Bio 2 Practice Final Exam

Auxin can cause a plant to bend toward light how does this work?

Auxin causes cells furthest from the light to grow

Which animal requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size?

bear

A population has 25 red, 40 roan and 35 white horses, what is p? (p2+2pq+q2=1)

not- .25 not- .35

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

wind blowing across the body surface

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.

Which of the following statements about fish gills is true? a. Like lungs, they have an exhale/inhale function. b. Because of their efficiency, they only need a small surface area. c. They have a large surface area. d. They have a poor blood supply.

c. they have a large surface area.

the reason animals breathe is to

obtain energy from their food

Compared to other hominins, modern Homo sapiens display a particular ability for

symbolic thought

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, if a fossil has 1/16 of the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 how old is it?

22,900

In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%?

304,657,000

Which of the following statements regarding circulatory systems is true? a. The smallest blood vessels in the body are veins. b. Veins carry blood away from the heart to body organs and tissues. c. A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too complex for vital chemicals to reach all parts of the body by diffusion. d. Materials are exchanged directly between the blood and body cells.

C. A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too complex for vital chemicals to reach all parts of the body by diffusion.

Which of these flower parts is the correct order from largest to smallest?

Carpel, Ovary, Ovule, Egg

Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generations in a plant life cycle?

Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis.

Insulin is a water soluble hormone, where is the receptor for insulin likely found?

On the surface of the target cell

Which gland is/are located nearest the kidneys?

adrenal glands

Most of the animals alive today are

invertebrates

What causes mutations?

mutations are due to chance errors

The hominin group includes

not- all anthropoids

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having 4 limbs is

not- analogy

The most direct benefit that fungi provide to plants is _________.

not- fungi fix nitrogen

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries?

not- geographic isolation gene flow

Which of the following is characteristic of the circulatory system of arthropods?

not- lack of blood

During gas exchange, body cells

release CO2 and take up O2.

Which of the following structures is an essential part of most fungal reproductive systems?

spores

In plants, the vascular tissue made of dead cells that transport water and minerals from the roots is called

xylem

Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)

64

Breathing is usually regulated by

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.

Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________.

CO2; inorganic molecules

In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is ________.

K+

The Tetrapod clade evolved from which group?

Lobe-finned fish

Matter may be gained by, or lost from, ecosystems. How does this occur?

Matter can move from one ecosystem to another.

Within six months of using antibiotics to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by an antibiotic resistant strain. How can this best be explained?

Some drug-resistant bacteria were already present in the beginning, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Which of the following statements about mammalian circulatory systems is false?

The left side of a mammal's heart sends blood to the lungs.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral isolating mechanism

Batesian mimicry

a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Which of the following observations were critical to Darwin developing his hypothesis on natural selection a. More offspring are produced than survive b. Populations are usually stable over time c. Some species are stronger than others d. A and B

a. more offspring are produced than survive

An animal digestive tract that consists of two openings (a mouth and anus) is called an

alimentary canal

Within the lungs of humans, gas exchange occurs across

alveoli

Which option correctly lists the direction carbon dioxide travels as it leaves the body of a human?

alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx

Which adaptations allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land?

amniotic egg

Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum

arthropoda

A snake is born with hip bones and short, non-functional legs, this is an example of a(n)

ativism

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? a. Decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy. b. Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient. c. Many primary and higher-order consumers are opportunistic feeders. d. Nutrient cycling rates tend to be limited by decomposition.

b. Energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than 20 percent efficient.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? a. If two species have the same fundamental niche, one will exclude the other competing species. b. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. c. Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species. d. The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species.

b. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

Which of the following is an example of a commensalism? a. fungi residing in plant roots, such as endomycorrhizae b. cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison c. bacteria fixing nitrogen on the roots of some plants d. rancher ants that protect aphids in exchange for sugar-rich honeydew

b. cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison

which if these are amniotes? a. placental mammals only b. mammals c. egg-laying mammals only d. amphibians e. fishes

b. mammals

Hominins would include all of the following except. a. humans b. new world monkeys c. gorillas d. chimpanzees

b. new world monkeys

Which of the following helps to digest lipids?

bile salts

A single steroid hormone can cause different effects in different cells by

binding to different receptors

A layer of organized colonies of bacteria coating a surface such as your teeth

biofilm

Which is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record?

bipedalism

Which of the following statements regarding cnidarians is true? a. Cnidarians are herbivores and can be destructive grazers on seaweeds. b. The more stationary cnidarian body form, which is cylindrical with a ring of tentacles, is the medusa. c. The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity. d. Cnidarians have three true tissue layers.

c. The digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called the gastrovascular cavity.

Which of these is microevoltuion? a. the evoltuion of new species b. the extinction of species c. a change in the allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next d. dramatic biological changes, such as the the evolution of lungs

c. a change in the allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next

Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rises, the level of sugar goes back down to a set point? a. a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback b. a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback c. a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback d. a malfunction in a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

c. a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback

The stomach mixes food with acid and enzyme to produce

chyme

Which enzyme breaks large proteins into smaller polypeptides?

chymotrypsin

Which phylum would most likley use stinging cells to capture prey?

cnidaria

Match the phyla with the correct characteristics, some items may be used more than once or not at all. - Cnidaria - Porifera - Chordata - Arthropoda - Platyhelminthes A. Lacks true tissues B. Has a muscular foot, mantle and visceral mass C. Includes bivalves and gastropods D. Has a gastrovascular cavity E. Has jointed appendages and an exoskeleton F. Has a post anal tail

cnidaria- has a gastrovascular cavity porifera- lacks true tissues chordata- post anal tail arthropods- jointed appendages and an exoskeleton platyhelminthes- has a gastrovascular cavity

A potential source of confusion in constructing a phylogeny tree is similarity between organisms that is due to

convergent evolution

Although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors, they both have a four-chambered heart. This is the result of

convergent evolution

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? a. ecological b. genetic c. morphological d. biological

d.

Which of the following would be synonymous to how fungi obtain nutrients? a. None of these are accurate, fungi contain chloroplasts and are photosynthetic like plants b. A human eats a cheeseburger by chewing it into pieces, sending it to the stomach for chemical digestion, waste is then produce and leaves via the mouth c. A human eats a cheeseburger by chewing it into pieces, sending it to the stomach for a endosymbiotic parabasalid to help digest the food chemically, and then to the small intestines for nutrient absorption. d. A human eats a cheeseburger by secreting chemical externally for digestions and then absorbing the nutrients directly into the cells.

d. A human eats a cheeseburger by secreting chemical externally for digestions and then absorbing the nutrients directly into the cells.

Which of the following statements regarding ferns is true? a. Ferns are most diverse in grassland environments. b. Ferns produce pollen that is dispersed by air. c. Ferns produce seeds that are dispersed by water. d. Ferns have well-developed roots and stems.

d. Ferns have well-developed roots and stems.

What part of a neuron carries signals toward the part of the cell that houses the nucleus?

dendrite

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square kilometer (km 2) in one woodlot and 20 km 2 in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

density

In addition to naming species, Linnaeus also grouped species into a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories. The largest category that would include closely related species is

domain

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to ________.

expand realized niche

The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the fish's ability to

extract oxygen from the water.

t/f: Homo sapiens evolved from Neanderthal ancestors

false

t/f: early hominins had big brains and walked on four legs

false

what animals are ectotherms

fish, amphibians, reptiles

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the small molecules are referred to as

fungi

Fungal cells are usually haploid which makes them most like which phase of the plant life cycle?

gametophyte

In a moss, most of the plants that we see are ________; in a fern, the most dominant stage is the ________.

gametophyte, sporophyte

prezygotic barriers prevent

gene flow

Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance from a circulatory system for gas exchange? a. crayfish b. grasshopper c. mouse d. carp

grasshopper

the main function of an earthworms gizzard is to

grind food

During exponential growth, a population always ________.

grows at a maximum rate per capita

Ferns and mosses are similar because both

have flagellated sperm

Craniates are chordates that all possess

head

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition from

ingesting it

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that

it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet.

Platyhelminthes does not have an efficient respiratory system, but acquires all the oxygen it needs because

its flat shape puts all cells near the surface of its body

Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys

lack jaws

The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they

lay eggs

Which one of the following correctly ranks these organisms in order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency? a. mammals, insects, fish b. insects, fish, mammals c. mammals, fish, insects d. fish, insects, mammals

mammals, fish, insects

A fruit is most commonly developed from ________ and functions to ___________.

mature ovary; aid in seed dispersal

A population's carrying capacity

may change as environmental conditions change

Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following correctly lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

more branching or folds

You are given a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science . Your are asked to separate them into species. Which species concept will you have to use?

morphological

Most homeostasis depends on

negative feedback

A neuron secretes a chemical that enters into the blood. What kind of intracellular communication is this?

neuroendocrine

The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid-19th century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species?

no, they can still interbreed.

The symbols +, -, and 0 are used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and 0 denotes interactions in which individuals are not affected. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a lion pride and African wild dogs, if the dogs are found to typically avoid areas with lions?

not- -/- +/-

P2+2(PQ)+Q2=1. A population has 50 red, 25 roan and 25 white horses. How many white horses would the population have it were in H.W. equilibrium?

not- 14 not- 25

P2+2(PQ)+Q2=1. A population has 60 red, 20 roan and 20 white horses. How many white horses would the population have it were in H.W. equilibrium

not- 25 14

After building a cladogram, you realize that an organism that you have been calling a bird is actually a mammal. Before this correction mammals were a _________ group.

not- Derived not- monophyletic paraphyletic

Lyell's book Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on board the HMS Beagle, argued in favor of which of the following concepts?

not- Earth's surface is shaped mainly by occasional catastrophic events. Earth's surface is shaped by natural forces that act gradually and are still acting.

Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer, and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?

not- They must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. not- They must have strong postzygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. These two species mate in different climates.

Gills are unsuitable for animals living on land because

not- air cannot diffuse across the gill surface

Protists include

not- algae and protozoa multiple clades of eukaryotes

Which of the following animals would most likely be able to exchange gases if placed in a hot Walmart parking lot?

not- an earthworm

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's membrane in order to activate it?

not- because they are not water-soluble

Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures? a. eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole b. bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb c. bat wing and bird wing d. owl wing and hornet wing

not- c. bat wing and bird wing not- owl and hornet wings

A bacterium living in an underground septic tank breaks down waste to surviive. This organism is

not- chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph

To apply parsimony to a cladogram

not- choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared characters as possible.

Neanderthals are best described as

not- direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations. a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that interbred with modern humans.

Neurons typically have a __________ charge at resting potential

not- positive

When would you predict the first amphibian evolved?

paleozoic

Which gland controls blood sugar levels?

pancreas

If tumor cells make and secrete signals to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling?

paracrine

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up

paraphyletic group

The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air.

pharynx

In plants, the vascular tissue that consists of living cells that distribute sugars throughout the plant is called

phloem

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

pollen and seeds

Which of the following represents the male gametophyte of a conifer?

pollen grain

When an infant is nursing this causes a release of oxytocin, this causes more milk to be produced. This is an example of

positive feedback

Which option lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

reception, signal transduction, response

Which is a function of epinephrine?

release of glucose from the liver

When you exhale, you

remove CO2 from the body

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

rising CO2

Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed).

scales; amniotic egg

Most absorbtion occurs where in the digestive system?

small intestine

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

sporopollenin

CO 2 enters a leaf and O 2 escapes from a leaf via

stomota

The three-domain system

subdivides the prokaryotes into two different domains.

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between ________.

sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

The vertebrate group that describes all jawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs is the

tetrapods

Which of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade?

tetrapods

Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? a. a non-poisonous snake mimics the color of a poisonous one b. green color of a plant c. the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars d. a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf

the brightly colored patterns of monarch butterfly caterpillars

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

T/F .Because dolphins and sea turtles both have amniotic membranes, we can conclude that they both evolved from terrestrial ancestors.

true

If you poke a hole in phloem

water would squirt out

If you were using cladistics a tree showing the evolutionary history of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

wolf