged shells. a digestive system with separate mouth and anus

a lophophore

What is a biome?

a major type of ecosystem

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share gills. a mantle. a radula. embryonic torsion. distinct cephalization.

a mantle

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up __________.

a paraphyletic group

Chimpanzees have a relatively low birth rate. They care for their young, and most chimps live a long life. The chimp survivorship curve would look like __________

a relatively flat line that drops steeply at the end

In a cladistic approach to systematics, an outgroup is __________.

a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes all the species under study

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____.

a sporophyte

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become

a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.

All seed plants: a. are nonvascular b. are heterosporous c. produce antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte d. produce flowers e. exhibit a dominant gametophyte generation

b. are heterosporous

The megaspore is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

b. haploid

the gametophyte generation is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

b. haploid

In pines, an embryo is a(n): a. immature male gametophyte b. immature sporophyte c. immature female gametophyte d. food reserve for the immature sporophyte e. seed

b. immature sporophyte

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the seed coat? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

b. integument

Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? a. the megaspore b. the male gametophyte c. the female gametophyte d. the sporophyte

b. the male gametophyte

Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons?

because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

What is the probable sequence in which the following animal clades originated, from earliest to most recent?

bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

Acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles are described as being "ionotropic" receptors because _____.

binding of acetylcholine to the receptor protein converts the protein to an open ion channel (Ionotropic receptors have both binding sites for their messenger ligands and the capacity to alter shape enough to become an open ion channel, allowing an increase in cross-membrane traffic of ions, thus altering the membrane potential.)

Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of organization in nature?

biosphere

The longest food chain in this food web includes nine groups of organisms. Which of the following groups is included in that food chain?

birds

what may a demographer study

birth rates in a small town in Iowa, emigration rates in a forest that has been cleared partially for farming, offspring mortality rates in humpback whales, and immigration rates in Melbourne, Australia

In order for blood to always flow unidirectionally through a closed circulatory system, the

blood vessels farthest from the heart must have valves

The role of active cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____. Hints complement proteins extracellular viruses and bacteria circulating antibodies circulating proteins body cells that have been infected

body cells that have been infected

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird? - bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish - cartilage in the dorsal fin of a shark - bones in the hind limb of a kangaroo - bones in the flipper of a whale - chitinous struts in the wing of a butterfly

bones in the flipper of a whale

What structure is responsible for gas exchange in most spiders? book lungs chelicerae Malpighian tubules tracheal tubes the pedipalp

book lungs

When digested, fats are broken down into

both glycerol and fatty acids

which example below Is a characteristic shared by diplomads and parabasalids?

both lack plastids.

Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants?

both red and green algae

Animals obtain the energy they need for growth by

breaking down organic molecules.

The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the

bronchiole

A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?

brown

The largest seaweeds are _____.

brown algae

Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds?

brown algae, red algae, green algae, (golden algae)

Seedless plants include _____.

bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

A population that grows rapidly at first and then levels off at carrying capacity can be modeled _________

by a logistic equation

which of the following is not one of the four supergroups of eukaryotes? a. Unikota b. Excavata c. Eugleonozoa d. SAR clade e. Archapeplastida

c. Euglenozoa

Human survival literally depends on the produce of: a. gymnosperms b. ginkgoes c. angiosperms d. gnetophytes e. cycads

c. angiosperms

A stamen consists of: a. ovary and sepal b. stigma and filament c. anther and filament d. stigma and anther e. stigma and style

c. anther and filament

When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is a: a. haploid gametophyte b. haploid sporophyte c. diploid sporophyte d. triploid endosperm e. diploid gametophyte

c. diploid sporophyte

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a. an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue b. pollen production c. double fertilization d. a dominant sporophyte generation e. haploid gametophytes

c. double fertilization

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the embryo of the mature seed? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

c. fertilized egg

The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include

calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals

the term mixtroph indicates that an organism ___

can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic

True or false? For a signal transduction pathway to be activated, hormones must be present in the bloodstream at very high concentrations.

false. Only low concentrations of hormones are needed in the bloodstream to activate a signal transduction pathway, which works by producing second messengers inside the cell that amplify the hormonal signal.

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

fat

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

fern

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.

ferns and other seedless plants

The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.

filtration

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a

flagellated protist

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity?

flatworm

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

flatworms.

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. - flipper - rib cage - tail - blowhole - baleen

flipper (The bones of a bat wing and a whale flipper are homologous.)

Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women because _

folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube defects in a fetus

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

follicular → ovulation → luteal.

A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?

foraminiferans

a hard porous test (shell) is characteristic of which protist group?

forams

What situation most likely explains the occasional high frequency of certain inherited disorders among human populations established by a small population? - gene flow - bottleneck effect - mutation - nucleotide variability - founder effect

founder effect (The founder effect is genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population.)

Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows

fragmentation.

Suppose you wanted to start an animal-breeding business. For most of the following animals, you could start out with just a single animal. Which of the animals below would require that you start with at least two individuals?

frogs

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

fructoses

The water vascular system of echinoderms moves water through the animal's body during suspension feeding. is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical. functions in locomotion and feeding. is analogous to the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms. functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells

functions in locomotion and feeding

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the _____ of species 1.

fundamental niche

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade? bivalves cephalopods chitons gastropods

gastropods

Which mollusc clade includes members that undergo embryonic torsion? chitons gastropods cephalopods bivalves

gastropods

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

gastrulation

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because - humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin. - humans are becoming resistant to bacteria by taking methicillin. - S. aureus is cultivated by humans to replenish the soil with nutrients. - humans purposefully raise MRSA in large fermenters in an attempt to make the bacteria ever-more resistant.

humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.

The thymus is most active during childhood. A child with a malfunctioning thymus will have trouble with __________.

humoral and cell-mediated immunity

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

hydrochloric acid

a population will always grow exponentially under what circumstances

if there are no limiting factors

The gastrovascular cavity differs from the alimentary canal in that only the gastrovascular cavity

has only a single opening

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes

in biomes at different latitudes.

gnetophytes

includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance

Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because cattle

have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

cycads

have palmlike leaves

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages. Bacterial cells Cytotoxic T cells B cells Helper T cells Epithelial cells

helper T cells

A relatively long cecum is characteristic of animals that are

herbivores

In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term 2pq is necessary because - heterozygotes have two alleles. - the population is doubling in number. - the population is diploid. - heterozygotes can come about in two ways.

heterozygotes can come about in two ways.

Which of the following compounds is produced and secreted by mast cells during an allergic reaction? A. perforin B. allergens C. interferon D. histamine

histamine

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? holdfasts thalli gel-forming polysaccharides bladders

holdfasts

What is the source of a viral envelope? host cell membrane provirus prophages host cell DNA viral glycoproteins

host cell membrane

Label the diagram below to show the relationship between nutritional modes of bacteria.

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/label-diagram-show-relationship-nutritional-modes-bacteria-drag-labels-appropriate-locatio-q10745827 From left to right: autotroph - heterotroph chemoautotroph - photoautotroph - photoheterotroph - chemoheterotroph phototrophs chemotrophs Some bacteria obtain energy from light (phototrophs), whereas other bacteria obtain energy from chemicals (chemotrophs). Autotrophs (literally "self-feeders") require only an inorganic substance, such as carbon dioxide, as their carbon source; heterotrophs (literally "other-feeders") require at least one organic nutrient as their carbon source.

If there is fertilization, secretion of _____ by the early embryo maintains the corpus luteum.

human chorionic gonadotropin

During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in

humans

A wildlife biologist is trying to predict what will happen to a bear population if bear hunting is banned. He had the equations all worked out but then realized that he had grossly underestimated the amount of food available to the bears. To make his prediction more accurate he should __________ the value of __________ in his equation

increase... K

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

increased activity of the immune system

Evolution - must happen, due to organisms' innate desire to survive. - can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met. - must happen whenever a population is not well-adapted to its environment. - requires the operation of natural selection. - requires that populations become better suited to their environments.

can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.

Compared to mammals that are not adapted for diving, diving mammals

can store more oxygen in their muscles

The simultaneous arrival of graded depolarization and a graded hyperpolarization of equal but opposite magnitude at a particular location on the dendritic membrane is likely to _____.

cancel each other out, making it appear as if there was no change in membrane potential (Grade potentials are summable, so a depolarization and a hyperpolarization can offset each other to make it appear that there were no changes in membrane potential at that location.)

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of

carbon dioxide

What is the function of reverse transcriptase? catalyzing the formation of a polypeptide from a RNA template catalyzing the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template catalyzing the formation of DNA from a RNA template catalyzing the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template catalyzing the formation of RNA from a DNA template

catalizing the formation of DNA from an RNA template

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

The nucleus and most of the organelles in a neuron are located in the

cell body.

Helper T cells are part of _____. Hints a group of phagocytic white blood cells innate immunity cell-mediated immune responses the complement system the first cells to bind to antigens

cell mediated immune repsonses

Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. diatoms golden algae water molds brown algae cellular slime molds

cellular slime molds

Different types of food are eaten by various groups of animals, but it is usually true that

cellulose digestion in ruminant mammals occurs before the ingested foods reach the small intestine

If nudibranch rhinophores are located at the anteriors of these sea slugs, then they contribute to the sea slugs' identity as lophotrochozoans. segmentation. lack of torsion. cephalization. ability to successfully carry out a sessile lifestyle

cephalization

The changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of _____.

character displacement

Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____. Hints dependent on surface secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands, which give the skin an acidic pH that is unfavorable for bacterial colonization dependent exclusively on cell-mediated responses characteristics of all vertebrate animals dependent on tears, saliva, and mucous secretions that contain lysozyme, an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls based on the trapping of microbes by mucus

characteristics of all vertebrates

This is an image of a(n) _____.

charophycean

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

charophytes

A radula is present in members of which clade(s)? bivalves and chitons bivalves bivalves, gastropods and chitons bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods chitons, gastropods and cephalopods

chitons, gastropods and cephalopods

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____.

chlamydias

Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup?

chlorophytes

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

chloroplast

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

The fact that choanoflagellates and collar cells of sponges resemble each other supports the inference tha

choanoflagellates and sponges are sister groups

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to - choose which organisms breed, and which do not. - perform artificial insemination. - create the genetic variants, which nature then selects. - determine who lives and who dies. - train organisms to breed more successfully.

choose which organisms breed, and which do not.

A paramecium is a(n) _____.

ciliate

All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia.

ciliates

Which group of organisms (ciliates, animals, or plants) has the most complex cells?

ciliates

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? ciliates-red tide organisms euglenozoans-unicellular flagellates entamoebas-ingestive heterotrophs golden algae-planktonic producers apicomplexans-internal parasites

ciliates-red tide organisms

The proliferation of the B lymphocyte to which a specific antigen binds is referred to as _____. (Be specific.)

clonal selection

Organisms that live in a homogenous abiotic environment and cooperate to avoid being eaten would likely show a(n) __________ pattern of dispersion

clumped

When needed resources are unevenly distributed, organisms often show a(n) __________ dispersion pattern

clumped

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.

collecting duct

In parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stories), _____ of species 1 may occur.

competitive exclusion

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

coniferous forest

distinguish between the three process of genetic transfer in bacteria

conjugation: -involves the transfer of DNA from an Hfr cell to an F⁻ cell -requires cell-to-cell contact transduction: -involves bacteriophage transferring pieces of bacterial DNA from one cell to another transformation: -involves DNA from the environment being taken up into a bacterial cell All three: -involves recombination

An ecologist would suspect a population to be growing rapidly if it _______

contains many more prereproductive than reproductive individuals

What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom

contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion

In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its _____. - genetic variability - contribution to the gene pool of the next generation - mutation rate - health - stability in the face of environmental change

contribution to the gene pool of the next generation (Those organisms with adaptations best suited to the current environment will make the most significant contribution to the next generation.)

The outer part of the kidney is the _____.

cortex

Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. If an animal did not consume lysine in its diet, you might expect that the animal

could not effectively make many necessary proteins

You are maintaining a small population of fruit flies in the laboratory by transferring the flies to a new culture bottle after each generation. After several generations, you notice that the viability of the flies has decreased greatly. Recognizing that small population size is likely to be linked to decreased viability, the best way to reverse this trend is to - reduce the number of flies that you transfer at each generation. - cross your flies with flies from another lab. - change the temperature at which you rear the flies. - transfer only the largest flies. - shock the flies with a brief treatment of heat or cold to make them more hardy.

cross your flies with flies from another lab.

The possession of two pairs of antennae is a characteristic of crustaceans. insects. spiders. millipedes. centipedes.

crustaceans

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____.

cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____.

cyanobacteria which are aerobic photosynthesizers

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants

Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____.

cyanobacterium

Gymnosperms were most abundant during what era? a. Carboniferous b. Paleozoic c. Cenozoic d. Mesozoic e. Precambrian

d. Mesozoic

In gymnosperms, megaspores develop into: a. ovulate cones b. pollen grains c. male gametophytes d. female gametophytes e. female sporophytes

d. female gametophytes

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? a. it functions as a diploid food reserve b. it functions as a triploid food reserve c. it is the remnant of the pollen tube d. it functions as the haploid food reserve e. it develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore

d. it functions as the haploid food reserve

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megaosporocyte (megaspore mother cell), how many survive? a. four b. three c. integuments d. one e. two

d. one

Which of the following would most likely be an example of a density-independent factor limiting population growth?

daily temperature extremes

Suppose that humans increase their consumption of Antarctic fishes, causing a significant reduction in the size of fish populations. What would be the most likely effect of a reduction in the size of Antarctic fish populations?

decrease decrease increase

In G. fortis, finches with _____ were selected for.

deeper beaks

The "information receiving" section of a neuron is its _____.

dendrites (The dendrites have receptor proteins that receive information by binding chemical messages called neurotransmitters. Together with the cell body, the dendrites receive signals from other neurons.)

In which biome would you most likely find plants that exhibit C4 or CAM photosynthesis?

desert

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

desert

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? oomycete kinetoplastid apicomplexan diatom radiolarian

diatom

Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? plants brown algae diplomonads diatoms plasmodial slime molds

diatoms

When a B cell first interacts with its particular antigen, the B cell

differentiates and develops into a clone of antibody-producing effector cells

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

diffusion

organisms in which group are responsible for the phenomenon called "red tide"?

dinoflagellates

A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____.

dinoflagellates!

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.

diploid sporophyte

Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA? dinoflagellates and diatoms chlorophytes and radiolarians apicomplexans and forams gymnamoebas and slime molds diplomonads and parabasalids

diplomonads and parabasalids

The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria.

diplomonads, parabasalids

Each species experienced _____ selection, which resulted in character displacement for beak size.

directional

A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. Hints influenza is a disease that causes the apoptosis of all memory cells immunity typically disappears one month after recovery from a disease mutation in the influenza virus is frequent the first infection with influenza weakens the immune system the influenza virus might proliferate in different tissues during each subsequent year, and immune memory is limited to those tissues initially infected

mutation in the influenza virus is frequent

Cellulose-digesting microorganisms live in the guts of termites and ruminant mammals. The microorganisms have a home and food, and their hosts gain more nutrition from their meals. This relationship is an example of _____.

mutualism

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

nasal cavity

What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution? - the bottleneck effect - genetic drift - gene flow - neutral variation - natural selection

natural selection (Because natural selection has a "sorting" effect, it consistently increases the frequency of alleles that improve the match between an organism and its environment.)

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____. antigens helper T cells cytotoxic T cells plasma cells macrophages

plasma cells

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? cytotoxic T cells plasma cells bacterial cells helper T cells macrophages

plasma cells

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (i.e., near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would

reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis.

Character displacement is adaptive for both populations because it _____ interspecific competition.

reduces

confires

redwoods; pines; all species produce cones

The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except

regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater.

The lower esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper opening into the stomach. If this sphincter failed to properly constrict, there might be a problem with

regurgitation of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus, commonly called "heartburn"

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

renal arteries

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder

The change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of _____.

resource partitioning

The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

Researchers can use molecular homologies to __________.

reveal the number of mutations in a particular sequence that has occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the

right atrium

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising Co2

Which of the biomes—tundra, coniferous forest, temperate broadleaf forest, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, desert, tropical rainforest—require periodic fires to maintain their existence?

savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest

Which trophic level(s) does the roadrunner occupy? Select all that apply.

secondary consumer tertiary consumer

Which trophic levels do fishes occupy in this food web?

secondary consumers tertiary consumers quaternary consumers

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

secondary endosymbiosis.

The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as _____.

secretion

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following is least likely to be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations? - selection for algae-eaters that are faster swimmers - selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night) - selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young - selection for algae-eaters that become sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes - selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters

selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

selective reabsorption

Sperm develop in the _____.

seminiferous tubules

Human sperm cells first arise in the

seminiferous tubules.

According to the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if _____ is the only process that affects the gene pool. - immigration - sexual reproduction - sexual selection - genetic drift - mutation

sexual reproduction (Sexual reproduction does not change the frequency of alleles in the gene pool.)

In G. fuliginosa, finches with _____ were selected for.

shallower beaks

A zoologist analyzes the jawbones of an extinct mammal and concludes that it was an herbivore. The zoologist most likely came to this conclusion based upon the ________.

shape of the teeth

Sister taxa on a phylogenetic tree are defined as groups that __________.

share an immediate common ancestor and are each other's closest relatives

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has a head, thorax, and abdomen. simple, but not compound, eyes. tracheae and spiracles. two pairs of antennae.

simple, but not compound eyes

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. double-stranded RNA single-stranded RNA single-stranded DNA none of the above double-stranded DNA

single stranded RNA

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

small intestine: polysaccharide digestion

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____.

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

In a neuron, during the depolarization phase that may trigger an action potential _____.

some voltage-gated sodium channels are open (When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, some gated sodium channels open, causing further depolarization. If the threshold is reached, most gated sodium channels open, triggering an action potential.)

Which of the following groups can be quaternary consumers in this food web?

sperm whales

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____.

spirochetes

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.

sporophyte

Which of the following statements is supported by the trophic relationships shown in the diagram?

squids eat fishes

Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to which of the following? - sexual selection - disruptive selection - directional selection - stabilizing selection - random selection

stabilizing selection

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? - artificial selection - sexual selection - stabilizing selection - disruptive selection - directional selection

stabilizing selection

Protein digestion begins in the

stomach

Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella?

stramenopiles

The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____.

substrate at the bottom of the body of water

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____.

synapse

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and rainfall

A certain species of seal breeds and rears its young on rocky beaches. Competition for breeding sites is fierce, and males that do not secure a site will not reproduce. This behavior is an example of which mechanism of density-dependent population regulation

territoriality

A mutualism is an ecological relationship between two species

that both benefit from the relationship.

To which part of an antigen does an antibody bind?

the antigenic determinant

No population can grow indefinitely. The ultimate size of any population is limited by __________

the carrying capacity of its environment

Helper T cells are part of _____.

the cell-mediated immune response

Which of the following describes the distribution of survivorship or mortality for a population that has a Type II survivorship curve

the chance of death is roughly constant over all ages

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

Among mammals, it is generally true that

the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

A physician diagnoses a patient with a bacterial infection and determines that the patient is not immune to the bacteria. He delivers a shot of blood plasma that contains antibodies to his patient. The physician is transferring

the humoral immune response.

A primary immune response is

the immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen.

According to MacArthur and Wilson's hypothesis of island biogeography, species immigration and extinction rates on a particular island correlate to __________.

the island's size and distance from the mainland

Five different baleen whale species are endangered and may go extinct. What would be the most likely effect of removing all baleen whales from this food web?

the krill population would increase

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

the movement of animals onto land

which voice below is an expression of a population density

the number of Paramecium caudatum in a 250-mL solution in a glass flask

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

the number of circuits for circulation

Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during

the period just before ovulation.

The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when _____. - intraspecific competition is weak - sexual selection occurs - intraspecific competition is intense - the population size is large - the population size is small

the population size is small (Changes in the gene pool of a small population are frequently due to genetic drift.)

If you wanted to determine what percentage of the population of Thailand is less than 10 years old, you could look at ________

the populations age structure

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____.

the postsynaptic membrane

Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome?

the presence of algae

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?

the presence of chloroplasts

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____.

the presynaptic membrane

The idea behind vaccination is to induce _____ without the vaccinated individual having to get sick.

the primary immune response

what is the point of horizontal gene transfer?

to help bacteria respond and adapt to their environment much more rapidly by acquiring large DNA sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer.

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity.

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

tracheal system of an insect

Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate?

tropical forests-nearly constant day length and temperature

Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species?

tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

tropical rain forest

The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors. True False

true

True or false? B cells were originally isolated from the bursa in chickens, and their function is to produce antibodies; T cells were originally isolated from the thymus in mice, and their functions include killing host cells that are being infected with a virus. True False

true

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having

true tissues or no tissues

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost?

tundra

The following question refers to the figure, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D. If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? - two strata - four strata - one stratum - three strata

two strata

An oak tree produces thousands of acorns, but very few grow into mature oak trees. The oak tree exhibits a __________ survivorship curve

type III

all gymnosperms

undergo alternation of generation; seeds do not form in an enclosed structure

Herring gulls fiercely defend the areas around their nests in cliff-top breeding colonies. Within the colony they would show a __________ dispersion pattern

uniform

The most abundant solute in urine is _____.

urea (and other nitrogenous wastes)

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

urea is less toxic than ammonia.

Sperm exit a male's body via the _____.

urethra

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

uric acid.

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features? absence of species with parasitic lifestyles use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton presence of segmentation ecdysis presence of a circulatory system

use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skelton

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes

use water molecules when breaking bonds (hydrolysis)

A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the _____.

uterus

Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?

vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs

via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty

Which of the following disease-causing organisms is most similar to that which causes Zika? A. bacterium that causes Lyme disease B. protozoan that causes malaria C. virus that causes HIV D. nematode that causes onchocerciasis

virus that causes HIV

What absolutely essential resource is likely to limit the carrying capacity of Earth for humans

water

What is the main component of gastric juice?

water

In most cases, the two major climatic factors affecting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are _____.

water and temperature

the contractile vacuole of paramecium functions in what role?

water regulation

what is horizontal gene transfer?

when individual members from different species exchange DNA

what are three basic issues that life histories entail

when reproduction begins, how often the organism breeds, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode

Keystone species are those species _____.

whose absence would cause major disruption in a community

WHAT IF? If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be

winds blowing from west to east along the equator. Submit

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have segmented bodies. a cuticle. a ventral nerve cord. wings. open circulation.

wings

Which of the following is a structure that allows hormone-receptor complexes to bind to specific DNA sequences? A. hormone-response element (HRE) B. promoter C. zinc finger D. enhancer

zinc finger

What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone?

zooplankton

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

Which statement about dispersal is false?

Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary time scale.

what evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic emdosymbionts?

-they have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes. -their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.

Theory

A(n) ____ is broader in scope then a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.

Spring has arrived, and you notice your neighbors are cutting their grass. When you walk outside to check if your mail has arrived, your eyes begin to water and feel itchy. You are more than likely experiencing

-- an overreaction to pollen. -- a pollen allergy

Because cytotoxic T cells can recognize viral proteins, they can destroy these infected cells. This is particularly important to individuals with certain kinds of cancers because

-- destroying the infected cells can help slow the spread of the infected cells . -- destroying the infected cells can help stop the spread of the infected cells.

Antigens can be

-- proteins. -- large polysaccharides that protrude from virus surfaces or foreign cells. -- blood or tissue cells from organisms of the same or different species.

You perform a bacteriophage transduction experiment. The donor bacteria strain has the genotype a+ b+ c+ d+. The recipient bacteria strain has the genotype a- b- c- d-. Genotype Number of cotransduced cells a+ and b+ 0 a+ and c+ 10 a+ and d+ 0 b+ and c+ 2 b+ and d+ 10 c+ and d+ 0 When you analyze the recipients, you obtain the results shown in this data table.

---A--c---------b-d The relative location of genes on the bacterial chromosome can be determined by the frequency at which they cotransduce. Genes that are closely linked on the bacterial chromosome are more likely to be cotransduced -- 10 cells contained the cotransduced a and c genes, which means these two genes are close together on the bacterial chromosome. Genes that are not linked will only rarely (or never) cotransduce -- no cells contained contransduced a and b genes or a and d genes, which means that a must be far away from both b and d on the bacterial chromosome. Then, using the cotransduction data for the c and b genes (2 cells) and the c and d genes (0 cells), you can determine that gene b is closer to gene c than is gene d.

The competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a _____ interaction

-/-

___ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century.

-Phytophthora infestans -this protist shows resistance to pesticides.

Azotobacter is a genus of bacteria that live in soil and have the following characteristics: •They are bacilli. •They are gram-negative. •They are obligate aerobes. •They can fix nitrogen. (Unlike some other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which associate with the roots of plants, Azotobacter species are free-living.) Select the four statements that are true for bacteria in the genus Azotobacter: -They require amino acids or other organic molecules as a source of nitrogen. -They appear purple after Gram staining. -They can carry out anaerobic respiration in an environment that lacks O2. -They are shaped like rods. -They have a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. -They have the appearance of coils or corkscrews. -They can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. -They use O2 for cellular respiration. -They are poisoned by O2.

-They are shaped like rods -They have a relatively thin layer of peptiodglycan in their cell wall -They can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia -They use O₂ for cellular respiration

which characteristic is shared by most diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae at least at some stage of their life cycles?

-all are autotrophs -all are a part pf the Stramenoplaia group -they all have flagella with numerous fine, hairlike projections.

which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell wall, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant?

-diatoms. -diatoms have unique glass-like walls that consist of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix. Each wall has two parts that overlap.

which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans that consume it?

-dinoflagellates -toxins produced by some red-tide organisms (flagellates) have produced massive invertebrate kills and can be deadly to humans who consume contaminated seafood.

which organisms are capable of producing a "Red tide"?

-dinoflagellates. -dinoflagellate blooms, episodes of explosive population growth, cause red tides in coastal waters.

what role do diatoms play in the global carbon balance affecting global warming?

-during a bloom, diatom populations may increase rapidly. If many diatoms die and sink to the bottom without being eaten, they effectively pump carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. -if an organism eats the diatoms, the carbon dioxide will be returned to the atmosphere. -if the diatoms aren't eaten, the carbon is removed from the atmosphere for a longer time.

which of the following groups of algae is/are most closely related to land plants?

-green algae -especially those known as charophytes

hypermastigotes are important endosymbionts that live in the guts of ___

-termites -without this endosymbiont, termites would be unable to digest wood, and the breakdown of trees would be greatly slowed.

How do trypanosomes withstand the attack of a host's immune system?

-the molecular composition of their surface changes continually. -the immune system response is always lagging behind the frequent changes.

Many species of red algae are adapted to deeper water due to the fact that ___

-their photosynthetic pigments efficiently absorb blue and green light. -red algae are most abundant in the warm coastal waters of tropical oceans.

Giardia intestinalis is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two, haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts. The primary treatment for giardiasis (infection with Giardia), as well as for trichomoniasis (infection with Trichomonas vaginalis) and for amoebic dysentery (infection with Entamoeba histolytica), is a drug marketed as Flagyl (generic name is metronidazole). The drug also kills anaerobic gut bacteria. Consequently, which of these are cues that Flagyl's mode of action has nothing to do with attacking or disabling the parasites' flagella, as the drug's name might imply? 1. It would also harm the flagellated lining of the human intestine. 2. Entamoeba possesses pseudopods, not flagella, yet it is killed by Flagyl. 3. Prokaryotic flagella and eukaryotic flagella are radically different from each other and unlikely to be harmed by the same chemical. 4. Not all anaerobic gut bacteria possess flagella, yet it kills these bacteria.

2,3,4

In human gamete production there is an average of _____ crossover events per chromosome pair. - 2-3 - 9-10 - 5-6 - 0-1 - 10+

2-3 (These crossover events increase the genetic variation among gametes.)

Kingfish, Louisiana, had a population of 1,100 individuals. They had a birth rate of 12/100, a death rate of 8/100, and an emigration (individuals leaving the population) rate of 2/100. How many people were added to Kingfish's population in one year

for approximately how long was earth populated exclusively by macroscopic organisms?

3 billion years

it is estimated that protists perform up to what percentage of the world's photosynthesis?

30%

If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be - 23%. - 46%. - 54%. - There is not enough information to say.

54%.

See graph on pg. 19 The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label _____.

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of both competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true? - A. The amount of available food may have increased. - B. The parental generation of squirrels developed better eyesight due to improved diet; the subsequent squirrel generation inherited better eyesight. - C. The number of predators that prey upon squirrels may have decreased. - A and C could be true. - A, B, and C could be true.

A and C could be true.

Looking at the character table and phylogenetic tree above, which of the following is a true statement?

A backbone is a shared ancestral character in mammals (leopard).

soredia

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? -soredia -yeasts -basidiospores -spores of ectomycorrhizae -leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)

Falsifiable

A hypothesis must be testable and _____ -there must be some observation or experiment that could show that it is not true

Basidiaomycota

A muchroom is a member of a group of fungi called the _______.

Which arrow indicates the direction of a gradient of increasing solute concentration in the interstitial fluid surrounding a nephron?

A only

Why are phylogenetic trees considered hypotheses?

A phylogenetic tree can be used to make testable predictions.

Obtain energy from their environment and use it to power their own activities and chemical reactions

A property of life known as energy processing refers to the fact that living things _____.

Hypothesis

A scientist note that an ornamental grass grown in a creek bed is taller than the same type of grass grown on berm. The scientist suspects that this difference is due to water availibity. This proposed explanation is a(n) _____.

One of the kingdoms of Protista

A single celles eukaryotic organism that is neither a consumer nor a decomposer would likely be classified in_______.

Which of the following is true? A. A single mosquito species can transmit more than one disease. B. It is unknown as to whether a single mosquito species can transmit more than one disease. C. A single mosquito species can transmit only one disease. D. Mosquitoes do not transmit diseases.

A single mosquito species can transmit more than one disease.

Hypothesis

A(n) ___ is a testable explanation for an observation.

Hypothesis

A(n) ____ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments

Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)? A.)Gastrula B.)Yolk C.)Zygote D.)Blastula

A.)Gastrula

Which of the following are the three germ layers contained in the gastrula? A.)Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm B.)Ectoderm, mesoderm, epidermis C.)Ectoderm, mesoderm, echinoderm D.)Ectotherm, mesoderm, endoderm

A.)Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

There are those who claim that the theory of evolution cannot be true because the apes, which are supposed to be closely related to humans, do not likewise share the same large brains, capacity for complicated speech, and tool-making capability. They reason that if these features are generally beneficial, then the apes should have evolved them as well. Which of these provides the best argument against this misconception? - A population's evolution is limited by historical constraints. - Adaptations are often compromises. - Evolution can be influenced by environmental change. - Advantageous alleles do not arise on demand.

Advantageous alleles do not arise on demand.

The discovery of which of the following mosquitoes in Ohio would raise the most concern that Zika will soon be found there?

Aedes agypti

Which of the following statements about endocrine glands and the hormones they produce is true?

Aldosterone produced by the adrenal glands controls the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys.

Eukarya

All organisims with eukaryotic cells are grouped in domain ____.

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? - All organisms require energy. - All organisms have undergone evolution. - All organisms reproduce. - All organisms use essentially the same genetic code. - All organisms show heritable variation.

All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of evolution in a population over time? - The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present. - The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate. - All phenotypic variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors. - The population size is large.

All phenotypic variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true? Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts. All apicomplexans are autotrophic. All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced.

All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true? The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. All apicomplexans are autotrophic. Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts.

All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population? - 0.09 - 0.08 - 0.07 - 0.70 - Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

Every few years a giant axe chops off the head of every person who is over 6 feet tall. How will this affect the human population? - It will increase in number since shorter people use fewer resources than taller people. - Genetic drift will play less of a role in the evolution of humans. - The mutation rate will increase. - Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency. - Gene flow will increase.

Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency. (A reduction in "tallness" alleles is the change expected as a result of this type of selection.)

The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.

Alveolata

which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as animals?

Amoebozoans

Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not.

Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. SubmitMy AnswersGive Up

animals

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? -vascular plants -brown algae -animals -mosses -slime molds

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?

An egg develops without being fertilized.

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations with the roots of plants, which enhance the absorption of nutrients.

An important example of interaction between fungi and certain other organisms is mycorrhizae, in which the fungal partners _____. -cause the decay of cellulose and lignin -help plants take up nutrients and water -sicken herbivores that attempt to feed on plants -provide carbohydrates to the plant partner -control soil nematodes

What hormonal signal is important in the metamorphosis of amphibians? A. increase in thyroid hormones B. a decrease in juvenile hormone C. an increase in ecdysone D. an increase in thyroid hormone and a decrease in juvenile hormone.

An increase in thyroid hormone. This signals metamorphosis in amphibians.

Evolution

An increse in antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis bacteria is proving to he a problem in treating this disease. This could be due to ___.

Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis? It is indicated by the presence of a double membrane surrounding the endymbiont. An organism containing one endosymbiont engulfs another organism, and that organism becomes an endosymbiont. It is indicated by the presence of a nucleomorph. An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont. It is indicated by the presence of a mixotroph.

An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.

The separate lineages leading to dolphins and sharks both evolved streamlined bodies, dorsal fins, and broad tail fins as adaptations to efficient locomotion in a marine environment. In this comparison, the bodies and fins of dolphins and sharks are what type of structures?

Analogous

Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?

Analogous structures

_____ are the main male hormones. A. progesterones B. mineralocorticoids C. androgens D. luteinizing hormones E. estrogens

Androgens. Androgens, such as testosterone, are the main male hormones.

Which of the following statements is supported by the phylogeny in the figure?

Animals with extremely different adult forms can be relatively closely related.

Examine the climograph for some major North American biomes. Which two factors influence the distribution of organisms, as shown in this climograph?

Annual mean temperature and annual mean precipitation

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps?

Anthozoa

When used appropriately, antibiotic treatment can effectively reduce bacteria populations and help fight infections. However, antibiotic treatments can have unintended effects. What is one concern when using antibiotics?

Antibiotics may also kill the beneficial bacteria of the microbiome, thereby disrupting digestive health.

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys? A. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B. prolactin C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. melatonin E. glucagon

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). A diuretic promotes water loss; thus it makes sense that ADH (secreted by the anterior pituitary) promotes water conservation.

If you are allergic to grass pollen, that pollen is a(n) _____.

Antigen

Which of the following statements about the clonal-selection theory of immune system function is false? Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte. Cloned cells persist after the pathogen is eliminated. Each lymphocyte recognizes one antigen. An activated lymphocyte makes many copies of itself in response to an infection.

Antigens are recognized by receptor proteins inside the lymphocyte.

which supergroup includes the land plants?

Archaeplastida

The largest structure is the ascomycete, then the ascocarp, then the ascus, and finally the smallest is the ascospore.

Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus

Which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Examine the figure of a human nephron. Where and when does osmolarity of the filtrate increase?

As the filtrate moves down the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Which of the following statements about Hadley cells is true?

As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

The food we eat

As we respire, we release CO2. The carbon in the CO2 is obtained from _____.

Select the correct statement about plant life cycles.

At some point in the life cycle of all plants, the sporophyte is dependent on its gametophyte parent.

plasmogamy

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? -plasmogamy -germination -karyogamy -fertilization

Complement proteins can do all of the following except A. attack cancer and virus-infected cells after they are released by natural killer cells. B. help trigger the inflammatory response. C. enhance phagocytosis by innate immune cells by attaching to cell invaders. D. act as chemical signals to recruit more immune cells to the site of infection.

Attack cancer and virus-infected cells after they are released by natural killer cells.

Natural killer cells

Attack virus-infected cells by releasing chemicals that lead to cell death.

Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter

See graph on pg. 18 The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label _____.

The _____ eventually develops into the sea urchin's digestive tract. A.)blastocoel B.)archenteron C.)blastomere D.)ectoderm E.)blastopore

B.)archenteron

During gastrulation in frogs, cells from the animal pole spread over the embryo and form the _____. A.)endoderm B.)ectoderm C.)archenteron D.)blastopore E.)blastula

B.)ectoderm

Because antigen receptor genes are randomly rearranged, some immature lymphocytes produce receptors specific for epitopes on the organism's own molecules. Why doesn't the immune system attack these molecules on the body's cells and tissues? B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis. Only a very few lymphocytes produce receptors that attack the body's own molecules, so it's not a problem. The body's cells are immune to such attack.

B and T cells with receptors specific for the body's own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis.

What happens to a cell during the process of differentiation? A.)Material moves across the cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. B.)It undergoes a change toward a more specialized form or function. C.)It divides to produce a cell with one-half the number of original chromosomes. D.)It divides to produce a cell with the same number of chromosomes.

B.)It undergoes a change toward a more specialized form or function.

What are the cells created by cleavage called? A.)Blastopores B.)Blastocoels C.)Blastomeres D.)Blastulas

C.)Blastomeres

A child is born without a fully developed pancreas. He is normal in all other respects, and thus doctors believe that the problem most likely began early in development. During which of the following processes did the original error most likely occur? A.)Mesoderm formation B.)Ectoderm formation C.)Endoderm formation D.)Cleavage

C.)Endoderm formation

In animal development, which of the following best describes the process of cleavage? A.)Differentiation B.)Fertilization C.)Mitosis D.)Meiosis

C.)Mitosis

The first stage of embryonic development is _____. This process produces _____. (Concept 47.1) A.)gastrulation ... a three-layered embryo B.)ovulation ... a zygote C.)cleavage ... a cluster of cells D.)neurulation...a neurula E.)parturition ... a fetus

C.)cleavage ... a cluster of cells

In the early development of an amphibian embryo, Spemann's "organizer" is located in the A.)archenteron roof. B.)dorsal ectoderm. C.)dorsal lip of the blastopore. D.)notochord. E.)neural tube.

C.)dorsal lip of the blastopore.

Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals? A.)gray crescent B.)trophoblast C.)epiblast and hypoblast D.)yolk plug E.)holoblastic cleavage

C.)epiblast and hypoblast

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? - If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation. - Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. - Only favorable adaptations have survival value. - Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. - Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits.

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

antibiotics

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as hallucinogens. -aflatoxins. -antibiotics. -antigens. -antibodies.

Which of the following pairs of animals show that animals with widely different adult features can be each other's closest relatives?

Chordata and Echinodermata

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators? Mollusca Arthropoda Annelida Echinodermata Cnidaria

Cnidaria

In Figure 33.2 in your textbook, which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans? Rotifera and Deuterostomia Deuterostomia and Bilateria Porifera and Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa Cnidaria and Bilateria

Cnidaria and Bilateria

Which of these statements, if accurate, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.

Based on the climograph of six specific biomes illustrated here, which of the following shifts in biomes and their specific ecosystems would be most likely to result if global climate change continues to lead to a warmer Earth?

Coniferous forest to temperate forest

What are the three processes of genetic transfer in Bacteria?

Conjugation, transduction, and transformation

What would occur if receptors were damaged so that there was no negative feedback after CRH was initially released? A. FSH would be continually released B. ADH would not be released C. ACTH would not be released D. Cortisol would be continually released

Cortisol would be continually released. Cortisol typically signals the stopping of CRH release.

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? Macrophages digest viral particles. CD8+ T cells are activated. Antibodies coat viral particles. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

Which of these structures is diploid?

How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis?

Diploid cells give rise to four functional gametes in spermatogenesis.

During gastrulation, invagination occurs at the _____. A.)archenteron B.)blastocoel C.)endometrium D.)blastopore E.)trophoblast

D.)blastopore

The three-layered embryo is the _____. A.)archenteron B.)morula C.)trophoblast D.)gastrula E.)blastula

D.)gastrula

The differences between cells in the late embryo result from induction. An example of induction in amphibians is the _____. (Concept 47.3) A.)movement of mesoderm cells along the fibronectin fibers that line the blastocoel B.)distribution of yolk and melanin in unfertilized eggs C.)migration of cells into the center of the blastula during gastrulation D.)inactivation of the growth factor BMP-4 on the dorsal side of the gastrula E.)role of EP cadherin in organizing the blastula

D.)inactivation of the growth factor BMP-4 on the dorsal side of the gastrula

Cells relocated from the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an amphibian embryo to an abnormal position result in the development of a second notochord at the graft location. This is an example of _____. A.)polarity B.)developmental potential C.)positional information D.)induction E.)pattern formation

D.)induction

The archenteron develops into the A.)blastocoel. B.)mesoderm. C.)endoderm. D.)lumen of the digestive tract. E.)placenta.

D.)lumen of the digestive tract.

The _____ is(are) formed when the neural folds join and a portion of the neural plate sinks beneath the embryo's surface. A.)archenteron B.)anus C.)back muscles D.)neural tube E.)digestive system

D.)neural tube

In an amphibian embryo, a band of cells called the neural crest A.)induces the formation of the notochord. B.)rolls up and forms the neural tube. C.)has been shown by experiments to be the organizer region of the developing embryo. D.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo. E.)develops into the main sections of the brain.

D.)produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo.

Which of the following best summarizes the neutral theory?

Darwinian selection does not influence a lot of evolutionary change in genes and proteins because many of these changes do not affect fitness.

In establishing a test of hypothesis

Deductive reasion is generally used during which portion of the scientific process?

You are a physician supervising a patient's recovery from the surgical removal of the posterior pituitary. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to have to treat?

Dehydration.

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins?

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development

Which of the following events occurs at the onset of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Development of the corpus luteum.

Why might different cells be able to respond to T3 in very different ways? A. they cannot. Specific hormones trigger only specific responses. B. T3 is actually three separate hormones. C. different receptors D. the conformation of T3 is temperature dependent.

Different receptors. The hormone could spark very different processes depending on which receptor is triggered.

Which of the following is an immediate effect of histamine release? A. dilation of local blood vessels B. conversion of histamine to histidine C. increase in blood pressure D. blocking of a response to ragweed pollen.

Dilation of local blood vessels

Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die?

Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live.

Several hours after fertilization, cleavage results in the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a _____. A.)blastomere B.)morula C.)trophoblast D.)gastrula E.)blastula

E.)blastula

The enlarged anterior portion of the neural tube will develop into a frog's _____. A.)spinal cord B.)tongue C.)reproductive system D.)outer layer of skin E.)brain

E.)brain

The function of the amnion in birds, reptiles, and mammals is to _____. (Concept 47.1) A.)collect wastes B.)give rise to cells that form the nervous system. C.)digest yolk and form a network of blood vessels to distribute nutrients to the embryo D.)transport oxygen to the embryo E.)create an aqueous environment in which development can occur

E.)create an aqueous environment in which development can occur

If you watch a frog develop from fertilization, you will see a single cell divide to eventually produce a ball of cells that changes shape and forms gills, a heart, and a twitching tail. This idea that a tiny sphere can rearrange itself into the complex organization of a tadpole is a clear example of the process known as _____. A.)cellular differentiation B.)preformation C.)cleavage D.)the acrosomal reaction E.)epigenesis

E.)epigenesis

One consequence of the acrosomal reaction is _____. A.)the cortical reaction B.)the development of the fertilization envelope C.)epigenesis D.)the slow block to polyspermy E.)the fast block to polyspermy

E.)the fast block to polyspermy

In sea urchins, the process of fertilization produces a(n) _____. A.)archenteron B.)morula C.)gastrula D.)gamete E.)zygote

E.)zygote

Which of the following statements regarding antigens and antibodies is false? A. Most antigens are proteins or large polysaccharides on the surfaces of viruses or foreign cells. B. An antibody usually recognizes and binds to an antigenic determinant. C. A single antigen may stimulate the immune system to make several distinct antibodies to it. D. Each antibody has only one antigen-binding site.

Each antibody has only one antigen-binding site.

Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true? - Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted. - Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted. - The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted. - Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation.

Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.

Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis of an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?

Each mitochondrion has its own DNA molecule.

Which of the following causes Earth's seasons?

Earth's tilt on its axis

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic? Nematoda Crustacea Echinodermata Mollusca Platyhelminthes

Echinodermata

Hormones exert what type of cell-to-cell signaling? A. neural B. paracrine C. autocrine D. endocrine

Endocrine. Hormones are endocrine signals; they are carried between cells by blood or other body fluids.

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger? A. insulin and glucagon B. thyroxine and calcitonin C. androgens and estrogens D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin E. epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones, secreted by the adrenal medulla, are responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

The main hormone released in response to short-term stress is _______, and to long-term stress is _______. A. leptin; cortisol B. epinephrine; cortisol C. cortisol; epinephrine D. epinephrine; leptin

Epinephrine; cortisol. Epinephrine triggers an immediate response; cortisol manages a long-term response.

Which location on Earth receives the most solar radiation per unit area?

Equator

the human disease sleeping sickness is caused by an organism in which group?

Euglenozoans

According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor?

Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota

Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes?

Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients.

A man who has been exposed to the flu virus is tested by his physician. The physician notes that the virus is present but no measurable level of antibodies corresponding to the virus are detected in his body. What might this mean? He was probably exposed more than several months ago, antibody production has ceased, and antibodies are no longer detectable. He was probably exposed sometime within the past two weeks, but we don't have enough information to say more. He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells.

He was probably exposed a few days ago and clonal selection has yet to produce plasma cells.

How do cells involved in the humoral response respond to antigen presentation on the surface of a B cell? Hints Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies. Helper T cells secrete antibodies against the viral antigen. The B cell recognizes the receptor-antigen complex and divides to produce plasma and memory cells. Helper T cells divide and produce plasma and memory cells.

Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.

Which statement about lipoproteins is correct?

High-density lipoproteins are cholesterol transporters in the blood.

What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle?

Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule.

Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow?

Holdfast

A bald eagle and a black bear both have four limbs with digits because they are both tetrapods, descendants of a four-limbed ancestor. In this comparison, the limbs of the eagle and the bear are what type of structure?

Homologous

Which of the following is a true statement concerning horizontal gene transfer?

Horizontal gene transfer is known to occur within both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Why are hormones better suited for regulating sexual development rather than electrical signals alone? A. hormones are very poor in their signaling B. hormones require less energy to produce C. hormones are long-lived and can spread quickly throughout the body. D. hormones convey information more quickly.

Hormones are long-lived and can spread quickly throughout the body. Sexual development requires inputs from tissues and organs throughout the body.

Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells? How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface? How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?

How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones? A. hypothalamus B. adrenal cortex C. thymus D. ovaries E. testes

Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus secretes both releasing and inhibiting hormones

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates? I) changing the force of heart contraction II) constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles III) opening or closing precapillary sphincters

I, II, and III

If Darwin had been aware of genes, and of their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? - If an individual's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring. - If an individual acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will be the result. - A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete will, if perpetuated, produce a new species within just two generations. - If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

If natural selection can change one gene's frequency in a population over the course of generations then, given enough time and enough genes, natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "cyanelles." The cyanelles are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. If true, which of the following is the best evidence that the cyanelles are providing nutrition (in other words, calories) to the surrounding cercozoan? If the cyanelle performs aerobic respiration. If the vesicle membrane that surrounds each cyanelle possesses glucose-transport proteins. If the cyanelle performs aerobic photosynthesis. If radiolabeled 14CO2 enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabeled glucose is present in cercozoan cytosol. If radiolabeled "heavy" water, 2H2O, enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabeled oxygen appears in cercozoan cytosol.

If radiolabeled 14CO2 enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabeled glucose is present in cercozoan cytosol.

The idea of using molecules as clocks to time evolutionary events is very attractive, but there are many problems in actually applying the technique. What seems to be the best way to get reliable results?

It is important to use as many genes as possible. With this approach, fluctuations in evolutionary rate will tend to average out.

Which statement about oxygen in fish gills is correct?

The partial pressure of oxygen in blood increases as it flows through gill capillaries

Swine are vulnerable to infection by bird flu virus and human flu virus, which can both be present in an individual pig at the same time. When this occurs, it is possible for genes from bird flu virus and human flu virus to be combined. If the human flu virus contributes a gene for Tamiflu resistance (Tamiflu is an antiviral drug) to the new virus, and if the new virus is introduced to an environment lacking Tamiflu, then what is most likely to occur? - If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency. - If the Tamiflu-resistance gene confers no benefit in the current environment, and has no cost, the virus will become dormant until Tamiflu is present. - The Tamiflu-resistance gene will undergo mutations that convert it into a gene that has a useful function in this environment. - The new virus will maintain its Tamiflu-resistance gene, just in case of future exposure to Tamiflu.

If the Tamiflu-resistance gene involves a cost, it will experience directional selection leading to reduction in its frequency.

Experiment

Imagine that your car is stalled and will not start. If you add gasoline yo the tank to see if that helps, which step of the scientific method are you performing?

What is the key difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

In active immunity, a body produces its own antibodies; in passive immunity, a person receives pre-made antibodies.

water and minerals

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

How are gases transported in insect bodies?

In tracheal systems

conidiophores

In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? -rhizoids -zygosporangia -conidiophores -asci -gametangia

Plantae

In which of the following kingdoms can most multicellular photosynthetic organisins be found?

By drinking water contaminated with cholera

In which of the following ways are you most likely to contract cholera

The spring release of hormones in seasonally reproducing animals is stimulated by________. A. increasing photoperiod B. decreased rainfall C. decreasing photoperiod D. warming environmental temperatures

Increasing photoperiod. The lengthening day is sensed by animals' photoreceptors, which send signals to the hypothalamus, where signals are initiated that direct production of sex hormones.

Virus-infected cells produce ________, proteins that help neighboring cells fight further viral infections.

Interferons

How does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation? - It restricts the gene pool by chance events such as floods or other catastrophic events. - It fosters the exchange of genes between different populations. - It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes. - It helps individual organisms make a greater contribution to the gene pool of the next generation. - It allows the frequency of a recessive allele in a population to be predicted under certain conditions.

It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes. (Natural selection tends to decrease genetic variation. Recessive alleles are shielded from natural selection in heterozygotes.)

In cladistics, biologists attempt to place species into groups that each include an ancestral species and all of its descendants. A group that is paraphyletic fails to accomplish this goal in what way?

It consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Which statement about the gas exchange system in fish is correct?

It enables oxygen to diffuse from the water into the blood over the entire length of the gill capillaries.

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

How can a cell respond to more than one hormone? A. it cannot B. by allowing several hormones to bind to the same receptor C. it has different receptors for each hormone D. by responding only to the hormone in the greatest ammount

It has different receptors for each hormone

To which domain is the domain Eukarya (the domain to which humans belong) most closely related?

It is not clear whether eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria or archaea.

What is the function of endocrine glands?

They release hormones into the bloodstream for distribution around the body.

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?

Look for cell walls under a microscope.

In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created?

Loop of Henle.

When the finches first colonized Santa Maria and San Cristobal, G. fuliginosa probably had beak sizes similar to finches on _____ island, and G. fortis probably had beak sizes similar to finches on _____.

Los Hermanos Daphne

Which hormone spikes midway through the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes? A. progesterone B. testosterone C. glucocorticoids D. luteinizing hormone (LH) E. estrogens

Luteinizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates hormone production by both the ovaries and testes.

Tissues are immunogically "typed" before an organ transplant to make sure that the donor and recipient match as closely as possible in their _____. Hints T cells antibodies MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins B cells histamines

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells? Hints B cell receptor. MHC protein. T cell receptor. Antibody.

MHC protein

Most _________ are located at specific areas where bacteria microbes tend to attack so that they can readily engulf and destroy the invading bacteria.

Macrophages

Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct? A. Both B and T cells are responsible for the cell-mediated response. B. The self proteins bind to and present the antigens to the cell so that macrophages can ingest them. C. Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal. D. Cells may clump around viruses to render the virus inactive.

Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal.

Which statement accurately describes the potential effects of disturbance on species diversity?

Many species are well adapted to survive periodic disturbances.

Which term describes the difference in electrical charge across a membrane?

Membrane potential. (Membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge across a membrane.)

The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. This situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. Over the course of evolutionary time, what should occur? - Methylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacterial species. - Nonmethylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacteriophages. - Methylated DNA should become fixed in the gene pools of bacteriophages. - Methylated and nonmethylated strains should be maintained among both bacteria and bacteriophages, with ratios that vary over time. - Both the first and second responses are correct.

Methylated and nonmethylated strains should be maintained among both bacteria and bacteriophages, with ratios that vary over time.

Which of the features below are found in all protist lineages? Organelles that arose by secondary endosymbiosis. Plastids Mitochondria

Mitochondria

decomposers, Fungi obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter.

Most fungi are _____. -photoautotrophs -decomposers -herbivores -carnivores -chemoautotrophs

Archaea

Most of the prokaryotes known as ______ live in environments, such as salty lakes.

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population? - Mutation - Genetic drift - Nonrandom mating - Selection

Mutation (Mutations, which are changes in a cell's DNA, can introduce new genetic information in a population.)

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue

What is true of natural selection? - Mutations occur when directed by the good of the species; natural selection edits out harmful mutations and causes populations to adapt to the beneficial mutations. - Natural selection creates beneficial mutations. - Natural selection is a random process. - Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations. - The only way to eliminate harmful mutations is through natural selection.

Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and distribute beneficial mutations.

Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose?

Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars.

________ are a component of the immune system that are able to destroy cancer cells by deploying toxins into infected cells as a means of killing them. In this role they are cytotoxic - that is, "cell killing."

Natural killer cells

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? - Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. - Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. - Whales are not properly classified as mammals. - Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. - Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

A student observes a wormlike organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). However, it might be a member of the phylum ________, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for the presence or absence of ________. Nematoda; an alimentary canal Annelida; a body cavity Annelida; muscle in the body wall Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin Nematoda; a circulatory system

Nematoda, circulatory system

Which of the following statements about the pituitary gland is false?

Neurosecretory cells produce hormones that are stored in the anterior pituitary.

Which statement about variation is true? - All geographic variation results from the existence of clines. - All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation. - All phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation. - All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation. - None of the above

None of the above

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? - The frequency of DDT application should have been higher. - DDT application should have been continual. - All habitats should have received applications of DDT at about the same time. - None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT. - Larger doses of DDT should have been applied.

None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.

Which of the following is an assumption that should be made when reading a phylogenetic tree?

None of the listed assumptions should be made.

What is the basis for the use of a molecular clock to determine the absolute time of evolutionary change?

Nucleotide substitutions in a gene occur at a relatively constant rate.

Where are the adrenal glands located in humans? A. in the brain B. in the neck C. in the pelvic cavity D. on top of the kidneys

On top of the kidneys. One function of the adrenal glands is to increase reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys.

Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true? - Species X and Y are the result of artificial selection from an ancestral species Z. - Species X and Y share a common ancestor that is still extant (in other words, not yet extinct). - Species X and Y are not related to species Z. - Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z. - Species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor, but nothing more can be claimed than this.

Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

Which diploid cells are produced by an embryonic germ cell?

Spermatogonia.

Which of the following is a lymphatic organ? A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. thymus D. spleen

Spleen

Placing sponges as the basal metazoans on the basis of lack of tissues implies which of the following?

Sponge ancestors never had tissues.

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes.

Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? - In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. - Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. - In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. (Evolutionary change comes about as the proportion of individuals in the population displaying a particular trait increases from generation to generation.)

Which type of hormone is lipid soluble? A. steroids B. DNA C. polypeptides D. amino acid derivatives

Steroids

Which term below is the proposed kingdom that would include embryophytes and charophytes?

Streptophyta

Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote?

Syngamy

What is the relationship between systematics and taxonomy?

Systematics is a discipline within taxonomy.

Which aspects of a region's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?

Temperature and moisture.

Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true?

Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover. A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary. Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean.

High levels of which of the following two hormones will result in development of a male human? A. testosterone and Müllerian-inhibiting hormone B. estrogen and Müllerian-inhibiting hormone C. testosterone and growth hormone D. testosterone and estrogen

Testosterone and Müllerian-inhibiting hormone. Testosterone induces development of the male reproductive tract; Müllerian-inhibiting hormone inhibits development of the female reproductive tract.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to -avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. -an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. -the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. -the increased probability of contact between different mating types. -the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats.

hyphae ... mycelium, Hyphae form a network called a mycelium.

The body of most fungi consists of threadlike _____, which form a network called a _____.

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

You just received a freshwater aquarium as a gift and decide to add more fish. When you get to the pet store, you find that the most beautiful fish are saltwater animals, but you decide to buy them anyway. What will happen when you put your expensive saltwater fish in your freshwater aquarium?

The cells of the fish will take up too much water, and the fish will die.

A forced quarantine

The cholera outbreak at the shanty was attepted to be controlled by what?

If carbon dioxide levels continue to increase and climate change continues over the next century, which of the following would best predict the directional migration of the North American ecosystems from the biomes shown in this climograph?

The ecosystems will shift to the north as temperatures warm.

When comparing endocrine system feedback inhibition to an analogous thermostat, which would best represent the furnace? A. cell-to-cell signals B. the effector C. the central nervous system D. sensory input

The effector. This acts to restore the balance via alternate inputs.

Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart, but most reptiles have a three-chambered heart. How does this fact affect the construction of phylogenetic trees for these groups?

The most likely tree is not always the most parsimonious.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an allele that confers resistance to DDT and similar insecticides. Laboratory strains of D. melanogaster have been established from flies collected in the wild in the 1930s (before the widespread use of insecticides) and the 1960s (after 20 years of DDT use). Lab strains established in the 1930s have no alleles for DDT resistance. In lab strains established in the 1960s, the frequency of the DDT-resistance allele is 37%. Which statement is correct? - Resistance to DDT evolved in some fruit flies in order to allow them to survive. - The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread. - Alleles for DDT resistance arose by mutation during the period of DDT use because of selection for pesticide resistance.

The evolutionary fitness associated with the heritable trait of DDT resistance changed once DDT use became widespread. (As the environment changed with the increased use of DDT, the advantages of the heritable trait of DDT resistance increased. Natural selection has different effects in different environments.)

What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene? - The expected genotype frequencies are 0.32, 0.64, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. - The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. - The expected genotype frequencies are 0.33, 0.33, and 0.33 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. - The expected genotype frequencies are 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively.

The expected genotype frequencies are 0.64, 0.32, and 0.04 for A1A1, A1A2 , and A2A2 , respectively. (The expected frequency of the A1A1 genotype is p 2 = (0.8)(0.8) = 0.64; the expected frequency of the A1A2 genotype is 2pq = 2(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32; the expected frequency of the A2A2 genotype is q 2 = (0.2)(0.2) = 0.04. To verify your calculations, confirm that the three frequencies add up to one.)

Using cladistic analysis, a taxonomist wishes to construct a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among various species of mammals. Which of the following would be the least useful for this purpose?

The fact that all mammals have hair

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? - Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. - Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. - Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. - Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. - The first and fourth answers are correct.

The first and fourth answers are correct. (Both are important observations that led to Darwin's major inferences.)

The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations A-D are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium?

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, which of the following statements would be correct with reference to fossil evidence that contradicts molecular evidence?

The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete

What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals? - The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.7. - The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.1. - The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3. - The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.5.

The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.3. (The frequency of the A1 allele is p = (number of A1 alleles) / (total of all alleles) = [(2 ( 20) + 80] / [(2 × 20) + (2 × 80) + (2 × 100)] = 0.3.)

Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? - If allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, then genotype frequencies will be given by p 2, 2pq, and q 2 for generation after generation. - When alleles are transmitted according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance, their frequencies do not change over time. - The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two. - Even if allele A1 is dominant to allele A2 , it does not increase in frequency.

The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two. (This statement is not true; the genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to one.)

Which of the following statements about the humoral immune response is true? A. The humoral immune response defends against bacteria and viruses by activating T cells. B. The humoral immune response is the result of macrophages producing antibodies. C. The humoral immune response plays a major role in protecting the body from cancerous cells. D. The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids.

The humoral immune response defends primarily against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids.

How is the production of hormones such as thyroxine and estrogen regulated?

The hypothalamus directs the anterior pituitary to produce hormones that then stimulate or inhibit the production of these hormones.

Which of the following statements is true?

The kidneys are paired organs that regulate water and electrolyte balance in terrestrial vertebrates.

Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? (Overview)

The kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists.

Based on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 28.3 in your textbook, which of the following statements is correct? Excavata is the most basal eukaryotic supergroup. The most recent common ancestor of Excavata is older than that of Chromalveolata. The most recent common ancestor of Chromalveolata is older than that of Rhizaria. The most recent common ancestor of red algae and land plants is older than that of nucleariids and fungi. The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.

The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.

Which of the following is a feature of the "tube-within-a-tube" body plan in most animal phyla?

The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

A researcher who detects a higher-than-normal amount of interferon in a laboratory rat would correctly conclude that

The rat has, or recently had, a viral infection.

1. Biology 2. Emergent properties 3.structure and function 4. Chemical nutrients 5. Energy 6. Evolution 7. Natural Selection

The scientific study of life, called _____, can be organized around several themes. As the biological hierachy builds from molecules on up to ecosystems, each level has ______ that result from interactions amoung component parts. Life's basic unit of _____ is the cell, which occurs in two basic forms-- prokaryotic and eukaryotic. As organisms interact with the environment, ___ cycle within an ecosystem, while ____ flows one way from sunlight -> chemical energy -> heat. According to the core theme of ____, all of life is related by common descent. Life was diversified as ____ had led to the gradual accumulation of adaptations thay fit populations to the environment.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. - developed in response to the use of methicillin - already existed in the population before methicillin was developed - always have an advantage in every environment - were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections - The second and fourth answers are correct.

The second and fourth answers are correct. (Resistant varieties existed in the population but did not confer any advantage until the environment changed with the introduction of the drug methicillin.)

Which of the following distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

The secondary response is faster and stronger.

What behavior is observed if the voltage across a neuronal membrane is set to -20 mV?

The sodium channel opens, and Na+ ions flow in. (Sodium ions flow into the cell when the membrane potential is between -20 mV and 30 mV.)

Which channel maintains the concentration gradients of ions across a neuronal membrane?

The sodium-potassium pump moving Na+ ions out and K+ ions in. (This channel maintains the ion concentration gradients across a neuronal membrane.)

As you saw in Part C, the body sizes of sympatric and allopatric P. cinereus and P. hoffmani are consistent with a hypothesis of character displacement resulting from interspecific competition. What additional information would strengthen the argument that character displacement is in fact responsible for body size evolution in these salamanders? Which of the following observations would support the hypothesis that Plethodon salamanders did indeed experience character displacement for body size? Select all that apply.

The sympatric salamander populations evolved their present body sizes after they became sympatric. In sympatric populations, smaller P. cinereus adults survive better and reproduce more. Body size is a heritable trait in salamanders. The resources used by both species of salamanders are available in limited supply.

Why are experiments that involve transplanting species seldom conducted today?

The transplanted species are often disruptive to their new communities.

The principle of maximum parsimony is applied to the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree in what way?

The tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events, as measured by the origin of shared derived characters, is selected.

A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 25% of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait (aa) has not changed over time? - There has been a high rate of mutation of allele A to allele a. - The genotype AA is lethal. - The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions. - There has been sexual selection favoring allele a. - The population is undergoing genetic drift.

The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions.

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution? - The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. - The two species live at great distance from each other. - The sizes of the structures in adult members of both species are similar in size. - Both species are well adapted to their particular environments.

The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.

What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually?

Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment.

Response to the environment

There are a number of properties that all organsims share. In humans, exposure to ultraviolet light can result in a darkening of the skin. What kind of property is this?

The partial pressure of oxygen at a particular point in the bloodstream is 100 mm Hg. Under what circumstance will there be a net diffusion of oxygen from the water into the bloodstream at this location?

There will be a net diffusion of oxygen from the water into the bloodstream only if the partial pressure of oxygen in the water is greater than 100 mm Hg.

Why is the observation that one hormone may bind to more than one type of receptor important?

This is one reason that the same hormone can trigger different effects in different tissues.

Which male reproductive structures are responsible for the transport and delivery of sperm?

Vas deferens, urethra, and penis.

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? - These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear. - The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics. - The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. - These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes.

Why do the cells of the digestive system secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as pepsin, in their inactive forms?

These proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.

Which of the following statements about lipid-soluble hormones is true? A. they bind to DNA as soon as they enter the cell B. they bind to receptors on the plasma membrane C. they act by affecting the transcription of genes D. they act by producing second messengers

They act by affecting the transcription of genes

How does a polypeptide hormone compare in its mode of action from a steroid that binds to a cell-surface receptor? A. Polypeptide hormones do not operate via signal transduction. B. Polypeptide hormones are lipid soluble and therefore penetrate the cell easily. C. They are both similar in mode of action. D. Polypeptide hormones do not utilize a second messenger.

They are both similar in mode of action.

Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. They are often multinucleate. Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water. They use pseudopods as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. They are relatively specialized cells.

They are often multinucleate.

Which of the following statements best describes theories? - They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. - They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. - They are predictions of future events. - They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once.

They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations.

Which is a true statement about memory cells? A. They engulf antigens bound by antibodies. B. They produce antibodies. C. They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells. D. The first time an antigen is encountered, memory cells become plasma cells.

They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue. They are primarily filter feeders. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Which of the following is true of annelids? They perform gas exchange across their skin. They have pseudocoeloms. They have an open circulatory system. They have a gastrovascular cavity. They have a nerve net.

They perform gas exchange across their skin

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? Their walls are usually composed of silica plates. Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material. All known varieties are autotrophic. Many types lack mitochondria. They possess two flagella.

They possess two flagella

What role do germ cells play in gametogenesis?

They produce cells that divide by mitosis and then undergo meiosis to form gametes.

Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response? They release cytokines to stimulate the release of additional neutrophils and macrophages. They secrete substances that degrade bacterial cell walls and engulf and digest the invaders. They release chemicals that constrict blood vessels at some distance from the wound site. They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.

They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.

In the wild, male house finches (Carpodus mexicanus) vary considerably in the amount of red pigmentation in their head and throat feathers, with colors ranging from pale yellow to bright red. These colors come from carotenoid pigments that are found in the birds' diets; no vertebrates are known to synthesize carotenoid pigments. Thus, the brighter red the male's feathers are, the more successful he has been at acquiring the red carotenoid pigment by his food-gathering efforts (all other factors being equal). During breeding season, one should expect female house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following is true of this situation? - Alleles that promote more efficient acquisition of carotenoid-containing foods by males should increase over the course of generations. - There should be directional selection for bright red feathers in males. - Alleles that promote more effective deposition of -carotenoid pigments in the feathers of males should increase over the course of generations. - Three of the statements are correct. - Two of the statements are correct.

Three of the statements are correct.

Metamorphosis in frogs is stimulated by which of the following hormones? A. growth hormone B. juvenile hormone C. thyroid hormone D. testosterone

Thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine, or T3, is responsible for the changes that occur in frog metamorphosis.

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons? B. to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied C. to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system D. to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe

To make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system.

True or false? Humans form gametes by a process called gametogenesis.

True

True or false? The basic functions of the human female reproductive system are to produce eggs, develop offspring, and make hormones.

True

True or false? The homeostatic system for blood calcium concentration is maintained by the hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

True

True or false? The pancreas is responsible for producing hormones that maintain the homeostatic levels of glucose in the blood.

True

True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.

True (These are the five assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg model.)

Fulse, In most fungi, fertilization is a two-step process consisting of the fusion of cells and then the fusion of nuclei in the fused cells.

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

True, A mushroom consists mainly of hyphae that are heterokaryotic, which means they have two distinct haploid nuclei per cell; these nuclei may fuse in specialized cells called basidia and become diploid in preparation for meiosis and spore production.

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms? Tubefeet provide motility in most species. Digestion occurs completely outside of the organism. They are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments. They have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. Hemolymph circulates in the water vascular system.

Tubefeet provide motility in most species.

Ichthyosaurs were extinct aquatic reptiles distantly related to living lizards. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are - examples of convergent evolution. - homologous. - adaptations to a common environment. - Three of the responses above are correct. - Two of the responses above are correct.

Two of the responses above are correct.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population? - genetic variation among individuals - sexual reproduction - variation among individuals in reproductive success - Three of the responses are correct. - Two of the responses are correct.

Two of the responses are correct.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? - by identifying the bones as being homologous structures - by the principle of convergent evolution - by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor - Three of the statements above are correct. - Two of the statements above are correct.

Two of the statements above are correct.

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? - Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations. - Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. - The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used. - Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse.

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

What is the difference between a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, and the countercurrent systems that maximize oxygen absorption by fish gills or reduce heat loss in endotherms?

Unlike the other countercurrent systems, a countercurrent multiplier system, such as the one involving the loop of Henle, expends energy in active transport.

Inductive reasoning

Using a type of logic know as _____, a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations

Where does a human fetus develop?

Uterus.

A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Which of the following traits, if found in this organism, would allow the greatest certainty of identification? the presence of what seems to be radial symmetry a nervous system a water vascular system a hard covering made partly of calcium carbonate a digestive system with mouth and anus separate from each other

a water vascular system

The figure looks at the three modes of selection in a mouse population with a range of fur color phenotypes. Different modes of selection are seen under different sets of environmental conditions, and each mode has a different effect on the population. (Note that the white arrows indicate phenotypes that are selected against -- phenotypes that are less successful in surviving and reproducing -- in each mode of selection.)

a) dark fur b) more individuals with darker fur c) dark rocks and light rocks d) dark fur and light fur e) rocks of intermediate color f) more individuals with intermediate fur color

D. C. Adams and F. J. Rohlf observed character displacement in two species of salamanders on the east coast of the United States - Plethodon cinereus and Plethodon hoffmani. Their data on body size in the two species appear below.

a) no natural selection caused by interspecific competition b) no natural selection caused by interspecific competition c) directional selection for smaller body size d) directional selection for larger body size

which of the following do NOT belong in a clade with the others? a. brown algae b. red algae c. chlorophytes d. land plants e. charophytes

a. brown algae

The embryo is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

a. diploid

The sporophyte generation is: a. diploid b. haploid c. polyploid

a. diploid

What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? a. embyro b. seed coat c. megasporangium d. pollen grain e. ovule f. megaspore g. food supply

a. embryo b. seed coat g. food supply

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have: a. flowers b. a sporophyte phase c. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations d. a vascular system e. seeds

a. flowers

In the pine, microsporangia form _______ microspores by _____. a. haploid, meiosis b. haploid, mitosis c. diploid, mitosis d. diploid, meiosis e. triploid, fertilization

a. haploid, meiosis

After fertilization of the ovule, what develops into the food supply? a. megaspore b. integument c. fertilized egg

a. megaspore

What are the products of meiosis in the life cycle of a seed plant? a. megaspores or microspores b. sperm or eggs c. male or female gametophytes

a. megaspores or microspores

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the: a. microphyle b. pollen cone c. eggs d. integument e. megaspore

a. microphyle

which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? a. ovulate cone b. integument c. megasporangium d. megaspore

a. ovulate cone

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n): a. seed coat b. endosperm c. fruit d. sporophyte e. cotyledon

a. seed coat

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species a. stigma b. style c. ovary d. anther e. ovulate cone

a. stigma

Which of the following is true of generalized bacteriophage transduction? a.) The bacteriophage packages fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage particles. b.) The bacteriophage chromosome has a region homologous to the bacterial chromosome. c.) The bacteriophage must enter the lysogenic cycle.

a.) The bacteriophage packages fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage particles During transduction, phages package fragments of bacterial DNA into new phage heads. This bacterial DNA can be transferred to another bacteria cell during the next phage infection.

The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates

absorption

The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as

absorption

Self-propagation and refractory periods (states) are typical of _____.

action potentials

Glucose is removed from filtrate by _____.

active transport

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. The sickle-cell allele is pleiotropic (i.e., it affects more than one phenotypic trait). Specifically, this allele affects oxygen delivery to tissues and affects one's susceptibility to malaria. Under conditions of low atmospheric oxygen availability, individuals heterozygous for this allele can experience life-threatening sickle-cell "crises." Such individuals remain less susceptible to malaria. Thus, pleiotropic genes/alleles such as this can help explain why - chance events can affect the evolutionary history of populations. - new advantageous alleles do not arise on demand. - evolution is limited by historical constraints. - adaptations are often compromises.

adaptations are often compromises.

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

adaptive radiation

Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes

add a water molecule to break bonds

Cortisol secretion is directly stimulated by which of the following hormones? A. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B. oxytocin C. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. luteinizing hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH released by the pituitary gland stimulates release of cortisol in the adrenal gland.

Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with _____.

algae

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochon-dria before plastids partly because

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

Which of these is reabsorbed from filtrate?

all of these

Anaphylactic shock is an example of an

allergic response.

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

alternation of multicellular generations

When digested, proteins are broken down into

amino acids

Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____.

ammonia

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

amylase

Passive immunity can be obtained from __________.

an injection of antibodies that recognize invading microbes

Which hormone(s) is(are) directly responsible for triggering the development of the secondary sex characteristics of males, such as beard growth?

androgens

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. Based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. lancelet annelid mollusc crustacean roundworm

annelids

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

antheridia

The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____.

antigenic determinant

Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body? Mucus. Antigens. Lysozyme. Ear wax.

antigens

Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake?

aphotic zone

You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?

apical complex

Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____.

apicomplexan

Animals utilizing external fertilization are typically _____.

aquatic animals

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae

are unicellular.

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? Porifera Mollusca Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Cnidaria

arthropoda

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates. This fact most clearly implies that

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that

asexual reproduction enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species.

What type of immune response is always disadvantageous to a person?

autoimmune

Which variable is likely to undergo the largest change in value resulting from a mutation that introduces a new allele into a population at a locus for which all individuals formerly had been fully homozygous? - geographic variability - average heterozygosity - average number of loci - nucleotide variability

average heterozygosity

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____. B cells ... macrophages macrophages ... B cells and T cells helper T cells ... plasma cells B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells T cells ... B cells

b cells... plasma cells and memory cells

In pines, the female gametophyte contains ________, each of which contains a(n) ___. a. antheridia, egg b. archegonia, egg c. archegonia, sperm cell d. microsporangia, egg cell e. antheridia, sperm cell

b. archegonia, egg

In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the β hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but African-Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa are present. What should be happening to the sickle-cell allele in the United States, and what should be happening to it in equatorial Africa? - stabilizing selection; disruptive selection - directional selection; stabilizing selection - directional selection; disruptive selection - disruptive selection; stabilizing selection - disruptive selection; directional selection

directional selection; stabilizing selection

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? a. ovaries b. stamens c. anthers d. carpels e. petals

e. petals

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as: a. male sporophytes b. megaspores c. endospores d. embryo sacs e. pollen grains

e. pollen grains

A carpel is composed of: a. ovule, megasporocyte, anther b. zygote, anther, endosperm c. petal, sepal, stamen d. ovary, ovule, anther e. stigma, style, ovary

e. stigma, style, ovary

which of the following is NOT true of seaweeds? a. most are classified as charophytes b. the closest living relatives of land plants c. they are found in the red green and brown algal groups d. they are multicellular photoautotrophs e. they have true roots that anchor them tightly to withstand the turbulence of waves f. they may be a source of food and commercial products

e. they have true roots that anchor them tightly to withstand turbulence of waves.

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?

earthworms

To calculate the __________ of a nation, researchers summarize arable land, pasture, fossil energy land, and several other factors appropriated by each nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates

ecological footprint

According to the principle of competitive exclusion, two species cannot continue to occupy the same _____.

ecological niche

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. - all animals develop similar embryonic gills - embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other - the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops - the embryological development of many plants and animals is almost identical - mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other (Early in development, the similarities among all vertebrate embryos are more apparent than the differences.)

The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs. encysted in freshwater snails. encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig. crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.

encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig

What do plants produce that supports the higher trophic levels of the community?

energy-containing food molecules

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for _

enzymatic hydrolysisenzymatic hydrolysis

Sperm become capable of movement while in the _____.

epididymis

Sperm cells are stored within human males in the

epididymis.

If there is no fertilization, degeneration of the corpus luteum results in a drop in _____, which results in the sloughing off of the uterus's endometrium.

estrogen and progesterone

After ovulation, high levels of _____ inhibit _____ secretion.

estrogen and progesterone ... FSH and LH

Developing ovarian follicles primarily secrete _____.

estrogens

A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix.

estuary

All protists are

eukaryotes

The logistic growth model differs from the exponential growth model in that it _________

expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth

True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. True False

false

True or false? Weather is defined as the prevailing long-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region.

false

Based on the food web diagram, label the following statements as true or false.

false true true true

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

gene duplication

The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____. - mutation - gene flow - natural selection - genetic drift - all of these

gene flow (When people travel or migrate, they take their alleles with them.)

All the genes in a population are that population's _____. - Hardy-Weinberg - genotype - gene pool - phenotype - fitness

gene pool (All the alleles of all the genes of a population make up a gene pool.)

how does gene transfer help a bacterial species survive?

gene transfer allows the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to spread in a species of bacteria

genetic

Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? - gene flow - nonrandom mating - genetic drift - natural selection - mutation

genetic drift

Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called? - directional selection - genetic drift - gene flow

genetic drift (Genetic drift is due to chance events that alter allele frequencies.)

Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans. - genetic drift - disease - natural selection - mutation - gene flow

genetic drift (Modern travel and migration decreases the chances of there being a small, isolated population.)

which of the following is evidence that the transition to multicellularity did not require the origin of large numbers of novel genes?

genomic studies indicate that multicellular volvox has new novel genes compared with unicellular chalamydomonas, and the cadherin proteins of animals, which are involved in animal cell adherence to each other, contain only one novel domain not found in the cadherin proteins of unicellular chanoflagellates.

The binomial system assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its __________.

genus and species

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH is

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____.

gram-positive bacteria

distinguish between gram-positive bacteria & gram-negative bacteria.

gram-positive bacteria: •have a thick peptidoglycan layer •appear purple after Gram staining •alcohol rinse does not remove crystal violet Gram-negative bacteria: •have a thin peptidoglycan layer •appear pink after Gram staining •alcohol rinse easily removes crystal violet •have an outer membrane as part of their cell wall structure both: •have a plasma membrane

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?

grasshoppers

The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of brown algae. green algae. diatoms. dinoflagellates. golden algae.

green algae

Life tables typically follow the fate of a cohort, a __________

group of individuals who are the same age

Pine trees in a forest tend to shade and kill pine seedlings that sprout nearby. This causes the pine trees to __________

grow in a uniform pattern

Assuming that r has a positive value, in the formula dN/dt = rmaxN(K - N)/K, the factor rN tends to cause the population to do what

grow increasingly rapidly

A population that is growing logistically _______

grows fastest at an intermediate population density

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

gymnosperms

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

gymnosperms

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

haploid spores

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it

has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because - though we may not consider the fit between the current skeletal arrangements and their functions excellent, we should not doubt that natural selection ultimately produces the best design. - natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case, but will do so given enough time. - in many cases, phenotype is not merely determined by genotype, but by the environment as well. - natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.

natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species.

The secretion of androgens is regulated by a _____ feedback mechanism involving the _____ and _____.

negative ... hypothalamus ... pituitary gland

Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?

nephron

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

nervous: mesoderm

Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____. - nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes - sister chromatids of nonhomologous chromosomes - nonsister chromatids of nonhomologous chromosomes - sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes - sex cells and somatic cells

nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes (This process produces chromosomes containing genes inherited from both parents.)

Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?

nutrient absorption

Where do fern antheridia develop?

on the underside of the gametophyte

Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I) Action potentials move faster in larger diameter axons. II) Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III) Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons.

only I and III

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? They have only longitudinal muscles. They have a true coelom. Many species are diploblastic. They have a gastrovascular cavity. All species can be characterized as scavengers.

only have longitudinal muscles

ginkgos

only one living species today; leaves have fanlike appearance

In humans, oogenesis in comparison to spermatogenesis is different in that _____.

oogenesis does not complete meiosis until after fertilization, but spermatogenesis is complete before the sperm leave the body

Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for the powdery mildew of grapes and late potato blight? red algae plasmodial slime molds oomycetes plants diatoms

oomycetes

Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels _____.

open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____. - all island species should be similar to each other - the organisms in the Galapagos had been specially created to thrive in that environment - organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species - the shape of a bird's beak does not affect its ability to survive and reproduce - none of the above

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species (Darwin reasoned that natural selection had increased the match between the organisms and their environment.)

Proteins consist of amino acids linked to

other amino acids.

What is the usual site of the fertilization of an egg cell?

oviduct

Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the

oviduct.

The basic function of activated T cells is to battle

pathogens that have already entered body cells.

If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be:

pepsin activates pepsinogen

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response. interleukin-2 ... humoral perforin ... humoral antibodies ... antibody-mediated antibodies ... humoral perforin ... cell-mediated

perforin... cell-mediated

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

pharynx

Choose the correct anatomical sequence that presents the order in which food in the digestive system passes through

pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

Rabbits and guinea pigs both belong to class Mammalia. This means they must also both belong to __________.

phylum Chordata

plasma membrane proteins that are transporters or pumps.

the protist genus responsible for malaria is ___

plasmodium

Starch is a type of

polysaccharide

You are studying three populations of birds. Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which ten are brown. Population C has 30 birds, and three of them are brown. In which population would it be least likely that an accident would significantly alter the frequency of the brown allele? - population A - population B - population C - They are all the same. - It is impossible to tell from the information given.

population B

dinoflagellates ___

posses two flagella

Choose the set that includes the most charged compounds that are more abundant inside neurons, in the cytosol, than outside the neurons, in the extracellular fluid. chloride ions and proteins sodium and chloride ions sodium and potassium ions proteins and sodium ions potassium ions and proteins

potassium ions and proteins (Proteins are abundant in all cells of the body and are mostly anions, thus contributing significantly to the membrane potential; and potassium ions are actively pumped into the cytosol of all cells in the body.)

Consumption of which prey makes the elf owl a tertiary consumer? Select all that apply.

praying mantis

The cyclic growth exhibited by populations of snowshoe hares in the North American taiga most likely results from ________

predation by lynx and other predators

A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____.

prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the

primary germ layers

Cellular respiration

produces CO2 and ATP.

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

produces spores

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

proteins and nucleic acids.

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. homeoboxes promoter transposon lac provirus

provirus

Amoebas are motile protists that move by ___

pseudopodia

Blood returns to the heart via the

pulmonary veins

Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?

radiolarians and forams

Roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the _____ of species 1 when species 2 is present.

realized niche

The fact that there are about a million different antigen receptors possible in human B cells is based on _____. Hints recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells temporary changes in the ways that RNA is spliced in the B cells having one million different immunoglobulin genes constant changes in the splicing pattern of receptor genes after the differentiation of the B cell the capacity of memory cells to produce antibodies

recombination of the segments of the receptor DNA that make up the functional receptor genes of differentiated B cells

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?

red algae

Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? diatoms red algae metazoans green algae brown algae

red algae

the "SAR" clade includes all of the following except: a. forams b. red algae c. brown algae d. dinoflagellates e. ciliates

red algae

Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? diatoms-important producers in aquatic communities red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis rhizarians-morphologically diverse group defined by DNA similarities apicomplexans-parasites with intricate life cycles diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria

red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis

A nerve poison that blocks acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would _____.

reduce the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the postsynpatic membrane (The binding of neurotransmitter molecules to their specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane opens ion channels, which completes the transmission of the impulse to the receiving cell. A nerve poison that blocked the acetylcholine receptors would prevent reception of the signal.)

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? - The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. - As the mottled fish are eaten, more will be produced to fill the gap. - The ratios will not change. - In two generations, all the fish will be mottled. - There is no way to predict the result.

the proportion of mottled fish will increase over time. (The mottled fish will tend to escape predation because they are camouflaged against the mottled lake bottom. The mottled fish will most likely produce more offspring.)

If a molecule of Co2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

the pulmonary vein

What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages the presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages the presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier life stages Three of these responses are correct. Two of these responses are correct.

the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about

the rhythm of heart contractions

Genetic drift is a process based on _____. - emigration - differential reproductive success correlated to the relationship between a phenotype and the environment - mutation - immigration - the role of chance

the role of chance

To calculate the human population density of your community, you would need to know the number of people living there and __________

the size of the area in which they live

When the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate, _________

the size of the population remains constant

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share

the urethra.

the green algae are believed to share a common ancestor with plants because ___

their chloroplasts are similar in structure and pigment composition to those of plants.

The term polytomy refers to a situation in which __________.

there is a branch point on a phylogeny from which more than two descendent groups emerge

A mutation occurs when _____. - some individuals leave more offspring than other individuals - individuals leave a population - population sizes are small - individuals enter a population - there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene

which statement is true of all protists?

they are all eukaryotes

Two genes are recognized as orthologous if __________.

they are homologous genes found in different species, and their divergence traces back to speciation events that produced the species

which statement is true of all algae?

they are photosynthetic

Ions move in the direction opposite to that favored by the chemical concentration gradient when _____.

they are pumped by proteins that require ATP hydrolysis and when the electrical charge gradient repulses or attracts them (Active pumping moves ions against their chemical concentration gradients and the Nernst equation describes how membrane potentials can yield electrical gradients to motivate ion movement.)

the diplomonads and parabasalids are unique among eukaryotes in that ___

they have highly reduced mitochondria and obtain energy anaerobically

Which is a true statement about memory cells? They engulf antigens bound by antibodies. They have a longer lifespan than plasma cells. They produce antibodies. The first time an antigen is encountered, memory cells become plasma cells.

they have longer lifespan than plasma cells

Cell-mediated immunity differs from humoral immunity in that _____. Hints a subsequent secondary immune response can occur in humoral immunity clonal selection occurs only in cell-mediated immunity they respond differently to invaders a humoral response is mounted more quickly cell-mediated immunity is longer lasting

they respond differently to invaders

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that - they should be members of the same genus. - their chromosomes should be very similar. - they live in very different habitats. - they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. - they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

Select the choice that describes neurons with the fastest conduction velocity for action potentials.

thick, myelinated neurons (Increased diameter and myelination yields very high conduction velocities for action potentials.)

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

tissues

Which structure is not a component of the adaptive immune system? Hints Tissues. Thymus. Lymphatic ducts. Spleen.

tissues

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming an increasing problem. Some bacteria that were once killed by common antibiotics have acquired the ability to survive in the presence of those antibiotics. What are ways that bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance?

•Bacteria can acquire random mutations that allow them to grow in the presence of antibiotics. •Bacteria can gain an antibiotic-resistance gene by conjugating with another species of bacteria. •Bacteria can pick up an antibiotic-resistance gene from the environment through transformation. •Bacteria can acquire antibiotic-resistance genes by becoming infected with a virus that contains an antibiotic-resistance gene. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by a variety of methods, including random mutation and genetic transfer by transformation, transduction, or conjugation.

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